JP2017529336A - 神経障害を治療するための組成物および方法 - Google Patents
神経障害を治療するための組成物および方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2017529336A JP2017529336A JP2017511718A JP2017511718A JP2017529336A JP 2017529336 A JP2017529336 A JP 2017529336A JP 2017511718 A JP2017511718 A JP 2017511718A JP 2017511718 A JP2017511718 A JP 2017511718A JP 2017529336 A JP2017529336 A JP 2017529336A
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2014年8月28日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/042,979号、2015年2月26日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/121,472号、2015年2月26日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/121,329号に対する優先権を主張する。上述の仮出願の全開示内容は、本明細書に参考として組み込まれる。本出願は、2015年8月27日に出願された国際出願第PCT/US2015/ 号(代理人整理番号051588−22211WO1(000386))に関連する開示内容を含み、その全開示内容は、本明細書に参考として組み込まれる。
特に定義されていない限り、本明細書で使用される全ての技術用語および科学用語は、本発明が属する技術分野の当業者が一般的に理解しているのと同じ意味を有する。矛盾する場合には、定義を含め、本出願が優先する。
一態様において、本発明は、冷スラリー(例えば、氷スラリー)を含む組成物を間質組織に、すなわち、体内の天然の経路、例えば、動脈、静脈または消化管を介するのではなく、組織に直接導入することを含む。所定体積の軟組織に所定体積の氷スラリーが直接導入されると、組織とスラリーとの間で迅速な熱交換が起こる。迅速に局所的に注射されると、標的とする体積の局所組織と混合するスラリーの液だまりが作られる。これとは対称的に、スラリーがよりゆっくりと、大きな体積に注入されると、スラリーが浸透し、組織内の空間を通って流れ、腫脹性の麻酔薬の投与と同様のプロセスで、スラリーが満たされた広範囲にわたる経路が作られる。注入によって、組織、特に、導入部位に近い組織を介する継続的なスラリーの流れが可能になる。スラリーの連続的な流れまたは長期的な流れによって、組織をスラリー自体と全く同じ温度に冷却することができる。
液体を含むスラリー要素、冷却した粒子の含有量(例えば、氷含有量)、塗布パラメータ(注入の位置、速度、体積を含む)の選択によって、予測可能な標的組織の冷却が達成されるだろう。スラリーの氷要素の溶融中に、スラリーの温度は、融点または融点付近であり、組織への注入の間または注入の後にスラリーを冷たいままに保つ。その液体成分の組成および質量オスモル濃度に依存して、この溶融温度は、組織に対して望ましい効果を与えるように選択することができ、約−30〜約10℃、特に、約−30℃〜約4℃、さらに、特に、約−30℃〜約2℃であってもよい。
スラリーを注入する所与の体積の標的組織において、3段階の熱交換が存在する。最初に、スラリーを組織内に、および/または組織を通って注入するとき、スラリーは、組織よりかなり冷たい。組織とスラリーの間に強い熱勾配が存在し、局所的な平衡温度が達成されるまで、迅速に平衡化する。この迅速な平衡段階の間、スラリーの氷が溶融する。発生する溶融の量は、初期の氷含有量、組織と混合するスラリーの局所的な体積分率、開始時の組織の温度、組織の脂質含有量、およびスラリーの注入体積および速度を含む他の因子によって変わる。これらの因子は、従来の多くの流体と、熱交換近似値を用いて(例えば、有限要素モデルを用いて)モデリングすることができる(実施例1を参照)。この初期の平衡時間の後に氷が残っている場合、平衡温度は、スラリー中の氷の融点に非常に近いだろう。すなわち、約−20℃〜約4℃であってもよい。スラリー液成分の組成は、この平衡温度のための低い温度境界を設定し、すなわち、平衡化温度は、スラリー中の氷の低下した融点よりも低くなるはずはない。
単純化した合理的な推定は、図1に示されるように、注射されるスラリーの挙動を示すための定量モデルにおいて作られる。
fsTsρC+(1−fs)TtρC=TmρC
Tmについて解くと、この初期の部分の熱交換の後のスラリー−組織混合物の温度は、
Tm=fsTs+(1−fs)Tt
である。生理学的氷スラリーの温度が、ほぼ0に近いため、これは、
Tm=(1−fs)Tt
と単純化される。熱容量のみに起因する混合時の迅速な熱交換は、2つの開始温度の体積によって重み付けられた平均である。例えば、fs=0である場合、スラリーを加えず、Tm=Ttであり、組織の開始温度である。fs=1の場合、混合物は全てスラリーであり、Tm=0である。fs=0.5の場合、スラリーと組織の50−50混合物であり、混合後に得られた温度は、スラリーと組織の開始温度の平均である。スラリーの間質注射のためのfsの典型的な値は、約0.2〜約0.8の範囲であり、すなわち、混合したスラリー−組織の体積は、スラリー含有量が約20〜約80%であってもよい。また、fs=0.5の場合を考慮する。出発組織温度Ttが37℃である場合、熱容量からの熱交換の後、Tm=18.5℃である。
Io=fsIs
であり、Ioは、スラリー−組織混合物の単位体積あたり、溶融に利用可能な氷の全量である。
Hice=74cal/cm3
である。
スラリー−組織混合物中の全ての氷が溶融することによって吸収することができる単位体積あたりの合計熱Qicetotalは、単に、その氷含有量とHiceを掛け算し、
Qicetotal=fsIsHice
である。
Hlipid=34cal/cm3
である。
Qto10C=(Tm−10)ρC
によって得られる。
fmlip=(1−fs)ftlip
である。
Qliptotal=fmlipHlipid
である。
flipxtal=(Qicetotal−Qto10C)/Qliptotal
である。(Qicetotal−Qto10C)<Qliptotalの場合、脂質の一部が結晶化し、flipxtalによって上に与えられる。(Qicetotal−Qto10C)=Qliptotalの場合、脂質の全てが結晶化し、氷の全てが溶融し、温度は、ほとんどの動物脂質の相転移温度である約10℃付近にとどまる。(Qicetotal−Qto10C)>Qliptotalの場合、脂質の全てが結晶化し、その後、氷の全てが溶融するまで、または組織中の氷と液体の水の間に平衡が存在するまで、温度は約10℃未満まで(すなわち、約−8℃〜0℃の温度範囲に)下がる。到達する最も低い温度は、残留する氷の溶融と、スラリー−組織混合物の熱容量との間の熱交換によって決定される。従って、最も低い温度Tfinalは、残留する氷を溶融することによって吸収される単位体積あたりの潜熱と、約10℃より低い温度低下の熱容量に関係する熱とを等しくすることによって概算されるだろう。
6%ヘタスターチの乳酸Ringerスラリー(すなわち、ヘタスターチ(500ml)、生理食塩水(500ml)およびグリセロール(50ml)を一緒にブレンドした)を、約250〜271gの体重の雄ラットの座骨神経上部に注射した。この手順を、以下のように行った。吸入するイソフルランおよび酸素を用い、ラットを一般的な麻酔条件に置いた。手術切開によって座骨神経を露出させた(図3)。−3.2℃〜−2.7℃の開始温度のスラリーを得て、これを実験の間、維持した。5回それぞれの注射について、5mlのスラリーを座骨神経上部に注射した。座骨神経の下に置かれた熱電対を使用し、組織の温度を記録した(図4)。
大きな運動神経および感覚神経(例えば、座骨神経)における冷温治療の効能を、神経組織の染色を評価し、冷スラリーを注射した後の運動機能および感覚機能を測定するアッセイを実行することによって、げっ歯類モデルで示すことができる。感覚実験を、体重が250g〜350gの12匹の雄成ラットで行った。ラットを試験環境に住まわせ、1〜12のラベルを付け、それぞれ6ラットずつの2グループにランダムに分けた。手技の1日前にベースライン感覚試験を行った。
表3に列挙したスラリーを作成し、ラット座骨神経の周囲に首尾良く注射した。「NS」は、「生理食塩水」の省略語である(1mlのH2Oあたり、0.90%グラムのNaCl)。「ヘタスターチ」は、「ヒドロキシエチルスターチ」の別の言い方であり、非イオン性デンプン誘導体である。HEXTEND(登録商標)(6%ヘタスターチの乳酸電解質注射、平均分子量が670,000ダルトンであり、レイクフォレスト、イリノイのHospira,Inc.から入手可能)を、本明細書で実施した実験のために使用した。「LR」は、乳酸Ringer溶液の省略語である。グリセロールの割合は、g/mlで表される。
図12において、スラリー温度に対し、(生理食塩水中の)グリセロール濃度が増える影響を示す。スラリー中のグリセロールの量を増やすと、スラリー温度が顕著に低下した。表5に示されるスラリーを注射し、最も低い忍容性スラリー温度の安全性および忍容性の限界を試験した。全ての動物は、注射から1週間後の動物を屠殺したときまで、感染、潰瘍、壊死または副作用の徴候は見られず、注射に忍容性であった。検視時にも、異常は指摘されなかった。
ここで図13を参照し、タトゥーインク(黒色顔料)を、生理食塩水と20%グリセロールとから構成されるスラリーに加えた。Sprague−Dawleyラットにおいて、このスラリーを、座骨神経を含む解剖ポケットに注射した。注射から1週間後、ラットを屠殺し、次いで、座骨神経を含む解剖ポケットの上にある皮膚を切開し、座骨神経に隣接したスラリーの配置を確認した(タトゥーインクのため、目に見える)。この画像は、皮膚を介する見えない注射によって、座骨神経周囲にスラリーを送達する実行可能性を示す。
ベースライン測定を得る前に、感覚試験の環境に連続した3日間住まわせたSprague−Dawleyラットに対し、さらなる感覚試験を行った。引っ込め潜伏期間を用いた熱によるベースライン感覚試験を行った。熱による引っ込め潜伏期間は、赤外線の熱源からラットが後足を引っ込めるのにかかる時間量を表し、値が大きいことは、疼痛の閾値が高いことを意味し、値が小さいことは、ラットが、疼痛に対する感度が上がっていることを意味する。全てのラットが、慢性神経因性疼痛モデルに対する慢性狭窄損傷(CCI)を受けた。大腿二頭筋全体にわたって鈍的切開を用い、総座骨神経を露出させ、隣接組織と分離した。互いに約1mm離れた2点で、4−0クロムガット縫合糸を神経の周囲にゆるく結びつけた。所望な狭窄度によって、表在性の神経上膜血管系による循環を遅らせるが、止めない。CCIから6日後のラットで、感覚試験を繰り返し、この手技の効能を示した。CCIから1週間後に、全てのラットで、鈍的切開を用いて座骨神経を露出させた。
体重が250〜271gの雄Sprague−Dawleyラットを得て、ベースライン感覚試験を行った。後足の熱による引っ込め潜伏期間を得た。その後、吸入するイソフルランおよび酸素を用い、ラットを麻酔し、その左大腿領域の毛を剃り、洗浄した。次いで、表6に示される以下の組成のスラリーを、左座骨神経を含む解剖ポケットに注射した。
文献
本明細書で言及される全ての特許、特許出願および刊行物は、それぞれ個別の特許および刊行物が参照により具体的かつ個別に組み込まれるものと示されるのと同じ程度に参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。参照により組み込まれるものは、限定されないが、以下が挙げられる。
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Claims (42)
- 被験体において、末梢神経を阻害するのに十分な持続時間、末梢神経に対して生体適合性氷スラリーを与えることを含み、前記阻害が可逆的である、これを必要とする被験体に対し、1つ以上の末梢神経を可逆的な阻害を提供する方法。
- 前記生体適合性氷スラリーは、氷粒子と、乳酸Ringer溶液、電解質溶液または乳酸電解質溶液とを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記生体適合性氷スラリーは、さらに、ヘタスターチまたはデキストロースを含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記生体適合性氷スラリーは、さらに、約0.1%〜約20%のグルコースを含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記生体適合性氷スラリーは、さらに、約0.1%〜約20%のグリセロールを含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記生体適合性氷スラリーは、さらに、約0.1%〜約6%のヘタスターチを含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記生体適合性氷スラリーは、氷粒子と、生理食塩水とを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記生体適合性氷スラリーは、さらに、約0.1%〜約20%のグリセロールを含む、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記生体適合性氷スラリーは、さらに、約0.1%〜約20%のデキストロースを含む、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記生体適合性氷スラリーは、さらに、約0.1%〜約5%のエタノールを含む、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記生体適合性氷スラリーは、さらに、約0.1%〜約10%のポリビニルアルコールを含む、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記生体適合性氷スラリーが、さらに、少なくとも一種の糖、イオン、多糖、脂質、油、リゾレシチン、アミノ酸、カフェイン、界面活性剤、代謝拮抗物質、洗剤またはこれらの組み合わせを含む、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも一種の糖は、グルコース、マンニトール、ヘタスターチ、ショ糖、ソルビトールまたはこれらの組み合わせである、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも一種のイオンは、カルシウム、カリウム、水素、塩素、マグネシウム、ナトリウム、ラクテート、ホスフェート、亜鉛、硫黄、硝酸イオン、アンモニウム、炭酸イオン、水酸化物イオン、鉄、バリウム、これらの塩またはこれらの組み合わせである、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも一種の油は、キャノーラ油、ココナツ油、トウモロコシ油、綿実油、亜麻仁油、オリーブ油、パーム油、ピーナッツ油、ベニバナ油、大豆油、ヒマワリ油、またはこれらの組み合わせである、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記界面活性剤が洗剤である、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記洗剤は、デオキシコレート、テトラデシル硫酸ナトリウム、ポリドカノール、デオキシコレート、テトラデシル硫酸ナトリウム、ポリドカノール、ポリソルベート20(ポリオキシエチレン(20)ソルビタンモノラウレート)、ポリソルベート40(ポリオキシエチレン(20)ソルビタンモノパルミテート)、ポリソルベート60(ポリオキシエチレン(20)ソルビタンモノステアレート)、ポリソルベート80(ポリオキシエチレン(20)ソルビタンモノオレエート)、ソルビタンエステル、ポロキサマーまたはこれらの組み合わせの少なくとも一種である、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記生体適合性氷スラリーは、腹膜透析溶液を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記生体適合性氷スラリーが、末梢神経の神経周囲の鞘に沿って与えられる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 末梢神経が皮下神経である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 末梢神経が自律神経である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 自律神経が、交感神経、副交感神経または腸神経である、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 末梢神経が体性神経である、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 体性神経が、感覚神経、運動神経、脳神経または脊髄神経である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 生体適合性氷スラリーが、前記神経を約5℃から約−40℃まで冷却する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記生体適合性氷スラリーが、約4℃〜約−30℃の第1の平衡温度を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記生体適合性氷スラリーが、約2℃〜約−30℃の第2の平衡温度を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記氷粒子が、直径が約1mm〜約0.01mmの球形または丸である、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記生体適合性氷スラリーは、血管収縮薬、コルチコステロイド、非ステロイド性抗炎症薬(NSAID)、麻酔薬、グルココルチコイド、リポキシゲナーゼ阻害剤、およびこれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される薬剤をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 血管収縮薬がエピネフリンまたはノルエピネフリンである、請求項29に記載の方法。
- 麻酔薬が、リドカイン、ブピバカイン、プリロカイン、テトラカイン、プロカイン、メピビカイン、エチドカイン、QX−314およびこれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される、請求項29に記載の方法。
- 生体適合性氷スラリーが注射される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 皮下神経、三叉神経、腸骨鼠径神経、肋間神経、斜角筋間神経、肋間神経、鎖骨上神経、鎖骨下神経、腋窩神経、傍脊椎神経、腹横筋神経、陰部大腿神経、腰部神経叢、大腿神経、陰部神経、腹腔神経集網および座骨神経からなる群から選択される1つ以上の神経の中または周囲に注射することによって、前記生体適合性氷スラリーが、被験体の末梢神経に与えられる、請求項32に記載の方法。
- 前記生体適合性氷スラリーが、スラリーの腫脹性の圧送によって、被験体の末梢神経に与えられる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 注射部位での血流を減らすために圧力を加えることをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 超音波または画像形成によって生体適合性氷スラリーを監視することをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記阻害が、約5ヶ月以下の期間が経過した後に消える、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 治療を必要とする被験体は、神経因性疼痛、糖尿病性神経障害の疼痛、三叉神経痛、ヘルペス後の神経痛、幻肢痛、癌に関連する痒みまたは疼痛、火傷の痒みまたは疼痛、硬化性萎縮性苔癬、頭皮の痒み、錯感覚性背痛、アトピー性皮膚炎、湿疹、乾癬、扁平苔癬、外陰部の痒み、ヴルヴォディニァ、慢性単純性苔癬、結節性痒疹、感覚神経が介在する痒み、末梢神経障害、末梢神経損傷、開胸術後の疼痛、切開の疼痛、胸部痛、尾骨痛、腰痛、表在性の瘢痕、神経腫、急性術後疼痛、腰椎椎間関節症候群、皮膚疼痛障害および尿失禁からなる群から選択される障害を患っている、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 皮膚疼痛障害が、反射性交感神経性ジストロフィー(RSD)、幻肢痛、神経腫、ヘルペス後の神経痛、緊張性頭痛、後頭神経痛およびヴルヴォディニァからなる群から選択される、請求項38に記載の方法。
- 治療を必要とする被験体は、片側顔面痙攣、膀胱痙攣および咽頭痙攣からなる群から選択される運動障害を患っている、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 治療を必要とする被験体は、多汗障害を患っている、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 末梢神経を含む組織は、生体適合性氷スラリーを与える前、与えている間、または与えた後に、外部から冷却される、請求項1に記載の方法。
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