JP2017504354A - 血友病を処置するための方法および組成物 - Google Patents
血友病を処置するための方法および組成物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2013年12月9日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/913,838号および2014年2月24日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/943,884号の利益を主張し、その開示はそれらの全体が本明細書に参考として援用される。
該当なし。
本開示は、遺伝子改変および血友病の処置の分野にある。
血友病Aおよび血友病B等の血友病は、関節および軟部組織への出血、ならびに外傷を経験しているまたは外科手術を受けているいずれかの部位への過剰な出血によって特徴付けられる血液凝固系の遺伝的障害である。血友病Aは、血友病Bから臨床的に識別不能であるが、血友病Aにおいて第VIII因子(FVIIIまたはF8)が欠損または非存在である一方、血友病Bの患者において第IX因子(FIXまたはF.IX)が欠損または非存在である。第VIII因子遺伝子は、その不活性型でフォンウィルブランド(von Wilebrand)因子と会合して循環する血漿糖タンパク質をコードする。表面傷害後に、内因性凝固カスケードが開始し、複合体から第VIII因子が放出され、活性化される。この活性形態は、第IX因子と作用して、第X因子を活性化して、活性化Xaにし、最終的に、フィブリノーゲンをフィブリンに変化させかつ血餅誘導をもたらす。Levinsonら(1990年)Genomics 7巻(1号):1〜11頁を参照されたい。血友病A患者の40〜50%は、第VIII因子のイントロン22に影響を及ぼす染色体逆位(IVS22としても公知)を有する。逆位は、第VIII因子遺伝子のイントロン22内の9.6kb配列と、第VIII因子遺伝子に対し遠位の約300kbに位置する2つの密接に関係した逆に配向された配列のうち1つとの間の染色体内組換え事象に起因し、エクソン23〜26に関してエクソン1〜22の逆位を結果としてもたらす。Textbook of Hemophilia、Leeら(編)2005年、Blackwell Publishingを参照されたい。他の血友病A患者は、活性部位変異ならびにナンセンスおよびミスセンス変異を含む第VIII因子における欠損を有する。その部分のため、第IX因子(F.IXまたはFIX)は、凝血系に関与するセリンプロテアーゼの1種をコードし、野生型第IX因子タンパク質の正常循環レベルの3%の回復ではあるが、自発性の出血を予防することができることが示されている。追加の血友病は、他の凝固因子の異常発現に関連する。例えば、第VII因子欠損症は、300,000〜500,000人のうちおよそ1人に生じる常染色体劣性形質であり、患者における不適切な第VII因子レベルに関連する。同様に、第X因子欠損症も、500,000〜1,000,000人につき1人に生じる常染色体劣性形質であり、FX遺伝子の遺伝的バリアントに起因する。第X因子欠損症は、患者集団において様々な程度の重症度を有し得る。
このヌクレアーゼ媒介性標的化導入遺伝子挿入アプローチは、遺伝子サイレンシングまたは近隣の癌遺伝子活性化の最小リスクのための正確な導入遺伝子配置を可能にするため、古典的組込みアプローチと比較して、改善された導入遺伝子発現、高められた安全性および発現耐久性の見込みをもたらす。
導入遺伝子の標的化組込みは、その同族遺伝子座への、例えば、変異体遺伝子を補正するための内在性遺伝子座への野生型導入遺伝子の挿入であり得る。あるいは、導入遺伝子は、非同族遺伝子座、例えば、「セーフハーバー」遺伝子座に挿入することができる。CCR5、HPRT、AAVS1、Rosaおよびアルブミンを含む、数種類のセーフハーバー遺伝子座が記載されている。例えば、米国特許第7,951,925号および同第8,110,379号;米国出願公開第20080159996号;同第201000218264号;同第20120017290号;同第20110265198号;同第20130137104号;同第20130122591号;同第20130177983号および同第20130177960号、ならびに米国出願第14/278,903号を参照されたい。例えば、米国特許出願公開第20110027235号は、単離された幹細胞への機能的タンパク質の標的化組込みに関し、米国特許出願公開第20120128635号は、血友病Bを処置する方法について記載する。Liら(2011年)Nature 475巻(7355号):217〜221頁およびAnguelaら(2013年)Blood 122巻:3283〜3287頁も参照されたい。
機能的凝固因子タンパク質(例えば、第VII因子、第VIII因子、第IX因子、第X因子および/または第XI因子)等の、タンパク質をコードする配列の標的化組込みのための方法および組成物が、本明細書に開示されている。機能的第VIII因子(「F8」)および/または第IX因子(「F.IX」または「FIX」)タンパク質の発現は、例えば、血友病A(第VIII因子)および/または血友病B(第IX因子)の処置および/または予防をもたらし得る一方、機能的第VII因子または第X因子の発現は、第VII因子欠損症および/または第X因子欠損症に関連する血友病を処置または予防し得る。ヌクレアーゼ、例えば、操作されたメガヌクレアーゼ、ジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼ(ZFN)、TALE−ヌクレアーゼ(制限エンドヌクレアーゼおよび/またはメガヌクレアーゼ由来のヌクレアーゼドメインとTALEエフェクタードメインとの融合体を含むTALEN(メガTALEおよびコンパクトTALEN等))、Ttago系および/またはCRISPR/Casヌクレアーゼ系は、遺伝子が挿入される細胞における「セーフハーバー」遺伝子の遺伝子座(例えば、CCR5、AAVS1、HPRT、Rosaまたはアルブミン)におけるDNAの開裂に使用される。ドナー導入遺伝子の標的化された挿入は、相同組換え修復(HDR)または非相同性修復機構(例えば、NHEJドナー捕捉)によるものとなり得る。ヌクレアーゼは、標的DNAにおける二本鎖切断(DSB)または一本鎖切断(ニック)を誘導することができる。一部の実施形態において、2種のニッカーゼが、2個のニックを導入することによるDSBの作製に使用される。場合によっては、ニッカーゼは、ZFNであり、他の場合では、ニッカーゼは、TALENまたはCRISPR/Casニッカーゼである。一部の実施形態において、本方法および組成物は、細胞におけるアルブミン遺伝子に結合する少なくとも1種のタンパク質に関係する。
改変前のその発現または遺伝子配列が異常である、1種または複数種のタンパク質を産生するように細胞を改変するための組成物および方法が、本明細書に開示されている。一部の実施形態において、このタンパク質は、血友病に関連する。細胞は、細胞のセーフハーバー遺伝子(例えば、アルブミン)への、1種または複数種の機能的タンパク質をコードする導入遺伝子の標的化挿入により改変され得る。一部の実施形態において、導入遺伝子は、内在性アルブミン遺伝子に挿入される。導入遺伝子は、血友病に関与するいずれかのタンパク質またはペプチド、例えば、第VII因子、第VIII因子、第IX因子、第X因子、第XI因子および/またはこれらの機能的断片をコードすることができる。本明細書に記載されている細胞を使用して、および/または本明細書に記載されている通りに細胞を改変することにより(ex vivoまたはin vivo)、血友病を処置する方法も開示される。細胞を改変するためのヌクレアーゼおよびドナー分子をコードする核酸を含む組成物と、in vivoまたはex vivoで細胞を改変するための方法がさらに記載される。その上、本発明の方法および組成物によって改変された細胞を含む組成物が記載される。
本明細書に開示される方法、ならびに組成物の調製および使用の実施は、特に示さない限り、本技術分野の技術範囲内の、分子生物学、生化学、クロマチン構造および分析、計算機化学、細胞培養、組換えDNAならびに関連分野における従来の技術を用いる。これらの技術は、文献中に完全に説明されている。例えば、SambrookらMOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL、第2版、Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press、1989年および第3版、2001年;Ausubelら、CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY、John Wiley & Sons、New York、1987年および定期的更新;シリーズMETHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY、Academic Press、San Diego;Wolffe、CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION、第3版、Academic Press、San Diego、1998年;METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY、304巻、「Chromatin」(P.M. WassarmanおよびA. P. Wolffe編)、Academic Press、San Diego、1999年;ならびにMETHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY、119巻、「Chromatin Protocols」(P.B. Becker編)Humana Press、Totowa、1999年を参照されたい。
用語「核酸」、「ポリヌクレオチド」および「オリゴヌクレオチド」は、相互交換可能に使用され、直鎖状または環状コンフォメーションの、一本鎖形態または二本鎖形態のいずれかの、デオキシリボヌクレオチドまたはリボヌクレオチドのポリマーを指す。本開示の目的のため、これらの用語は、ポリマーの長さに関して限定的であると解釈すべきではない。これらの用語は、天然ヌクレオチドの公知のアナログ、ならびに塩基、糖および/またはリン酸部分(例えば、ホスホロチオエート骨格)において修飾されたヌクレオチドを包含し得る。一般に、特定のヌクレオチドのアナログは、同じ塩基対合特異性を有する;即ち、Aのアナログは、Tと塩基対合する。
血友病AまたはBの被験体由来のまたは被験体中の細胞のゲノムにおける機能的凝固因子(例えば、第VIII因子および/または第IX因子)タンパク質)をコードする配列の組込みにおいて有用なヌクレアーゼなどの、ヌクレアーゼを含む組成物が、本明細書に記載されている。ある特定の実施形態では、このヌクレアーゼは、天然起源である。他の実施形態では、このヌクレアーゼは、非天然起源である、即ち、DNA結合ドメインおよび/または開裂ドメインにおいて操作されている。例えば、天然起源のヌクレアーゼのDNA結合ドメインは、選択された標的部位に結合するように変更され得る(例えば、同族結合部位とは異なる部位に結合するように操作されたメガヌクレアーゼ)。他の実施形態では、ヌクレアーゼは、異種のDNA結合ドメインおよび開裂ドメイン(例えば、異種開裂ドメインを有する、ジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼ;TALエフェクタードメインDNA結合タンパク質;メガヌクレアーゼDNA結合ドメイン)ならびに/または操作された単一ガイドRNAを利用するCRISPR/Cas系などの系を含む。
本明細書に開示されている組成物および方法において、ジンクフィンガーDNA結合ドメイン、TALE DNA結合ドメイン、CRISPR/CasヌクレアーゼのDNA結合部分またはメガヌクレアーゼ由来のDNA結合ドメインが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない、いかなるDNA結合ドメインを使用することもできる。
いずれか適した開裂ドメインをDNA結合ドメインに操作可能に連結して、ジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼ、TALENまたはCRISPR/Casヌクレアーゼ系等、ヌクレアーゼを形成することができる。例えば、米国特許第7,951,925号;同第8,110,379号および同第8,586,526号;米国特許出願公開第20080159996号;同第201000218264号;同第20120017290号;同第20110265198号;同第20130137104号;同第20130122591号;同第20130177983号および同第20130177960号ならびに米国仮特許出願第61/823,689号を参照されたい。
上に詳細に記載したように、DNA結合ドメインは、(例えば、アルブミンなどのセーフハーバー遺伝子座における)選択された任意の配列に結合するように操作され得る。操作されたDNA結合ドメインは、天然起源のDNA結合ドメインと比較して、新規結合特異性を有し得る。操作方法には、合理的設計および種々の型の選択が含まれるがこれらに限定されない。合理的設計には、例えば、トリプレット(またはクアドルプレット)ヌクレオチド配列および個々のジンクフィンガーアミノ酸配列を含むデータベースを使用することが含まれ、ここで、各トリプレットまたはクアドルプレットのヌクレオチド配列は、特定のトリプレットまたはクアドルプレット配列に結合するジンクフィンガーの1種または複数種のアミノ酸配列と関連する。例えば、参照によりその全体が本明細書に組み込まれる、共有に係る米国特許第6,453,242号および同第6,534,261号を参照されたい。TALエフェクタードメインの合理的設計もまた実施され得る。例えば、米国特許第8,586,526号を参照されたい。
血友病を処置するため、ドナー配列(「外来性配列」または「ドナー」または「導入遺伝子」とも呼ばれる)は、機能的凝固因子タンパク質またはその一部をコードする配列を含み、ドナー組込み後に機能的凝固因子タンパク質をコードおよび発現する配列を結果としてもたらす。凝固因子タンパク質導入遺伝子の非限定例として、第VIII因子および/または第IX因子が挙げられ、これらのタンパク質の機能的断片を含む。ある特定の実施形態において、第VIII因子タンパク質のB−ドメインが欠失される。例えば、Chuahら(2003年)101巻(5号):1734〜1743頁を参照されたい。他の実施形態において、導入遺伝子は、機能的第IX因子タンパク質またはその一部をコードする配列を含み、ドナー組込み後に機能第IX因子タンパク質をコードおよび発現する配列を結果としてもたらす。
ヌクレアーゼ、これらのヌクレアーゼをコードするポリヌクレオチド、ドナーポリヌクレオチド、ならびに本明細書に記載されているタンパク質および/またはポリヌクレオチドを含む組成物を、任意の適当な手段によってin vivoまたはex vivoで送達してもよい。
ヌクレアーゼおよびドナー構築
ヒトアルブミン遺伝子座を標的化するために、高親和性および特異性で、それぞれ隣接する15塩基対および18塩基対の標的部位に結合するように、2種の個々のZFNである、SBS42906(5フィンガータンパク質)およびSBS43043(6フィンガータンパク質)を設計した。ZFNを下の表1に示す。
ヒト初代肝細胞におけるヌクレアーゼ改変
プレーティング1日後に、細胞当たり0.3E5〜9.0E5ベクターゲノム(vg)のMOIで、いずれか1種または2種のZFNを発現するrAAV2/6ウイルス(複数可)をヒト初代肝細胞に形質導入した。7日目に細胞を収集し、miSEQによるパーセントインデル(挿入および/または欠失)解析およびFokIドメインに対する抗体を使用したウエスタンブロットによるZFN発現解析の両方のために、ゲノムDNAおよびタンパク質を調製した。
ヒトにおけるIn VitroオフターゲットSELEXガイド毒性評価
バイオインフォマティクスアプローチを使用して、本明細書に記載されるZFNに企図されるDNA結合部位への最良適合マッチに関してゲノムを検索することにより、ZFN作用の潜在的なオフターゲット効果を同定した。ZFN毎のコンセンサス優先結合部位を得るために、SELEX(実験的富化によるリガンドの体系的進化)として公知の親和性に基づく標的部位選択手順を用いた。
In vivo標的化組込み
補正的FIX導入遺伝子が、被験体のゲノムに組み込まれ(例えば、被験体自身の内在性アルブミン遺伝子座の制御下において)、これにより、第IX因子の肝臓特異的合成をもたらすように、本明細書に記載されるヌクレアーゼ(および/またはヌクレアーゼをコードするポリヌクレオチド)およびドナー、ならびに/またはヌクレアーゼおよび/もしくはドナーを含む医薬組成物が、ヒト被験体に投与される。特に、FIXに対するインヒビターなしで現在の処置ガイドラインに従って予防的FIX補充療法(>100用量)を受けており、組換えFIXに対する過敏症ではない、重度血友病Bの(無処置の場合>6出血/年)少なくとも18歳の男性被験体に、表2に例示されている次のスケジュールのうち1種に従って、本明細書に記載されるヌクレアーゼおよびFIXドナーを投与する。
Claims (29)
- 表1の単一の行に示す通りのF1からF5またはF1からF6と命名されて並べられた5または6個のジンクフィンガードメインを含むジンクフィンガータンパク質。
- 請求項1に記載のジンクフィンガータンパク質と、野生型または操作された開裂ドメインまたは開裂ハーフドメインとを含む融合タンパク質。
- 請求項1または請求項2に記載の1種または複数種のタンパク質をコードするポリヌクレオチド。
- 請求項3に記載のポリヌクレオチドを含む発現ベクター。
- 前記ベクターが、AAVベクターである、請求項4に記載の発現ベクター。
- 前記AAVベクターが、AAV2/6ベクターである、請求項5に記載の発現ベクター。
- 請求項4〜6のいずれかに記載の発現ベクターを含む医薬組成物。
- 第1のポリヌクレオチドを含む請求項4〜6のいずれかに記載の第1の発現ベクターと、第2のポリヌクレオチドを含む請求項4〜6のいずれかに記載の第2の発現ベクターとを含み、該第1のポリヌクレオチドと該第2のポリヌクレオチドとは異なっている、請求項7に記載の医薬組成物。
- (i)ジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼをコードするポリヌクレオチドを含むAAVベクターであって、該ジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼが、FokI開裂ドメインと、F1からF5に並べられた5個のジンクフィンガードメインを含むジンクフィンガータンパク質とを含み、各ジンクフィンガードメインが、認識ヘリックス領域を含み、該ジンクフィンガータンパク質の該認識ヘリックス領域が、表1の第1の行に示されている(配列番号4〜8)AAVベクターと、
(ii)ジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼをコードするポリヌクレオチドを含むAAVベクターであって、該ジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼが、FokI開裂ドメインと、F1からF6に並べられた6個のジンクフィンガードメインを含むジンクフィンガータンパク質とを含み、各ジンクフィンガードメインが、認識ヘリックス領域を含み、該ジンクフィンガータンパク質の該認識ヘリックス領域が、表1の第2の行に示されている(配列番号9〜14)AAVベクターと、
(iii)第IX因子タンパク質をコードするドナーを含むAAVベクターと
を含む、請求項7に記載の医薬組成物。 - 前記第1のポリヌクレオチドが、配列番号15に示す配列を含むまたはそれからなり、前記第2のポリヌクレオチドが、配列番号16に示す配列を含むまたはそれからなる、請求項8に記載の医薬組成物。
- ドナー配列をさらに含む、請求項10に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記ドナー配列が、発現ベクターに関連する、請求項11に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記ドナー配列が、配列番号17に示す配列を含むまたはそれからなる、請求項11に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記発現ベクターが、AAVベクターである、請求項13に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記AAVベクターが、AAV2/6ベクターである、請求項14に記載の医薬組成物。
- 少なくとも1種のタンパク質が、細胞におけるアルブミン遺伝子に結合する、先行する請求項のいずれかに記載の医薬組成物。
- 薬学的に許容される担体をさらに含む、先行する請求項のいずれかに記載の医薬組成物。
- 細胞におけるアルブミン遺伝子を開裂する方法であって、
前記1種または複数種のタンパク質が発現され、該アルブミン遺伝子が開裂されるような条件下で、該細胞に、請求項4〜6のいずれかに記載の1種または複数種の発現ベクターを導入するステップ
を含む方法。 - 開裂された前記アルブミン遺伝子にドナー配列を組み込むステップをさらに含む、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 前記ドナー配列が、AAVベクターを使用して導入される、請求項19に記載の方法。
- 前記AAVベクターが、AAV2/6ベクターである、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記ドナー配列が、第IX因子(F.IX)タンパク質をコードする、請求項18〜21のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記細胞が、肝臓細胞である、請求項18〜22のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 血友病Bの患者を処置する方法であって、内在性アルブミン遺伝子への機能的第IX因子タンパク質をコードする導入遺伝子の標的化組込みを媒介する、請求項4〜6のいずれかに記載の発現ベクターまたは請求項7に記載の医薬組成物を該患者に投与するステップを含む方法。
- (i)ジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼをコードするポリヌクレオチドを含むAAVベクターであって、該ジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼが、FokI開裂ドメインと、F1からF5に並べられた5個のジンクフィンガードメインを含むジンクフィンガータンパク質とを含み、各ジンクフィンガードメインが、認識ヘリックス領域を含み、該ジンクフィンガータンパク質の該認識ヘリックス領域が、表1の第1の行に示されている(配列番号4〜8)AAVベクターと、
(ii)ジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼをコードするポリヌクレオチドを含むAAVベクターであって、該ジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼが、FokI開裂ドメインと、F1からF6に並べられた6個のジンクフィンガードメインを含むジンクフィンガータンパク質とを含み、各ジンクフィンガードメインが、認識ヘリックス領域を含み、該ジンクフィンガータンパク質の該認識ヘリックス領域が、表1の第2の行に示されている(配列番号9〜14)AAVベクターと、
(iii)第IX因子タンパク質をコードするドナーを含むAAVベクターと
を含む系が前記患者に投与される、請求項24に記載の方法。 - 前記発現ベクター(複数可)または医薬組成物および導入遺伝子が、静脈内投与される、請求項24または請求項25に記載の方法。
- 請求項4〜6のいずれかに記載の発現ベクターを含むキット。
- 前記第1のヌクレアーゼ、該第1のヌクレアーゼとは異なる前記第2のヌクレアーゼおよび前記導入遺伝子ドナーが、約1:1:1、約1:1:2、約1:1:3、約1:1:4、約1:1:5、約1:1:6、約1:1:7、約1:1:8、約1:1:9、約1:1:10、約1:1:11、約1:1:12、約1:1:13、約1:1:14、約1:1:15、約1:1:16、約1:1:17、約1:1:18、約1:1:19または約1:1:20の比で提供される、請求項8または10〜17に記載の医薬組成物。
- (i)、(ii)および(iii)が、約1:1:1、約1:1:2、約1:1:3、約1:1:4、約1:1:5、約1:1:6、約1:1:7、約1:1:8、約1:1:9、約1:1:10、約1:1:11、約1:1:12、約1:1:13、約1:1:14、約1:1:15、約1:1:16、約1:1:17、約1:1:18、約1:1:19または約1:1:20の比で提供される、請求項9に記載の医薬組成物。
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