JP2016518355A - 個別化された新生物ワクチンの組成物及び方法 - Google Patents
個別化された新生物ワクチンの組成物及び方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2016518355A JP2016518355A JP2016507587A JP2016507587A JP2016518355A JP 2016518355 A JP2016518355 A JP 2016518355A JP 2016507587 A JP2016507587 A JP 2016507587A JP 2016507587 A JP2016507587 A JP 2016507587A JP 2016518355 A JP2016518355 A JP 2016518355A
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Abstract
Description
本研究は、国立衛生研究所(National Institutes of Health)からの以下の助成、助成番号:NIH/NCI−1R01CA155010−02及びNHLBI−5R01HL103532−03による支援を受けた。連邦政府は本発明に一定の権利を有する。
本願は、2013年4月7日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/809,406号明細書及び2013年8月25日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/869,721号明細書の利益及びそれに対する優先権を主張し、これらの仮特許出願の内容は参照により本明細書に援用される。
本発明の理解を助けるため、以下にいくつかの用語及び語句を定義する:
具体的に記載されるか又は文脈から明らかである場合を除き、本明細書で使用されるとき、用語「約」は、当該技術分野における通常の許容差の範囲内、例えば平均値の2標準偏差以内であると理解される。約は、記載される値の50%、45%、40%、35%、30%、25%、20%、15%、10%、9%、8%、7%、6%、5%、4%、3%、2%、1%、0.5%、0.1%、0.05%、又は0.01%以内と理解することができる。文脈から別段明らかでない限り、本明細書に提供される全ての数値が約の用語によって修飾されている。
・各患者の対応する生殖系列試料に対する腫瘍の全ゲノム、全エクソーム(例えば、捕捉されたエクソンのみ)、又はRNAシーケンシングを用いてDNAレベルで新生物/腫瘍における全ての又はほぼ全ての突然変異を同定すること;
・同定された突然変異を1つ以上のペプチド−MHC結合予測アルゴリズムで解析し、新生物/腫瘍内で発現する、且つ患者HLA対立遺伝子と結合し得る複数の候補ネオ抗原T細胞エピトープを作成すること;及び
・全てのネオORFペプチド及び予測結合ペプチドのセットから選択された複数の候補ネオ抗原ペプチドを癌ワクチンで使用するために合成すること。
(1)個体のHLA分子に結合することのできる個人的突然変異ペプチドの予測。どの特定の突然変異を免疫原として利用するべきかを効率的に選択するには、患者HLA型の同定と、どの突然変異ペプチドが患者のHLA対立遺伝子に効率的に結合し得るかを予測する能力とが必要である。近年、検証済みの結合及び非結合ペプチドによるニューラルネットワークベースの学習手法では、主要なHLA−A及び−B対立遺伝子に関する予測アルゴリズムの精度が進歩している。
本発明は、少なくとも一部には、新生物/腫瘍内の全ての又はほぼ全ての突然変異(例えば、転座、逆位、大きい及び小さい欠失及び挿入、ミスセンス突然変異、スプライス部位突然変異等)を同定する能力に基づく。詳細には、これらの突然変異は対象の新生物/腫瘍細胞のゲノムに存在し、しかし対象由来の正常組織には存在しない。かかる突然変異は、それが、患者の新生物/腫瘍にユニークな改変アミノ酸配列を有するタンパク質(例えば、ネオ抗原)を生じさせる変化をもたらす場合には、特に興味深い。例えば、有用な突然変異には、(1)タンパク質中の異なるアミノ酸をもたらす非同義突然変異;(2)終止コドンが修飾されるか又は欠失し、C末端に新規の腫瘍特異的配列を有する長くなったタンパク質の翻訳をもたらすリードスルー突然変異;(3)成熟mRNAにイントロンが入り込み、ひいてはユニークな腫瘍特異的タンパク質配列をもたらすスプライス部位突然変異;(4)2つのタンパク質の接合部に腫瘍特異的配列を有するキメラタンパク質を生じる染色体再配列(即ち、遺伝子融合);(5)新規腫瘍特異的タンパク質配列を有する新規オープンリーディングフレームをもたらすフレームシフト突然変異又は欠失などが含まれ得る。腫瘍細胞において例えばスプライス部位、フレームシフト、リードスルー、又は遺伝子融合突然変異によって生じる突然変異を有するペプチド又は突然変異型ポリペプチドは、正常細胞に対して腫瘍のDNA、RNA又はタンパク質をシーケンシングすることにより同定し得る。
本発明は、単離ペプチド(例えば、本発明の方法によって同定される腫瘍特異的突然変異を含むネオ抗原ペプチド、既知の腫瘍特異的突然変異を含むペプチド、及び本発明の方法によって同定される突然変異体ポリペプチド又はその断片)をさらに含む。これらのペプチド及びポリペプチドは、本明細書では「ネオ抗原ペプチド」又は「ネオ抗原ポリペプチド」と称される。用語「ペプチド」は、本明細書では、典型的には隣接するアミノ酸のα−アミノ基とα−カルボキシル基との間のペプチド結合によって互いにつながる一続きの残基、典型的にはL−アミノ酸を指して、「突然変異体ペプチド」及び「ネオ抗原ペプチド」及び「野生型ペプチド」と同義的に使用される。ポリペプチド又はペプチドは種々の長さであってよく、最低でも、患者のHLA分子に結合すると予測される小さい領域(「エピトープ」)並びにN末端方向及びC末端方向の両方に伸長するさらなる隣接アミノ酸を含み得る。ポリペプチド又はペプチドは、その中性(非荷電)形態であっても、或いは塩である形態であってもよく、及びグリコシル化、側鎖酸化、又はリン酸化などの修飾を含まなくてもよく、或いは修飾が本明細書に記載されるとおりのポリペプチドの生物学的活性を破壊しないことを条件として、それらの修飾を含んでもよい。
本発明は、少なくとも一部には、患者の免疫系に腫瘍特異的ネオ抗原のプールを提示する能力に基づく。当業者は、かかる腫瘍特異的ネオ抗原を産生する種々の方法があることを理解するであろう。一般に、かかる腫瘍特異的ネオ抗原は、インビトロ又はインビボのいずれかで産生され得る。腫瘍特異的ネオ抗原はインビトロでペプチド又はポリペプチドとして産生されてもよく、次にそれが個別化された新生物ワクチンに製剤化され、対象に投与されてもよい。以下にさらに詳細に記載するとおり、かかるインビトロ産生は、例えば、種々の細菌、真核生物、又はウイルス組換え発現系のいずれかにおけるDNA又はRNA分子からのペプチド/ポリペプチドのペプチド合成又は発現と、続く発現したペプチド/ポリペプチドの精製など、当業者に公知の種々の方法によって行われ得る。或いは、腫瘍特異的ネオ抗原は、腫瘍特異的ネオ抗原をコードする分子(例えば、DNA、RNA、ウイルス発現系など)を対象に導入し、導入後にコードされた腫瘍特異的ネオ抗原が発現することによりインビボで産生されてもよい。
タンパク質又はペプチドは、標準的な分子生物学的技法によるタンパク質、ポリペプチド又はペプチドの発現、天然供給源からのタンパク質又はペプチドの単離、又はタンパク質又はペプチドの化学合成を含め、当業者に公知の任意の技法によって作製することができる。様々な遺伝子に対応するヌクレオチド及びタンパク質、ポリペプチド及びペプチド配列は既に開示されており、当業者に公知のコンピュータ化されたデータベースを参照することができる。一つのかかるデータベースは、国立衛生研究所(National Institutes of Health)ウェブサイトにある国立バイオテクノロジー情報センター(National Center for Biotechnology Information)のGenbank及びGenPeptデータベースである。既知の遺伝子のコード領域は、本明細書に開示される技法を用いて、又は当業者に公知であろうとおりに増幅し及び/又は発現させることができる。或いは、様々な市販のタンパク質、ポリペプチド及びペプチド調製物が当業者に公知である。
本発明はまた、ネオ抗原ペプチド/ポリペプチドを例えばDNA/RNAワクチンの形態でインビボで対象に送達するための媒体としての核酸分子の使用も企図する(例えば、本明細書によって全体として参照により援用される国際公開第2012/159643号パンフレット、及び国際公開第2012/159754号パンフレットを参照)。
本発明はまた、本発明に係る1つ以上の化合物(その薬学的に許容可能な塩を含む)の有効量を、場合により薬学的に許容可能な担体、賦形剤又は添加剤との組み合わせで含む医薬組成物にも関する。
本明細書に記載される薬剤が医薬品としてヒト又は動物に投与されるとき、それらはそれ自体で投与することも、又は薬学的に許容可能な担体、賦形剤、若しくは希釈剤と組み合わせた活性成分を含有する医薬組成物として投与することもできる。
本明細書に記載される腫瘍特異的ネオ抗原ペプチド及び医薬組成物はまた、別の治療用分子と併用して投与することもできる。治療用分子は、新生物又はその症状を軽減する任意の化合物であり得る。かかる化合物の例としては、限定はされないが、化学療法剤、抗血管新生剤、チェックポイント遮断抗体又は免疫抑制を低減する他の分子などが挙げられる。
例示的実施形態において、本発明は、免疫原性組成物、例えば、特異的T細胞応答を生じさせる能力を有するワクチン組成物に関する。ワクチン組成物は、本明細書に記載される方法によって同定される腫瘍特異的ネオ抗原に対応する突然変異体ネオ抗原ペプチド及び突然変異体ネオ抗原ポリペプチドを含む。
本発明はさらに、対象において新生物/腫瘍特異的免疫応答を誘導する方法、新生物/腫瘍に対するワクチンを接種する方法、本発明のネオ抗原ペプチド又はワクチン組成物を対象に投与することにより対象における癌の症状を治療及び/又は軽減する方法を提供する。
上述の組成物及び方法は、図2に示す一般的なフロープロセスに従い高リスクメラノーマ(完全切除ステージIIIB、IIIC及びIVM1a,b)の15人の患者で試験され得る。患者は、個別化された腫瘍特異的ペプチドとポリICLCとの混合物による一連のプライミングワクチン接種を4週間の期間にわたり受け、続いて維持期の間に2回のブーストを受け得る。ワクチン接種は全て皮下送達され得る。ワクチンは、患者における安全性、忍容性、免疫応答及び臨床効果に関して、並びにワクチン作製及び適切な時間フレーム内におけるワクチン接種開始の成功の実現可能性に関して評価され得る。第1コホートは5人の患者からなり、安全性が十分に実証された後、10人の患者のさらなるコホートが登録され得る(例えば、初回集団研究の手法を示す図3を参照)。ペプチド特異的T細胞応答に関して末梢血が広範にモニタされ、疾患再発を評価するため患者は最長2年間にわたり追跡され得る。
ステージIIIB、IIIC及びIVM1a,bのメラノーマを有する患者は、疾患を完全に外科的に切除したとしても、疾患再発及び死亡のリスクが著しく高い((Balch et al,「2009年AJCCメラノーマ病期診断及び分類の最終版(Final Version of 2009 AJCC Melanoma Staging and Classification)」J Clin Oncol 27:6199−6206(2009))。この患者集団に利用可能な全身アジュバント療法はインターフェロン−α(IFNα)であり、これは測定可能な、しかし最低限度の利益を提供し、顕著な、多くの場合に用量制限となる毒性を伴う(Kirkwood et al,「高リスク切除皮膚メラノーマのインターフェロンα−2bアジュバント療法:米国東海岸癌臨床試験グループ試験EST 1684(Interferon alfa−2b Adjuvant Therapy of High−Risk Resected Cutaneous Melanoma:The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial EST 1684)」J Clin Oncol 14:7−17(1996);Kirkwood et al,「高リスクメラノーマにおける高用量及び低用量インターフェロンα−2b:群間比較試験E1690/S9111/C9190の初回分析(High− and Low−dose Interferon Alpha−2b in High−Risk Melanoma:First Analysis of Intergroup Trial E1690/S9111/C9190)」J Clin Oncol 18:2444−2458(2000))。これらの患者は、過去の癌を標的化した治療法によるか又は活動中の癌により免疫無防備状態ではなく、従ってワクチンの安全性及び免疫学的影響を評価するための優れた患者集団に相当する。最後に、これらの患者に対する現行の標準治療は、手術後にいかなる治療も指示しないため、ワクチン製剤について8〜10週間のウィンドウが可能となる。
全ての治療前基準を満たした患者について、試験薬が到着し、受入規格に適合した後、可能な限り速やかにワクチン投与を開始し得る。各患者につき4つの別個の試験薬があり、各々が20個の患者特異的ペプチドのうちの5個を含有し得る。免疫化は、概して図5に示すスケジュールに従い進め得る。
5個の患者特異的ペプチドを各300μgずつ含有する0.75ml試験薬
0.25ml(0.5mg)の2mg/mlポリICLC(Hiltonol(登録商標))
免疫戦略は、免疫応答を誘導するための初期の一連の密な間隔の免疫化と、続く記憶T細胞を樹立させるための休止期間とを含む「プライム−ブースト」手法である。これにブースター免疫化が続き、このブーストの4週間後のT細胞応答が最も強い応答を生じるものと予想され、一次免疫学的エンドポイントとなり得る。初めに大域的免疫応答が末梢血単核細胞を使用してこの時点から18時間エキソビボELISPOTアッセイにおいて、全ての免疫エピトープを含むオーバーラップ15merペプチド(11aaオーバーラップ)のプールで刺激してモニタされ得る。このペプチドプールに対するベースライン応答を確立するため、ワクチン接種前試料を評価し得る。必要に応じてさらなるPBMC試料を評価し、全ペプチド混合物に対する免疫応答の動態を調べ得る。ベースラインを有意に上回る応答を示す患者については、全15merのプールをデコンボリューションして、どの特定の免疫ペプチドが免疫原性であったかを決定し得る。加えて、適切な試料に関して個別の場合に応じていくつかのさらなるアッセイを行い得る:
・全15merプール又はサブプールを細胞内サイトカイン染色アッセイの刺激ペプチドとして使用して、抗原特異的CD4+、CD8+、中枢記憶及びエフェクター記憶集団を同定及び定量化し得る
・同様に、これらのプールを使用してこれらの細胞により分泌されるサイトカインのパターンを評価し、TH1対TH2表現型を決定し得る
・未刺激細胞の細胞外サイトカイン染色及びフローサイトメトリーを使用してTreg及び骨髄由来サプレッサー細胞(MDSC)を定量化し得る。
・応答した患者からのメラノーマ細胞系の樹立に成功し、且つ活性化エピトープを同定することができた場合、突然変異ペプチド及び対応する野生型ペプチドを使用してT細胞の細胞傷害性アッセイを行い得る
・一次免疫学的エンドポイントのPBMCを、図6に示されるとおり、既知のメラノーマ腫瘍関連抗原を刺激剤として使用し、且つ免疫原の中には選択されなかったいくつかのさらなる同定済みの突然変異エピトープを使用することにより、「エピトープの広がり」に関して評価し得る。
転移性疾患患者のワクチン治療は、活動中の癌に有効な治療法が必要であること、及び結果としてワクチン調製のための治療休止時間ウィンドウがなくなることによって複雑化する。さらに、これらの癌治療は、患者の免疫系を損ない、場合により免疫応答の誘導を妨げ得る。これらの考慮点を念頭に置き、ワクチン調製のタイミングが時間的に特定の患者集団に対する他の標準治療手法と適合するセッティング及び/又はかかる標準治療が確実に免疫療法手法と両立し得るセッティングが選択され得る。探究され得るセッティングには2つのタイプがある:
a)転移性疾患を示す腎細胞癌(RCC)患者は、典型的には外科的な減量術を受け、続いて、一般的にはスニチニブ、パゾパニブ及びソラフェニブなどの承認済みのチロシンキナーゼ阻害薬(TKI)の一つによる全身治療を受ける。承認済みTKIの中でスニチニブは、TH1応答性を増加させ、Treg及び骨髄由来サプレッサー細胞を減少させることが示されている(Finke et al,「スニチニブは腎細胞癌患者において1型免疫抑制を逆転させ、T調節性細胞を減少させる(Sunitinib reverses Type−1 immune suppression and decreases T−regulatory cells in renal cell carcinoma patients)」Clin Can Res 14:6674−6682(2008);Terme et al,「VEGFA−VEGFR経路遮断は結腸直腸癌における腫瘍誘導性調節T細胞増殖を阻害する(VEGFA−VEGFR pathway blockade inhibits tumor−induced regulatory T cell proliferation in colorectal cancer)」(Cancer Research Author Manuscript published Online(2102))。免疫系を損なわない承認済み治療薬で患者を直ちに治療可能であることにより、ワクチンの調製に必要なウィンドウが提供され、ワクチン治療薬との相乗作用がもたらされ得る。加えて、複数の動物及びヒト試験においてシクロホスファミド(CTX)がTreg細胞に阻害効果を及ぼすことが示されており、且つ最近になってワクチン前の単回用量のCTXが、ワクチンに応答したRCC患者の生存を改善することが示されている(Walter et al,「単回用量シクロホスファミド後の癌ワクチンIMA901に対する多ペプチド免疫応答は、より長い患者生存に関連する」Nature Medicine 18:1254−1260(2012))。これらの免疫相乗作用手法は両方とも、RCC中の天然ペプチドワクチンの最近完了した第3相試験において利用されている(ClinicalTrials.gov,進行性/転移性腎細胞癌に対するスニチニブの投与を受けている患者におけるNCT01265901 IMA901(NCT01265901 IMA901 in Patients Receiving Sunitinib for Advanced/Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma));
b)或いは、膠芽腫(GBM)の標準治療には、手術、回復及びフォローアップ放射線及び低用量テモゾロミド(TMZ)、続いて4週間の休止期間の後、標準用量TMZの開始が関わる。この標準治療はワクチン調製のためのウィンドウを提供し、それにワクチン接種の開始と、その後に標準用量TMZの開始が続く。興味深いことに、転移性メラノーマにおける試験では、標準用量TMZ治療中のペプチドワクチン接種により、ワクチン接種単独と比較して計測される免疫応答性が増加したことから、さらなる相乗的利益が示唆される(Kyte et al,「テロメラーゼペプチドワクチン接種のテモゾロミドとの併用:ステージIVメラノーマ患者における臨床試験(Telomerase peptide vaccination combined with temozolomide:a clinical trial in stage IV melanoma patients)」Clin Cancer Res 17:4568(2011))。
患者腫瘍組織を外科的に切除し、腫瘍組織を脱凝集して、DNA及びRNA抽出並びに患者特異的メラノーマ細胞系の樹立に使用される一部を分離し得る。腫瘍組織から抽出されたDNA及び/又はRNAを使用して全エクソームシーケンシング(例えば、Illumina HiSeqプラットフォームを使用することによる)を行い、HLAタイピング情報を決定し得る。本発明の範囲内で、タンパク質ベースの技術(例えば、質量分析法)により、ミスセンス又はネオORFネオ抗原ペプチドを直接同定し得ることが企図される。
(i)クオリティリキャリブレーション:Illuminaパイプラインにより報告される元の塩基クオリティスコアが、リードサイクル、レーン、フローセルタイル、問題の塩基、及び先行する塩基に基づきリキャリブレーションされ得る。
(ii)アラインメント:BWA(Li and Durbin,2009)を使用してリードペアがヒトゲノム(hg19)に対してアラインメントされ得る。
(iii)デュプリケートのマーキング:PCR及び光学的デュプリケートがリードペアマッピング位置に基づき同定され、最終的なbamファイルにマーキングされ得る。
1.クオリティコントロール
(i)試料に関して数十個の部位で行われる最初のSNPフィンガープリンティングを、それらの部位におけるエクソームシーケンシングのパイルアップと比較することにより、シーケンシング中に試料のミックスアップを行い得る。
(ii)初めに腫瘍試料及び正常試料の両方について同じライブラリに対応するレーンの挿入サイズ分布を比較し、且つ異なる分布を有するレーンを捨てることにより、試料内腫瘍/正常ミックスアップを確認し得る。バイオインフォマティクス解析を腫瘍及び対応する正常エクソーム試料に適用すると、DNAコピー数プロファイルが得られ得る。腫瘍試料はまた、対応する正常試料と比べて多いコピー数変異も有するはずである。フラットなプロファイルを有しない正常試料に対応するレーンを切り捨て、これは同じ腫瘍試料由来の他のレーンと一致するプロファイルを有しない腫瘍レーンを切り捨てるのと同様である。
(iii)バイオインフォマティクスにより作成されたコピー数プロファイルに基づき腫瘍純度及び倍数性を推定し得る。
(iv)ContEst(Cibulskis et al,2011)を使用して試料の交差試料汚染レベルを決定し得る。
参照ゲノムに関する真の体細胞及び生殖系列小インデルは、多くの場合にミスアラインメント並びにミスセンス突然変異及びインデルのミスコールをもたらす。これは、GATK IndelRealignerモジュール(ワールドワイドウェブ上の(www)broadinstitute.org/gatkにある)を使用して(McKenna et al,2010,Depristo et al,2011)、推定インデルの周辺にマッピングされる全てのリードの局所的リアラインメントを行い、それらを網羅的に評価してインデルコールの一貫性及び正しさを確保することにより修正し得る。
muTectと称されるベイズ統計のフレームワークを使用して患者の腫瘍及び対応する正常試料を分析することにより、体細胞性塩基対置換を同定し得る(Cibulskis et al,2013)。前処理ステップにおいて、圧倒的多数の低クオリティ塩基又はゲノムとのミスマッチを有するリードがフィルタリングで除かれる。次にMutectは2つの対数オッズ(LOD)スコアを計算し、これは、それぞれ腫瘍試料及び正常試料中における変異体の存在及び非存在の信頼度を包含(encapsulate)する。処理後段階では、候補突然変異が、キャプチャー、シーケンシング及びアラインメントのアーチファクトを説明するため様々な基準によって実験的にフィルタリングされる。例えば、かかるフィルタの一つは、突然変異を有するリードの向きの分布と遺伝子座にマッピングされるリードの全体的な向きの分布との間の一致を試験し、ストランドバイアスがないことを確実にする。次に最終的な突然変異セットを、Oncotatorツールで、ゲノム領域、コドン、cDNA及びタンパク質変化を含むいくつかのフィールドによってアノテーションする。
セクション2.2からの局所的リアラインメント出力を使用して、それぞれ腫瘍bam単独又は腫瘍及び正常の両方のbamにおける変異体を裏付けるリードの評価に基づき候補体細胞及び生殖系列インデルを予測し得る。ミスマッチの数及び分布並びに塩基クオリティスコアに基づくさらなるフィルタリングが行われ得る(McKenna et al,2010,DePristo et al,2011)。全てのインデルを、Integrated Genomics Viewer(Robinson et al,2011)(ワールドワイドウェブ上の(www)broadinstitute.org/igvにある)を使用して手動で調べ、高フィデリティのコールを確実にし得る。
遺伝子融合検出パイプラインの最初のステップは、既知の遺伝子配列のライブラリに対する腫瘍RNA−Seqリードのアラインメントと、続くゲノム座標へのこのアラインメントのマッピングである。ゲノムマッピングは、エクソンを共有する異なる転写変異体にマッピングされる複数のリードペアを共通のゲノム位置に縮める助けとなる。DNAをアラインメントしたbamファイルは、異なる染色体上にあるか、或いは同じ染色体上の場合少なくとも1MB離れている2つの異なるコード領域に2つのメイトがマッピングされるリードペアに関して問い合わせを受け得る。また、そのそれぞれ遺伝子においてアラインメントされるペアエンドが(推定)融合mRNA転写物のコーディング−−>コーディング5’−>3’の向きと一致する向きであることも必要となり得る。少なくとも2つのかかる「キメラ」リードペアがある遺伝子ペアのリストを、さらなる精緻化に供する最初の推定イベントリストとして列挙し得る。次に、全てのアラインメントされていないリードを、そのメイトが当初アラインメントされたという制約を加えて元のbamファイルから抽出し、上記に記載したとおり得られた遺伝子ペアの遺伝子の1つにマッピングし得る。次に当初アラインメントされなかった全てのかかるリードを、発見された遺伝子ペア間の可能な全てのエクソン−エクソン接合部(完全長、境界から境界まで、コーディング5’−>3’向き)で作られるカスタムの「参照」とアラインメントする試みが行われ得る。当初アラインメントされなかったかかるリードの一つが遺伝子Xのエクソンと遺伝子Yのエクソンとの間の接合部に(ユニークに)マッピングされ、且つそのメイトが実際に遺伝子X又はYの一方にマッピングされた場合、かかるリードは「融合」リードとしてマークされ得る。遺伝子融合イベントは、エクソン:エクソン接合部の周りに過剰な数のミスマッチがなく、及びいずれの遺伝子においても少なくとも10bpのカバレッジで、そのメイトに対して正しい相対的向きの少なくとも1つの融合リードがある場合にコールされ得る。高度に相同の遺伝子(例えばHLAファミリー)の間の遺伝子融合は誤りである可能性が高く、フィルタリングで除かれ得る。
バイオインフォマティクス解析を用いて突然変異のクロナリティーを推定し得る。例えば、ABSOLUTEアルゴリズム(Carter et al,2012、Landau et al,2013)を用いて、腫瘍純度、倍数性、絶対コピー数及び突然変異のクロナリティーを推定し得る。各突然変異の対立遺伝子率の確率密度分布を作成し、続いて突然変異の癌細胞率(CCF)に変換し得る。突然変異は、それらのCCFが0.95を超える事後確率がそれぞれ0.5より大きいか又は小さいかに基づきクローナル又はサブクローナルとして分類され得る。
TopHatスイート(Langmead et al,2009)を使用して、hg19ゲノムに対して腫瘍bam及び対応する正常bamのRNA−Seqリードをアラインメントし得る。RNA−SeQC(DeLuca et al,2012)パッケージによりRNA−Seqデータのクオリティを評価し得る。次にRSEMツール(Li et al,2011)を使用して遺伝子及びアイソフォーム発現レベルを推定し得る。キロベース当たりの生成されたリードの百万分率及びτ推定値を使用して、他の部分に記載されるとおりの各患者において同定されたネオ抗原に優先順位を付け得る。
全エクソームデータの解析(セクション2.3)によって同定される突然変異を、患者の対応するRNA−Seq腫瘍bamファイルにおける存在に関して評価し得る。各変異体遺伝子座について、ベータ二項分布に基づく検出力計算を実施し、それをRNA−Seqデータ中に検出する少なくとも80%の検出力があることを確実にし得る。キャプチャーにより同定された突然変異は、適切な検出力の部位について突然変異を有するリードが少なくとも2つある場合に検証されたと見なし得る。
0−150 150nM以下の親和性を有すると予測され、且つ150nM以下の親和性を有することが計測される。
0−150*:150nM以下の親和性を有すると予測され、且つ500nM以下の親和性を有することが計測される。
151−500nM:150nMより高いが500nM以下の親和性を有すると予測され、且つ500nM以下の親和性を有することが計測される。
FN(>500nM):偽陰性−500nMより高い親和性を有すると予測されるが、500nM以下の親和性を有することが計測される。
免疫化用のペプチドは、いくつかの基準に基づき優先順位が付けられ得る:ネオORF対ミスセンス、突然変異ペプチドの予測Kd、突然変異ペプチドと比較した天然ペプチドの予測親和性の比較可能性、突然変異が発癌ドライバー遺伝子に起こるか、それとも関連経路に起こるか、及びRNA−Seqリード数(例えば、図8を参照)。
免疫用のGMPネオ抗原ペプチドを、FDAの規定に従い化学合成、Merrifield RB:「固相ペプチド合成I.テトラペプチドの合成(Solid phase peptide synthesis.I.The synthesis of a tetrapeptide)」.J.Am.Chem.Soc.85:2149−54,1963)によって調製し得る。20個の各約20〜30merペプチドの3つの開発ランが実施されている。各ランは同じ施設で実施され、ドラフトGMPバッチ記録を利用して、GMPランに使用されたものと同じ機器が利用された。各ランで>50mgの各ペプチドを作製することに成功し、現在計画されている全てのリリース試験(例えば、外観、MSによるアイデンティティ、RP−HPLCによる純度、窒素元素による含量、及びRP−HPLCによるTFA含量)によってそれらを試験し、適宜目標規格に適合させた。生成物はまた、プロセスのこの部分に見込まれる時間フレーム(約4週間)の範囲内で作製した。凍結乾燥バルクペプチドを長期安定性試験にかけており、これは最長12ヶ月までの種々の時点で評価され得る。
本試験の一次免疫学的エンドポイントは、エキソビボIFN−γ ELISPOTにより計測されるT細胞応答の評価であり得る。IFN−γ分泌は、CD4+及び/又はCD8+T細胞によるコグネイトペプチドの認識又は分裂誘発刺激の結果として起こる。ワクチン接種に使用される20〜30merペプチドは抗原提示細胞によるプロセシングを受けてより小さいペプチドになる必要があるため、インビボでは多数の異なるCD4+及びCD8+決定基がT細胞に提示される可能性があり得る。理論によって拘束されるものではないが、免疫系にとって新規の、従って自己トレランスの免疫抑制効果に供されない個別化されたネオ抗原ペプチドと、強力な免疫アジュバントポリICLCとの組み合わせは、強力なCD4+及び/又はCD8+応答を誘導し得ると考えられる。従って、T細胞応答がエキソビボで検出可能であり、即ち短期培養を通じてエピトープ特異的T細胞をインビトロで拡大する必要がないことが予想される。患者は、初めにELISPOTアッセイで刺激物質として完全なペプチド免疫原プールを使用して評価され得る。ロバストな陽性応答を示す患者について、フォローアップ解析で正確な1つ又は複数の免疫原性ペプチドを決定し得る。IFN−γ ELISPOTは、エキソビボでT細胞活性を検出し且つ特異性を決定するのにロバストで再現性の高いアッセイとして一般に受け入れられている。末梢血単球におけるT細胞応答の大きさの解析及び決定基マッピングに加えて、ワクチンによって誘導される免疫応答の他の側面が決定的に重要であり、評価され得る。これらの評価は、スクリーニングアッセイにおいてエキソビボIFN−γ ELISPOT応答を呈する患者で行われ得る。それらには、T細胞サブセット(Th1対Th2、Tエフェクター対記憶細胞)の評価、調節性細胞、例えば調節性T細胞又は骨髄由来のサプレッサー細胞の存在及び存在量の分析、及び患者特異的メラノーマ細胞系の樹立に成功した場合には細胞傷害性アッセイが含まれる。
GMPペプチドは標準的な固相合成ペプチド化学により合成し、RP−HPLCにより精製し得る。各個々のペプチドは、種々の適格なアッセイにより分析して外観(目視)、純度(RP−HPLC)、アイデンティティ(質量分析法による)、量(窒素元素)、及びトリフルオロ酢酸対イオン(RP−HPLC)を評価し、リリースし得る。
個別化されたネオ抗原ペプチド/ポリペプチドとの混合後、ワクチン(例えば、ペプチド+ポリICLC)は皮下投与されることになる。
免疫戦略は、免疫応答を誘導するための初期の一連の密な間隔の免疫化と、続く記憶T細胞を樹立させるための休止期間とを含む「プライム−ブースト」手法である。これにブースター免疫化が続き、このブーストの4週間後(初回ワクチン接種の16週間後)のT細胞応答が最も強い応答を生じるものと予想され、一次免疫学的エンドポイントとなり得る。免疫モニタリングが以下に概説するとおり段階的に実施され、誘発される免疫応答の強度及び質が特徴付けられ得る。スキーマBに示し且つ試験カレンダーに特定されるとおり、初回ワクチン接種より前の2つの別個の時点(ベースライン)及びその後の種々の時点で末梢血を採取し、PBMCを凍結し得る。誘導期及び維持期それぞれの完全な一組の試料が採取された後、所与の患者の免疫モニタリングを実施し得る。十分な腫瘍組織を利用可能である場合、腫瘍の一部を使用して、細胞傷害性T細胞アッセイで使用する自己メラノーマ細胞系を樹立し得る。
各患者について、一組のスクリーニングペプチドを合成し得る。スクリーニングペプチドは15アミノ酸長であり(時に16mer又は17merが用いられ得る)、11アミノ酸がオーバーラップし、各ペプチドの全長又はネオORF由来ペプチドについてはネオORFの全長を網羅する。完全な一組の患者特異的スクリーニングペプチドをほぼ等濃度で共にプールし、各ペプチドの一部はまた個々に保存し得る。ペプチドプールの純度は、エキソビボIFN−γ ELISPOTにおいて確立された低バックグラウンドの5人の健常ドナーのPBMCを試験することにより確認し得る。最初は、ベースライン及び16週目(一次免疫学的エンドポイント)で得られたPBMCをオーバーラップ15merペプチド(11アミノ酸のオーバーラップ)の完全なプールで18時間刺激し、ペプチドワクチンに対する全体的な応答を調べ得る。続くアッセイは、指示されるとおりの他の時点で採取されたPBMCを利用し得る。エキソビボIFN−γ ELISPOTアッセイを使用して一次免疫学的エンドポイントで応答が同定されない場合、PBMCをより長い期間にわたり(最長10日間)ペプチドプールで刺激し、再び分析し得る。
オーバーラップペプチドプールによって誘発されたエキソビボIFN−γ ELISPOT応答(少なくとも55スポット形成単位/106 PBMC又はベースラインの少なくとも3倍を超える増加として定義される)が観察された後、ペプチドプールを免疫ペプチドに基づきサブプールにデコンボリューションし、且つエキソビボIFN−γ ELISPOTアッセイを繰り返すことにより、この応答を誘発する特定の免疫原性ペプチドを同定し得る。応答によっては、IFN−γ ELISPOTアッセイにおいて確認済みの刺激ペプチドに由来するオーバーラップ8〜10merペプチドを利用することにより、刺激エピトープを正確に特徴付ける試みが行われ得る。適切な試料に関して個別の場合に応じてさらなるアッセイを実施し得る。例えば、
・全15merプール又はサブプールを細胞内サイトカイン染色アッセイの刺激ペプチドとして使用して、抗原特異的CD4+、CD8+、中枢記憶及びエフェクター記憶集団を同定及び定量化し得る
・同様に、これらのプールを使用してこれらの細胞により分泌されるサイトカインのパターンを評価し、TH1対TH2表現型を決定し得る
・未刺激細胞の細胞外サイトカイン染色及びフローサイトメトリーを使用してTreg及び骨髄由来サプレッサー細胞(MDSC)を定量化し得る。
・応答した患者からのメラノーマ細胞系の樹立に成功し、且つエ活性化ピトープを同定することができた場合、突然変異ペプチド及び対応する野生型ペプチドを使用してT細胞の細胞傷害性アッセイを行い得る
・一次免疫学的エンドポイントのPBMCを、既知のメラノーマ腫瘍関連抗原を刺激剤として使用し、且つ免疫原の中には選択されなかったいくつかのさらなる同定済みの突然変異エピトープを使用することにより、「エピトープの広がり」に関して評価し得る
最近のシーケンシング技術及びペプチドエピトープ予測の進歩を利用して、候補腫瘍特異的HLA結合ネオ抗原を体系的に発見する二段階パイプラインを作成した。図10に示すとおり、この手法では、対応する正常DNAと並行して腫瘍のDNAシーケンシング(例えば、全エクソーム(WES)又は全ゲノムシーケンシング(WGS)のいずれかによる)から始め、非同義体細胞突然変異が網羅的に同定される(例えば、Lawrence et al.2013;Cibulski et al.2012を参照)。次に、個人的なクラスI HLAタンパク質に結合する可能性、ひいてはCD8+T細胞に提示される可能性のある、腫瘍突然変異によって生じる候補腫瘍特異的突然変異ペプチドを、例えばNetMHCpanなどの予測アルゴリズムを使用して予測し得る(例えば、Lin 2008;Zhang 2011を参照)。候補ペプチド抗原を、HLAとのそれらの結合及び自己白血病細胞におけるコグネイトmRNAの発現を実験的に検証することに基づきさらに評価した。
T細胞受容体(TCR)によるペプチドエピトープのT細胞認識には、抗原提示細胞の表面上にあるHLA分子の結合溝内に結合したペプチドの提示が必要である。30を超える利用可能なクラスI予測アルゴリズム間の最近の比較研究は、NetMHCpanが一貫してHLA対立遺伝子間にわたり高い感度:且つ特異性で機能することを示している(例えば、Zhang et al.2011を参照)。
表7に示すとおり、HLA−ペプチド結合予測により作成されたIC50nMスコアを競合的MHC I対立遺伝子結合アッセイを用いて検証し、クラスI−A及び−B対立遺伝子に焦点を置いた。この目的で、4例のCLL症例(患者1〜4)から同定された500nM未満の予測IC50スコアを有する112個の突然変異ペプチド(9又は10mer突然変異ペプチド)を合成した。実験結果は結合予測と相関した。実験的結合(IC 50<500NMとして定義される)は、<150nM又は150〜500nMのIC50と予測されたペプチドのそれぞれ76.5%及び36%に確認された(例えば、図12Cを参照)。全体では、予測ペプチドの約54.5%(61/112個)が、個人的なHLA対立遺伝子との結合体であると実験的に検証された。全体としては、(図13)に示すとおり、9merペプチドの予測の方が10merペプチドと比べて、それぞれ予測ペプチド(IC50<500nM)の60%と44.5%を実験的に検証することができたように、より感度が高かった。
エピトープに対するCTL応答は、そのエピトープをコードする遺伝子が標的細胞で発現する場合に限り有用であり得る。HLAに関してシーケンシング及びタイピングされた31例の患者試料のうち26例を、ゲノムワイドな発現プロファイリングに供した(例えば、Brown et al.2012を参照)。CLL試料中の突然変異を有する347個の遺伝子の発現レベルを、低/無し(最も低い四分位)、中程度(中間の2つの四分位)、又は高い(最も高い四分位)の発現を有するものとして分類した。図12Dに示すとおり、347個の変異遺伝子の80%(又は予測HLA結合を有する180個の突然変異の79%)が中程度乃至高い発現レベルで発現した。予測クラスI結合エピトープを有する221個の変異遺伝子のサブセットの間で同程度の高い頻度の発現が観察された(88.6%)。
CLLにおける同種造血幹細胞移植(HSCT)後のセッティングを分析し、予測された突然変異ペプチドに対する免疫応答が患者において発生し得たかどうかを決定した。HSCT後の健常ドナーのT細胞再構成は宿主の内因性免疫欠損を克服し、また、生体内で宿主における白血病細胞に対するプライミングを可能にすることもできる。分析は、両者とも進行CLLに対する無関係の用量減量前処置の同種HSCTを受けており、且つHSCT後4年より長くにわたり持続的寛解を達成していた2人の患者に焦点を置いた(例えば、表8を参照)。移植後T細胞は移植時から7年(患者1)及び4年(患者2)で採取した。
患者2において、個人的ネオ抗原が長期寛解のセッティングで記憶T応答に寄与する能力を試験した。この個体から26個の非同義ミスセンス突然変異が同定された。全体では、16個の突然変異由来の37個のペプチドが個人的HLA対立遺伝子に結合すると予測され、そのうちの12個の突然変異由来の18個のペプチドを実験的に検証することができた(15個がIC50<150;3個がIC50 150〜500nM)(例えば、図17Aを参照)。患者2においては、18個の全ての実験的に検証されたHLA結合ペプチドを試験した。6個のペプチド/プールの3つのプールを使用してT細胞刺激を実施した(例えば、表10を参照)。表10は、T細胞刺激試験用のペプチドプールに含められた患者2のミスセンス突然変異由来のペプチドの概要を示す。患者2においては、HLA−A及び−B対立遺伝子に結合することが実験的に確認された全てのペプチドを使用した。突然変異ペプチドの実験結合親和性の降順で掲載した6個のペプチド/プールの3つのペプチドプール。対応する野生型ペプチド及びそれらの予測IC50スコアを最右列に含める。
CLLの全体的な体細胞突然変異率は他の血液悪性腫瘍と同程度であるが、固形腫瘍の悪性腫瘍と比較すると低い(例えば、図20Aを参照)。腫瘍型及び突然変異率が候補ネオ抗原の存在量及びクオリティにどのような影響を及ぼすかを調べるため、高い(メラノーマ(MEL))、肺扁平上皮癌(LUSC)及び腺癌(LUAD)、頭頸部癌(HNC)、膀胱癌、結腸直腸腺癌、中程度(膠芽腫(GBM)、卵巣癌、腎明細胞癌(明細胞RCC)、及び乳癌)及び低い(CLL及び急性骨髄性白血病(AML)癌を含めた13種の悪性腫瘍の公的に利用可能なWESデータにパイプラインを適用した。この解析を実施するため、WESデータからのHLAタイピングの推測が可能な最近記載されたアルゴリズムもまた実施した(Liu et al.2013)。
「クローナル」突然変異は腫瘍内のあらゆる癌細胞に見られるものであり、一方「サブクローナル」突然変異は統計的に全ての癌細胞にあるわけではなく、従って腫瘍内のサブ集団に由来するものである。
網羅的なバイオインフォマティクスとCLL及び他の癌における機能的データとの上述の詳説した統合は、いくつかの新規の生物学的洞察をもたらす。第一に、CLLは比較的低い突然変異率の癌であるが、それにも関わらず、長期T細胞応答を誘発した、体細胞突然変異によって生成されるエピトープを同定することが可能であった。31例のCLL試料からの全エクソームシーケンシングデータから、症例当たり中央値22個(範囲、6〜81個)のペプチドが、中央値16個(範囲、2〜75個)のミスセンス突然変異に由来してIC50<500nMで個人的HLA−A及び−B対立遺伝子に結合すると予測されることが明らかになった。IC50<150nM及び500nMの予測ペプチドのそれぞれ約75%及び半数(54.5%)が、患者のHLA対立遺伝子に結合することが実験的に検証された。RNA発現解析から、予測突然変異ペプチドに対応するコグネイト遺伝子のほぼ90%がCLL細胞で発現したことが示され、且つ試験した3例の各々で(データは示さず)突然変異対立遺伝子からの転写物の発現が検出されたことが確認された。全ネオエピトープのごく一部のみが自然T細胞応答を生じたが、しかしながらこの応答は、移植から数年後になおも検出可能であった;全ての予測し且つ試験された突然変異ペプチドの約6%(3/48個)又は実験的に検証され且つ試験された突然変異ペプチドの9%(3/32個)が、患者T細胞からのIFN−γ分泌応答を刺激した。低突然変異率の腫瘍であるCLLにおけるこのネオエピトープ発見率は、顕著には、高突然変異率の癌であるメラノーマで最近報告された率(4.5%、又は11/247個のペプチド;Robbins PF,Lu YC,El−Gamil M,et al:「適合移植腫瘍応答性T細胞によって認識される突然変異抗原を同定するためのエクソームシーケンシングデータのマイニング(Mining exomic sequencing data to identify mutated antigens recognized by adoptively transferred tumor−reactive T cells)」.Nat Med,2013)と同程度である。従って、低突然変異率の腫瘍を含め、幅広い癌にわたり機能的ネオエピトープを体系的に発見することができる。
患者試料:ダナ・ファーバー癌研究所(Dana−Farber Cancer Institute:DFCI)の臨床研究プロトコルに登録された患者からヘパリン添加血液を採取した。全ての臨床プロトコルはDFCIヒト被験者保護委員会(Human Subjects Protection Committee)によって承認された。患者試料由来の末梢血単核細胞(PBMC)をFicoll/Hypaque密度勾配遠心法により単離し、10%DMSOで凍結保存し、分析時まで気相液体窒素中に保管した。一部の患者について、分子タイピング又は血清学的タイピングのいずれかによりHLAタイピングを実施した(組織タイピング研究所(Tissue Typing Laboratory)、ブリガム・アンド・ウィメンズ病院(Brigham and Women’s Hospital)、Boston,MA)。
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Claims (39)
- 新生物を有すると診断された対象用の個別化された新生物ワクチンを製造する方法であって、
前記新生物における複数の突然変異を同定するステップと、
前記複数の突然変異を分析するステップにより、ネオ抗原ペプチドをコードすると予測される少なくとも5つのネオ抗原突然変異のサブセットを同定するステップであって、前記ネオ抗原突然変異が、ミスセンス突然変異、ネオORF突然変異、及びそれらの任意の組み合わせからなる群から選択される、ステップと、
前記同定されたサブセットに基づき、個別化された新生物ワクチンを作製するステップと
を含む方法。 - 同定するステップが、
前記新生物のゲノム、トランスクリプトーム、又はプロテオームをシーケンシングするステップ
をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 分析するステップが、
ネオ抗原ペプチドをコードすると予測される少なくとも5つのネオ抗原突然変異の前記サブセットと関連付けられる1つ以上の特徴を決定するステップであって、前記特徴が、分子量、システイン含量、親水性、疎水性、電荷、及び結合親和性からなる群から選択される、ステップと、
前記決定された特徴に基づき、少なくとも5つのネオ抗原突然変異の前記同定されたサブセット内の前記ネオ抗原突然変異の各々をランク付けするステップと
をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 上位5〜30位にランク付けされたネオ抗原突然変異を前記個別化された新生物ワクチンに含める、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記ネオ抗原突然変異が、図8に示す順序に従いランク付けされる、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記個別化された新生物ワクチンが、前記ネオ抗原突然変異に対応する少なくとも約20個のネオ抗原ペプチドを含む、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記個別化された新生物ワクチンが、前記ネオ抗原突然変異に対応する少なくとも約20個のネオ抗原ペプチドの発現能を有する1つ以上のDNA分子を含む、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記個別化された新生物ワクチンが、前記ネオ抗原突然変異に対応する少なくとも20個のネオ抗原ペプチドの発現能を有する1つ以上のRNA分子を含む、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記個別化された新生物ワクチンが、Kd≦500nMのネオORFポリペプチドをコードすると予測されるネオORF突然変異を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記個別化された新生物ワクチンが、Kd≦150nMのポリペプチドをコードすると予測されるミスセンス突然変異を含み、その天然コグネイトタンパク質がKd≧1000nM又は≦150nMである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも約20個のネオ抗原ペプチドが約5〜約50アミノ酸長の範囲である、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも約20個のネオ抗原ペプチドが約15〜約35アミノ酸長の範囲である、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも約20個のネオ抗原ペプチドが約18〜約30アミノ酸長の範囲である、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも約20個のネオ抗原ペプチドが約6〜約15アミノ酸長の範囲である、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも約20個のネオ抗原ペプチドが、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24、又は25アミノ酸長である、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記個別化された新生物ワクチンがアジュバントをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記アジュバントが、ポリICLC、1018 ISS、アルミニウム塩、Amplivax、AS15、BCG、CP−870,893、CpG7909、CyaA、dSLIM、GM−CSF、IC30、IC31、イミキモド、ImuFact IMP321、ISパッチ、ISS、ISCOMATRIX、Juvlmmune、LipoVac、MF59、モノホスホリルリピドA、Montanide IMS 1312、Montanide ISA 206、Montanide ISA 50V、Montanide ISA−51、OK−432、OM−174、OM−197−MP−EC、ONTAK、PepTel.RTM、ベクター系、PLGAマイクロパーティクル、レシキモド、SRL172、ビロソーム及び他のウイルス様粒子、YF−17D、VEGFトラップ、R848、βグルカン、Pam3Cys、Aquila社のQS21 stimulon、バジメザン、及びAsA404(DMXAA)からなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記アジュバントがポリICLCである、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 新生物を有すると診断された対象を個別化された新生物ワクチンによって治療する方法であって、
前記新生物における複数の突然変異を同定するステップと、
前記複数の突然変異を分析するステップにより、発現ネオ抗原ペプチドをコードすると予測される少なくとも5つのネオ抗原突然変異のサブセットを同定するステップであって、前記ネオ抗原突然変異が、ミスセンス突然変異、ネオORF突然変異、及びそれらの任意の組み合わせからなる群から選択される、ステップと、
前記同定されたサブセットに基づき、個別化された新生物ワクチンを作製するステップと、
前記個別化された新生物ワクチンを前記対象に投与するステップであって、それにより前記新生物を治療するステップと
を含む方法。 - 同定するステップが、
前記新生物のゲノム、トランスクリプトーム、又はプロテオームをシーケンシングするステップ
をさらに含む、請求項19に記載の方法。 - 分析するステップが、
発現ネオ抗原ペプチドをコードすると予測される少なくとも5つのネオ抗原突然変異の前記サブセットと関連付けられる1つ以上の特徴を決定するステップであって、前記特徴が、分子量、システイン含量、親水性、疎水性、電荷、及び結合親和性からなる群から選択される、ステップと、
前記決定された特徴に基づき、少なくとも5つのネオ抗原突然変異の前記同定されたサブセット内の前記ネオ抗原突然変異の各々をランク付けするステップと
をさらに含む、請求項19に記載の方法。 - 上位5〜30位にランク付けされたネオ抗原突然変異を前記個別化された新生物ワクチンに含める、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記ネオ抗原突然変異が、図8に示す順序に従いランク付けされる、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記個別化された新生物ワクチンが、前記ネオ抗原突然変異に対応する少なくとも20個のネオ抗原ペプチドを含む、請求項22に記載の方法。
- 前記個別化された新生物ワクチンが、前記ネオ抗原突然変異に対応する少なくとも20個のネオ抗原ペプチドの発現能を有する1つ以上のDNA分子を含む、請求項22に記載の方法。
- 前記個別化された新生物ワクチンが、前記ネオ抗原突然変異に対応する少なくとも20個のネオ抗原ペプチドの発現能を有する1つ以上のRNA分子を含む、請求項22に記載の方法。
- 前記個別化された新生物ワクチンが、Kd≦500nMのネオORFポリペプチドをコードすると予測されるネオORF突然変異を含む、請求項19に記載の方法。
- 前記個別化された新生物ワクチンが、Kd≦150nMのポリペプチドをコードすると予測されるミスセンス突然変異を含み、その天然コグネイトタンパク質がKd≧1000nM又は≦150nMである、請求項19に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも20個のネオ抗原ペプチドが約5〜約50アミノ酸長の範囲である、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも20個のネオ抗原ペプチドが約15〜約35アミノ酸長の範囲である、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも20個のネオ抗原ペプチドが約18〜約30アミノ酸長の範囲である、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも20個のネオ抗原ペプチドが約6〜約15アミノ酸長の範囲である、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも20個のネオ抗原ペプチドが、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24、又は25アミノ酸長である、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 投与するステップが、
前記作製されたワクチンを2つ以上のサブプールに分割するステップと、
前記サブプールの各々を前記患者の異なる部位に注入するステップと
をさらに含む、請求項16に記載の方法。 - 異なる部位に注入される前記サブプールの各々は、任意の単一の患者HLAを標的化する前記サブプール中の個々のペプチドの数が1個であるか、又は2個以上で可能な限り少ない個数となるようにネオ抗原ペプチドを含む、請求項34に記載の方法。
- 投与するステップが、前記作製されたワクチンを2つ以上のサブプールに分割するステップをさらに含み、各サブプールが、プール内相互作用を最適化するように選択された少なくとも5個のネオ抗原ペプチドを含む、請求項31に記載の方法。
- 最適化が、同じプールの前記ネオ抗原ペプチド間における負の相互作用を低減することを含む、請求項36に記載の方法。
- 投与するステップが、樹状細胞(DC)ワクチンを送達するステップをさらに含み、前記DCに、発現ネオ抗原ペプチドをコードすると予測される前記少なくとも5つのネオ抗原突然変異の1つ以上が負荷される、請求項19に記載の方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法により調製される個別化された新生物ワクチン。
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JP2022105069A (ja) * | 2013-04-07 | 2022-07-12 | ザ・ブロード・インスティテュート・インコーポレイテッド | 個別化された新生物ワクチンの組成物及び方法 |
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US11885815B2 (en) | 2017-11-22 | 2024-01-30 | Gritstone Bio, Inc. | Reducing junction epitope presentation for neoantigens |
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CN105377292A (zh) | 2016-03-02 |
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BR112015025460A2 (pt) | 2017-10-10 |
CN118557711A (zh) | 2024-08-30 |
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CN117815373A (zh) | 2024-04-05 |
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US20160101170A1 (en) | 2016-04-14 |
JP2022105069A (ja) | 2022-07-12 |
CA3137846A1 (en) | 2014-10-16 |
AU2019203665B2 (en) | 2021-03-11 |
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