JP2012210625A - 媒体の成分を吸着する方法 - Google Patents
媒体の成分を吸着する方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2012210625A JP2012210625A JP2012118744A JP2012118744A JP2012210625A JP 2012210625 A JP2012210625 A JP 2012210625A JP 2012118744 A JP2012118744 A JP 2012118744A JP 2012118744 A JP2012118744 A JP 2012118744A JP 2012210625 A JP2012210625 A JP 2012210625A
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- adsorption
- adsorbent
- gas
- hollow fiber
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Classifications
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- B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
- B01D53/04—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography with stationary adsorbents
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- B01J20/261—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds
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Abstract
【解決手段】吸着組成物120を含むポリマーネットワーク150から構成される複数の蛇行経路155有し、かつ、該蛇行経路と内腔130の流体連通を防止するガスバリア層140を有する中空糸110に、被処理媒体を接触させ、媒体中の被処理成分を選択的に吸着させる。
【選択図】図1
Description
媒体分離は、制限されるものではないが、燃料、化学品、石油化学品および専門品の製造を含む、さまざまな産業で重要である。本明細書において、“媒体”という用語は便宜的に使用され、一般的に多くの流体、液体、気体、溶液、縣濁液、粉体、ゲル、分散液、エマルジョン、蒸気、流動性材料、多相物質またはこれらの組み合わせに言及する。媒体は供給流れを含むことができる。媒体は複数の成分の混合物を含むことができる。本明細書において、“複数”という用語は一より大きいことに言及する。
選択性=UA/UB(ここでUA>UB)
で表わされる。供給流れ媒体中の異なる成分の比較の中で、供給流れ中のモル比に対する吸着剤に捕捉された総モル数が最小比率である成分は、スイング吸着プロセスで“もっとも少ない成分”である。もっとも少ない成分がもっとも軽い分子量を有する必要はないが、CO2とN2との場合、ここで使用される意味でもっとも“軽い”成分はN2である。これは、吸着工程の間に流出する流れ中のもっとも軽い成分のモル濃度は、供給流れ中のもっとも軽い成分のモル濃度がよりも大きいことを意味する。本発明の一実施の形態において、吸着剤組成物は、第2成分に対して、第1成分(たとえば成分A)の選択性を少なくとも5、第2成分に対して第1成分の選択性を少なくとも10、第2成分に対して第1成分の選択性を少なくとも25で有することができる。
る方法で取り付けられる。チャンバ205は管状または円筒状で示されているが、チャンバは、限定されるものではないが、長方形または立方体形状を含む多くの形状を有することができる。溝215がチャンバ205の壁を通過して切り取られ、ガスが接触器内へ通過できるようになる。接触器の中央に中央ガス収集チューブ220が配置される。ガス収集チューブの中央ガス収集チューブの末端225は、固体の不浸透性物質であり、これは、限定されるものではないが、固体金属またはエンジニアリングプラスチックを含む。これにより、ガスが過熱または冷却媒体と混ざることなく接触器200に流入または流出することを可能にする。モジュール230内部のガス収集チューブの一部は、多孔性金属または多孔性ポリマーまたは織物メッシュのような多孔性物質である。これは接触器内のガスが効果的に収集されるのを可能とする。吸着工程では、燃焼排ガスは溝215を通過してクロスフロー接触器200内部に流れ、中空糸吸着剤110に接触する。少なくとも一つの吸着物質120を含むポリマーマトリックス150はCO2および任意にH2O、SOxおよびNOxを燃焼排ガスから除去する。精製された蒸気は中央ガス収集チューブ230の高多孔性部分230に収集される。精製ガスは、流れ調節バルブ(図示せず)および排気筒(図示せず)とを連結する中央ガス収集チューブ220の不浸透性部分225を通じて接触器220の外部へ通過する。吸着工程の間の温度上昇を制限するために、冷却媒体(たとえば水)が構造化中空糸110の内腔130を通過する。吸着工程が完了した後、モジュール内への燃焼排ガスの流れはバルブで止められ、加熱媒体(たとえば蒸気)が構造化中空糸110の内腔130を通過する。少なくとも一つの吸着物質120を含むポリマーマトリックス150から遊離された、CO2および任意にH2O、SOxおよびNOxが、中央ガス収集チューブ220または溝215のいずれかを通じて接触器200の外部へ通過する。
本実施例では、新規の中空糸系固体吸着システムを検討する。中空糸形成は、一般的に当該技術分野で“湿式紡糸”と呼ばれる、公知の非溶媒相変換手法に基づく。溶媒、非溶媒、および硝酸リチウムのような添加剤を含むポリマー溶液を、ダイスを通して非溶媒急冷浴に押し出す。非溶媒急冷浴は、急冷浴と新生繊維内に存在する溶媒の間の物質移動の駆動力となり、結果として、ミクロ相分離と多孔質繊維をもたらす。相分離は、図3に示されるように、ポリマー/溶媒/非溶媒溶液のための三角相図を用いると、もっとも視覚化される。バイノーダル線は、単相と二相領域の間の分割を示し、二相領域はさらに準安定領域と非安定スピノーダル領域に分割され得る。紡糸溶液は、バイノーダル線近くの単相領域に存在するように形成される。紡糸工程の間、凝固浴槽からの過剰の非溶媒が組成物を二相領域に移動させ、液液分離が生じ、結果として連続的なポリマー細孔ネットワークとなる。
燃焼後炭素回収システムは混合マトリックス中空糸基本骨格に基づいて設計された。混合マトリックス中空糸基本骨格は、いくつかの理由から選択された。第一に、吸着の間に中空糸の穴に冷却剤、および脱着の間に穴に加熱剤を供給するために中空糸形態を利用することによって、高い吸着効率を達成できる。第二に、中空糸の薄い多孔質壁は、迅速な加熱および物質移動時間を可能とし、このような厳しい供給量には必要である。最後に、設計において、中空糸中の加熱および冷却剤は単純に蒸気または水であり得、このためいずれの不要な副産物の除去は、システムに関連した。
のみ充填されなければならない。これを1200ミクロンの中空糸の最適外径と組み合わせると、中空糸の数を一床あたり32百万の中空糸と容易に決定できる。これは決して小さくないが、工業適用途の繊維モジュールは150百万の繊維を含む可能性があり、したがってこの数はこのような大きな供給流れにとって不合理ではない。
圧縮費用を軽減するために、高純度のCO2を可能な限り最大圧力で生産することが重要であり、なぜなら圧縮コストは初期圧力の桁と反比例して上昇するからである。吸着工程が終了し、脱着工程が開始した後に、中空糸間の空間は燃焼排ガス(15モル%のCO2)で充填されると想定され、調節弁バルブを閉じた。蒸気が穴を通過して流れた時に、CO2が脱着および加圧を始めるだろう。
N−メチル−ピロロジン(NMP)(ReagentPlus(登録商標)99%、Sigma-Aldrich社製、ミルウォーキー、ウィスコンシン州)をポリマー溶液の溶媒として用いた。なぜならこれは水に混和性であり、酢酸セルロースに強い溶媒だからである。メタノール(99.8%、ACS Reagent、Sigma-Aldrich社製)およびヘキサン(ACS Reagent、>98.5%、Baker社製)を、中空糸形成の溶媒交換の一部として使用した。この意図は、毛管力が乾燥中に孔構造を壊すのを防止するために、表面張力の高い流体を、表面張力の低い流体に置き換えることである。すべての溶媒および非溶媒を、精製または改良なしで使用した。
曇り点技術およびシリンジ押出を用い、選択された最終ポリマードープ溶液は10重量%CA/4%PVP/30%ゼオライト13X/49.3%NMP/6.7%水であった。乾燥相では、これは75重量%ゼオライト充填量に対応する。この溶液は、他のCA溶液に比較した迅速な層分離と、高充填剤充填量という理由から、選択した。ポリマーの溶液に対する高い比率のドープは非常にゆっくり相分離し、紡糸にとって理想的ではないだろう。より大きなゼオライト濃度のドープは、破砕することなく中空糸に引き込まれることはできないだろう。
繊維系吸着剤上の吸着実験を、ゼオライト13Xの文献結果を的確な温度に調節したもの、および、CAの文献結果で適切な温度のものと比較した。繊維系吸着剤の等温式が以下の図10に示され、中空糸内のゼオライト充填の確認に役立つ。ポリマーおよびゼオライト吸着能は中空糸内の添加物である(たとえば、25%の純粋CA能に、75%の純粋ゼオライト能を加えた結果が繊維系吸着剤能となる)。第一の膨張を使用して、中空糸上の吸着動態を行った。吸着技術の主要な制限の一つは、吸着熱の放出により産生される熱の消失である。図13に見られるように、測定半減時間は約7秒であった。予測動態よりも遅いことの、可能性の有る原因は、CO2が13Xの表面上に吸着する時の、吸着熱の
放出を原因とする非調節の局所温度上昇である。この局所温度上昇は、吸着等温式が一時的に下方へ移動する原因となり得、したがって吸着剤の平衡能が低下する。湯浴からの熱伝導のため、この温度上昇は最終的には調節され、吸着は平衡に達するだろう。RTSAシステムでは、中空糸壁と、熱移動流体としての冷水との密接な接触は、これらの局所温度急騰のいくつかを調節しなければならない。COMSOLモデルを温度の工程変化を仮定して、吸着セルの外部へ伝導する加熱時間を測定するために作製した。熱が完全に消失するための時間を同じ図面にプロットし、明らかに、熱伝導の時間は吸着の重要因子である(図11参照)。
塞ぐことがわかった。図9A−Cおよび図12から、穴から外側に広がる多孔率勾配が見られ、中空糸は、中空糸のシェル側に向かって密度が大きくなり、中空糸の穴側に向かってより多孔性になっている。この多孔率の変化は、約30ミクロンの穴を通じるラテックスの流れの内在的逆流防止装置として作用し、これは図13A−Cで確かめられる。このラテックスの後処理は、穴内部の追加の空間を塞がず、吸着繊維本体の活性領域内にほとんど面積を必要としない、非常に密度の大きいバリア層をもたらす。ラテックスは毛管力を通じて穴の周囲の多孔性領域を通過して動き、すべての孔が充填されるのを可能とする。N2が通過する間に、ラテックス中の過剰な水が運び去られ、蒸発水の表面張力が、ポ
リマー粒子を相互に近づける原因となり、粒子表面上の界面活性剤が、粒子がもつれ、内在的欠陥の自由層を形成するのを可能にする。湿度の高いN2を乾燥速度を調節するのに用い、PVDC層の欠陥が永久的に固定されないようにした。湿度の高いN2がないと、バリア層にピンホールが検出され、これはたぶん速い水蒸発速度によるものである(図14参照)。バリア層の作製のために、後処理済み中空糸を、真空オーブン中に100℃で24時間置き、PVDCフィルムをアニールした。CO2およびN2ガス浸透が、後処理済み吸着繊維上で行われた。密度の大きいPVDC層はガス輸送に大きな抵抗を与え、N2浸透を70psigで約0.5GPUに減少させる。穴側面供給圧力が上昇するにつれて、中空糸壁を通じる流れが、内腔層が150psigの圧力に充満するまで上昇した。
Claims (12)
- 媒体の成分を吸着する方法であって、
媒体を、複数の蛇行経路と、前記複数の蛇行経路と流体連通する吸着物質と、中空糸内に配置された内腔と、前記内腔と前記複数の蛇行経路との間の流体連通を防止するための、前記内腔を覆うバリア層とを含む、中空糸と接触させる工程と、
前記媒体の成分を吸着物質で選択的に吸着する工程とを含む、
媒体の成分を吸着する方法。 - さらに前記媒体の成分を脱着する工程を含む、請求項1に記載の媒体の成分を吸着する方法。
- さらに前記接触および吸着を繰り返す工程を含む、請求項2に記載の媒体の成分を吸着する方法。
- 一連の吸着間のサイクルタイムが2分未満である、請求項3に記載の媒体の成分を吸着する方法。
- 前記媒体が燃焼排ガス、天然ガス、燃料ガス、バイオガス、都市ガス、廃ガス、水、石炭ガス、空気、または二酸化炭素含有媒体を含む、請求項1に記載の媒体の成分を吸着する方法。
- さらに前記媒体と熱交換流体との間の流体連結を防止する工程を含む、請求項1に記載の媒体の成分を吸着する方法。
- 前記成分がCO2、SOx、NOx、および水から選択される、請求項1に記載の媒体の成分を吸着する方法。
- 前記成分がCO2である、請求項1に記載の媒体の成分を吸着する方法。
- 前記媒体がCO2および窒素から成り、前記吸着成分が、窒素に対して5より大きいCO2吸着の選択性を有する、請求項8に記載の媒体の成分を吸着する方法。
- 前記媒体がCO2および窒素から成り、前記吸着物質が窒素に対して、10から60の二酸化炭素の選択性を有し、−25kJ/(mol CO2)から−90kJ/(mol CO2)の吸着熱を含む、請求項8に記載の媒体の成分を吸着する方法。
- 前記媒体が燃焼排ガス、天然ガス、燃料ガス、バイオガス、都市ガス、廃ガス、水、石炭ガス、空気、または二酸化炭素含有媒体である、請求項9に記載の媒体の成分を吸着する方法。
- 前記媒体が燃焼排ガス蒸気である、請求項9に記載の媒体の成分を吸着する方法。
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JP2010532710A (ja) | 2010-10-14 |
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ES2401744T3 (es) | 2013-04-24 |
JP5802889B2 (ja) | 2015-11-04 |
EP2164598A1 (en) | 2010-03-24 |
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