JP2011514324A - 統合失調症を治療するため及び薬物渇望を低減するためのシステイン及びシスチンプロドラッグ - Google Patents
統合失調症を治療するため及び薬物渇望を低減するためのシステイン及びシスチンプロドラッグ Download PDFInfo
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- JP2011514324A JP2011514324A JP2010546090A JP2010546090A JP2011514324A JP 2011514324 A JP2011514324 A JP 2011514324A JP 2010546090 A JP2010546090 A JP 2010546090A JP 2010546090 A JP2010546090 A JP 2010546090A JP 2011514324 A JP2011514324 A JP 2011514324A
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- C07D241/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having one or two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with oxygen atoms directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、米国仮出願第61/026,874号(2008年2月7日出願)の利益を請求し、その全体は、全ての目的において参照として本明細書に組み込まれる。
ここでR1〜R6は、分岐鎖若しくは直鎖C1〜C5アルキル、フェニル又はベンジル基から独立して選択される。
b)Sakakibara,S,;Tani,H.ポリシステインの合成(Synthesis of Polycystein)、日本化学会公報(Bull. Chem. Soc. (Japan))、29、85−88(1956)
c)Zervas,L,;Photaki,I.システイン及びシスチンペプチド.I.システインの新規S保護基(On Cystein and Cystine Peptides. I. New S-Protecting Groups for Cysteine)、米国化学会ジャーナル(J. Am. Chem. Soc.)、84、3887−3897(1962)
d)Zhao,S.;Liao,X.;Wang,T.;Flippen−Anderson,J.;Cook,J.M.;エナンチオ特異的でステレオ特異的な環A酸素化サルパギンインドールアルカロイド(+)−マジュビニン、(+)−10−メトキシアフィニシン及び(+)−Na−メチルルパギンの総合成、並びにアルストニアビスインドールアルカロイドマクラルストニジンの総合成(The Enantiospecific, Stereospecific Total Synthesis of the Ring-A oxygenated Sarpagine Indole Alkaloids (+)-Majvinine, (+)-10-Methoxyaffinisine, and (+)-Na-Methylsarpagine, and Well as the Total SDyntheses of the Alstonia Bisindole Alkaloid Macralstonidine)、有機化学ジャーナル(j. Org. Chem.)、68、6279−6295(2003)
ここでR1〜R6は、分岐鎖若しくは直鎖C1〜C5アルキル、フェニル又はベンジル基から独立して選択される。
トリエチルオキソニウムテトラフルオロボレートの調製:(注:トリエチルオキソニウムテトラフルオロボレートは、高価な試薬であるが、大規模であっても比較的容易に調製される)。三首フラスコ(500mL)、圧力平衡滴下漏斗(125mL)及び冷却器をオーブンにより150°で乾燥し、アルゴン雰囲気下で熱いうちに組み立てた。器具が室温に冷めたとき、エーテル〔(100mL)、ナトリウムベンゾフェノンケチルで予め乾燥した〕及び三フッ化ホウ素ジエチルエーテレート(91g、約87mL、64mmol)を合わせた〔注意:この規模では、無色のBF3エーテレートは新しい瓶を新たに開封して得た。試薬が僅かに黄色であった場合又は反応が減小した場合、BF3エーテレートを最初に真空蒸留する必要がある〕。得られたエーテレート溶液を穏やかに還流するまで加熱し、その後、無水エピクロロヒドリン(48.8g、約41mL、51.8mmol)を1時間かけて滴加した。混合物を更に1時間加熱還流し、(アルゴン下)室温で一晩放置した。フラスコの1つの首にアルゴンの正圧を適用し、一方、フラスコの別の首に挿入した濾過棒(フリットガラス管)を介してエーテルを押し出して収集フラスコの中に入れることによって、エーテルを除去した。フラスコの中に残った僅かに黄色の固体を、無水エーテル(3×50mL)により同じ方法で2回すすいで、結晶質の白色固体をもたらした。固体を計量しないで次の工程に直接使用した。以下のシーケンスは、この反応過程の80〜85%のレベルの収率に基づいた。
統合失調量の患者において損なわれているプロセスである感覚運動ゲーティングは、多くの場合、軽度の聴覚刺激(前パルス、バックグラウンドから2〜15db超える)が驚愕誘発聴覚刺激(バックグラウンドから50dB超える)に先行する(100分)、前パルス阻害を使用して測定される。無傷な感覚運動ゲーティングは、前パルスが先行したとき、驚愕反射の抑制をもたらす。前パルス阻害の改善は、現行の治療に対してほぼ非感受性である症状における改善を追跡するので、このパラダイムは、最も一般的に使用されるスクリーニングパラダイムの1つとなっている。図4は、前パルス阻害を中断し、前パルスが驚愕反射を抑制するのを無効にするPCPの能力を示す。PCPは、前パルス阻害を中断するために一般的に使用され、それは、陰性及び認知症状に加えて、この異常は、第一世代抗精神病薬に対して非感受性であるので、それによって予測の妥当性を提供するからである。
図6は、前パルス刺激(バックグラウンドから2〜15db超える)に先行されたときの負荷刺激(パルス)に反応する驚愕反応の阻害を示す棒グラフである。前パルス阻害は、統合失調症の治療に使用される抗精神病剤をスクリーニングするために一般的に使用されるパラダイムである。バックグラウンドから15dB超えて示される前パルス刺激は、パルスのみに暴露された後に誘発される反応と比較して、食塩水対照(S;N=46匹)において驚愕反応を>60%低減した。フェンシクリンジンのみで前処置されたラット(P;1.25mg/kg、皮下;N=42匹)は、前パルスにより先行されたときでさえも(刺激強度に関係なく)、パルスにより誘発された反応において低減を示すことはなかった。このことは、統合失調症を罹患している患者に一般的な感覚運動ゲーティング欠損を反映している。N−アセチルシステイン(30mg/kg、経口)で前処置された(60分間)ラットは、感覚運動ゲーティングを示すことはなかった。脳へのN−アセチルシステインの直接的な送達は、感覚運動ゲーティングにおけるフェンシクリンジン誘導欠損を逆転し、これは、この化合物の抗精神病効能を確立する臨床試験と一致することに注意すること。スキーム1で合成された化合物、特に化合物5a−D及び4aで前処置された(60分間)ラット(N=7〜22匹/群)は、PCPのみ(*、Fisher LSD、p<.05)及び/又はN−アセチルシステイン(N30;30mg/kg;+、Fisher LSD、p<.05)を摂取したどのラットに対しても有意な差を示した。まとめると、これらのデータは、これらの化合物の効能及びN−アセチルシステインの潜在能力を超える新規抗精神病薬を生じるこの合成スキームの有効性を示す。
図7は、前パルス刺激(バックグラウンドから2〜15db超える)に先行されたときの負荷刺激(パルス)に反応する驚愕反応の阻害を示す棒グラフである。前パルス阻害は、統合失調症の治療に使用される抗精神病剤をスクリーニングするために一般的に使用されるパラダイムである。バックグラウンドから15dB超えて示される前パルス刺激は、パルスのみに暴露された後に誘発される反応と比較して、食塩水対照(S;N=46匹)において驚愕反応を>60%低減した。フェンシクリンジンのみで前処置されたラット(P;1.25mg/kg、皮下;N=42匹)は、前パルスにより先行されたときでさえも(刺激強度に関係なく)、パルスにより誘発された反応において低減を示すことはなかった。このことは、統合失調症を罹患している患者に一般的な感覚運動ゲーティング欠損を反映している。N−アセチルシステイン(30mg/kg、経口)で前処置された(60分間)ラットは、感覚運動ゲーティングを示すことはなかった。脳へのN−アセチルシステインの直接的な送達は、感覚運動ゲーティングにおけるフェンシクリンジン誘導欠損を逆転し、これは、この化合物の抗精神病効能を確立する臨床試験と一致することに注意すること。スキーム2で合成された化合物、特に化合物5a及び7aで前処置された(60分間)ラット(N=7〜14匹/群)は、PCPのみ(*、Fisher LSD、p<.05)及び/又はN−アセチルシステイン(N30;30mg/kg;+、Fisher LSD、p<.05)を摂取したどのラットに対しても有意な差を示した。まとめると、これらのデータは、これらの化合物の効能及びN−アセチルシステインの潜在能力を超える新規抗精神病薬を生じるこの合成スキームの有効性を示す。
図8は、前パルス刺激(バックグラウンドから2〜15db超える)に先行されたときの負荷刺激(パルス)に反応する驚愕反応の阻害を示す棒グラフである。前パルス阻害は、統合失調症の治療に使用される抗精神病剤をスクリーニングするために一般的に使用されるパラダイムである。バックグラウンドから15dB超えて示される前パルス刺激は、パルスのみに暴露された後に誘発される反応と比較して、食塩水対照(S;N=46匹)において驚愕反応を>60%低減した。フェンシクリンジンのみで前処置されたラット(P;1.25mg/kg、皮下;N=42匹)は、前パルスにより先行されたときでさえも(刺激強度に関係なく)、パルスにより誘発された反応において低減を示すことはなかった。このことは、統合失調症を罹患している患者に一般的な感覚運動ゲーティング欠損を反映している。N−アセチルシステイン(30mg/kg、経口)で前処置された(60分間)ラットは、感覚運動ゲーティングを示すことはなかった。脳へのN−アセチルシステインの直接的な送達は、感覚運動ゲーティングにおけるフェンシクリンジン誘導欠損を逆転し、これは、この化合物の抗精神病効能を確立する臨床試験と一致することに注意すること。スキーム3で合成された化合物、特に化合物11−a−b及び11−a−dで前処置された(60分間)ラット(N=7匹/群)は、PCPのみ(*、Fisher LSD、p<.05)及び/又はN−アセチルシステイン(N30;30mg/kg;+、Fisher LSD、p<.05)を摂取したどのラットに対しても有意な差を示した。まとめると、これらのデータは、これらの化合物の効能及びN−アセチルシステインの潜在能力を超える新規抗精神病薬を生じるこの合成スキームの有効性を示す。
図9は、前パルス刺激(バックグラウンドから2〜15db超える)に先行されたときの負荷刺激(パルス)に反応する驚愕反応の阻害を示す棒グラフである。前パルス阻害は、統合失調症の治療に使用される抗精神病剤をスクリーニングするために一般的に使用されるパラダイムである。バックグラウンドから15dB超えて示される前パルス刺激は、パルスのみに暴露された後に誘発される反応と比較して、食塩水対照(S;N=46匹)において驚愕反応を>60%低減した。フェンシクリンジンのみで前処置されたラット(P;1.25mg/kg、皮下;N=42匹)は、前パルスにより先行されたときでさえも(刺激強度に関係なく)、パルスにより誘発された反応において低減を示すことはなかった。このことは、統合失調症を罹患している患者に一般的な感覚運動ゲーティング欠損を反映している。N−アセチルシステイン(30mg/kg、経口)で前処置された(60分間)ラットは、感覚運動ゲーティングを示すことはなかった。脳へのN−アセチルシステインの直接的な送達は、感覚運動ゲーティングにおけるフェンシクリンジン誘導欠損を逆転し、これは、この化合物の抗精神病効能を確立する臨床試験と一致することに注意すること。スキーム4で合成された化合物、すなわち化合物14aの中間体(中間体14a)及び化合物15fで前処置された(60分間)ラット(N=7匹/群)は、PCPのみ(*、Fisher LSD、p<.05)及び/又はN−アセチルシステイン(N30;30mg/kg;+、Fisher LSD、p<.05)を摂取したどのラットに対しても有意な差を示した。まとめると、これらのデータは、これらの化合物の効能及びN−アセチルシステインの潜在能力を超える新規抗精神病薬を生じるこの合成スキームの有効性を示す。
図10は、前パルス刺激(バックグラウンドから2〜15db超える)に先行されたときの負荷刺激(パルス)に反応する驚愕反応の阻害を示す棒グラフである。前パルス阻害は、統合失調症の治療に使用される抗精神病剤をスクリーニングするために一般的に使用されるパラダイムである。バックグラウンドから15dB超えて示される前パルス刺激は、パルスのみに暴露された後に誘発される反応と比較して、食塩水対照(S;N=46匹)において驚愕反応を>60%低減した。フェンシクリンジンのみで前処置されたラット(P;1.25mg/kg、皮下;N=42匹)は、前パルスにより先行されたときでさえも(刺激強度に関係なく)、パルスにより誘発された反応において低減を示すことはなかった。このことは、統合失調症を罹患している患者に一般的な感覚運動ゲーティング欠損を反映している。N−アセチルシステイン(30mg/kg、経口)で前処置された(60分間)ラットは、感覚運動ゲーティングを示すことはなかった。脳へのN−アセチルシステインの直接的な送達は、感覚運動ゲーティングにおけるフェンシクリンジン誘導欠損を逆転し、これは、この化合物の抗精神病効能を確立する臨床試験と一致することに注意すること。スキーム5で合成された化合物(18e)で前処置された(60分間)ラット(N=7匹)は、N−アセチルシステイン(N30;30mg/kg;+、Fisher LSD、p<.05)を摂取したどのラットに対しても有意な差を示した。まとめると、これらのデータは、この化合物の効能及びN−アセチルシステインの潜在能力を超える新規抗精神病薬を生じる合成スキームの有効性を示す。
前頭連合野の機能を正常化することに加えて、PCP誘導感覚運動ゲーティング欠損に対するプロドラッグの影響によって実証されているように、薬剤の抗渇望潜在能力は、消失/復元パラダイムを使用して実証することができる。本実施例において、ラットには、ラットの肩甲骨の僅か後方に固定した外部入口を有する留置頸静脈カテーテルを移植した。チューブ類を使用して、コカインのシリンジを留置カテーテルの外部入口と連結する。次に、ラットを標準的なオペラントチャンバ(Med Associates)に入れ、コカイン注入(0.5mg/kg/200μL、静脈内)のためにレバーを押すことを可能にする。挙動が安定すると、ラットには、少なくとも11回の2時間自己コカイン投与セッションを可能にする。その後、レバー押しを消失させるために、コカイン溶液を食塩水に代える。反応が、4回の毎日セッションのうち3回で10回以下のレバー押し/2時間セッションに減少すると、ラットを復元(再発)について試験する。これを行うために、ラットをオペラントチャンバに入れ、ビヒクル又はシステイン/シスチンプロドラッグ(1〜60mg/kg、経口;N=2〜17匹)を投与する。その後、次にラットにはコカインの注射(10mg/kg、腹腔内)を受けさせる。次に反応を120分間評価する。図11に表されているデータは、N−アセチルシステイン(腹腔内)が、コカイン誘導復元に有意な低減を生じるのに30及び60mg/kgの用量で有効であることを示す(腹腔内;*は0NACで処置したラットに対して対応して有意な減少を示す、Fisher LSD)。図12は、N−アセチルシステインが経口的に与えられたとき有効性が低いことを実証する。更に、1mg/kgの化合物5a−b(スキーム1)の投与は、コカイン誘導復元をブロックするのに十分であり、この効果は、30mg/kgのNACと同等であった(*は0NACで処置したラットに対して対応して有意な減少を示す、Fisher LSD)。
Claims (21)
- 下記構造:
R3は、H、分岐鎖若しくは直鎖C1〜C5アルキル、ニトロベンゼンスルホニル、トリチル、アリールチオ、アリール、アルキルチオ、アシル、ベンゾイル、チオアシル、チオベンゾイル又はベンジル基であり;そして
R4は、天然L−アミノ酸のcys、gly、phe、pro、val、ser、arg、asp、asn、glu、gln、ala、his、ile、leu、lys、met、thr、trp、tyr又はそれらのD−異性体の側鎖基から選択されるが、ただし、R4が天然L−アミノ酸のglyの側鎖基である場合、R1及びR2は、両方とも=Oと選択されることはない〕を有するシステインプロドラッグ、或いは
下記構造:
R4及びR7は、天然L−アミノ酸のcys、gly、phe、pro、val、ser、arg、asp、asn、glu、gln、ala、his、ile、leu、lys、met、thr、trp、tyr又はそれらのD−異性体の側鎖基から選択されるが、ただし、R4及びR7が両方とも天然L−アミノ酸のglyの側鎖基である場合、R1、R2、R5及びR6は、全て=Oと選択されることはない〕を有する前記プロドラッグのシスチン二量体。 - シスチン二量体の形態の前記システインプロドラッグが、同一のR4及びR7基を含む、請求項1記載のシステインプロドラッグ。
- シスチン二量体の形態の前記システインプロドラッグが、非同一のR4及びR7基を含む、請求項1記載のシステインプロドラッグ。
- 前記システインプロドラッグ又はそのシスチン二量体が、cysである少なくとも1つのR4及びR7基を含み、前記cysが、分岐鎖若しくは直鎖C1〜C5アルキル、ニトロベンゼンスルホニル、トリチル、アリールチオ、アリール、アルキルチオ、アシル、ベンゾイル、チオアシル、チオベンゾイル又はベンジル基で更に保護されている、請求項1記載のシステインプロドラッグ。
- 被験者において統合失調症を低減する方法であって、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項記載のシステインプロドラッグ又はそのシスチン二量体の有効量を前記被験者に投与し、それによって統合失調症が前記被験者において低減されることを含む方法。
- 前記被験者に投与する工程が経口送達により達成される、請求項7記載の方法。
- 請求項1〜6のいずれか1項記載のシステインプロドラッグ又はそのシスチン二量体と、薬学的に許容される担体とを含む医薬組成物。
- 被験者において統合失調症を低減する医薬組成物の製造のための、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項記載のシステインプロドラッグ又はそのシスチン二量体の使用。
- 被験者において薬物渇望又は薬物使用を低減する方法であって、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項記載のシステインプロドラッグ又はそのシスチン二量体の有効量を前記被験者に投与し、それによって薬物渇望が前記被験者において低減されることを含む方法。
- 前記被験者に投与する工程が経口送達により達成される、請求項11記載の方法。
- 被験者において薬物渇望又は薬物使用を低減する医薬組成物の製造のための、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項記載のシステインプロドラッグ又はそのシスチン二量体の使用。
- 被験者において統合失調症を低減する方法であって、請求項14〜16のいずれか1項記載の保護システイン類似体又はそのシスチン二量体の有効量を前記被験者に投与し、それによって統合失調症が前記被験者において低減されることを含む方法。
- 前記被験者に投与する工程が経口送達により達成される、請求項17記載の方法。
- 請求項14〜16のいずれか1項記載の保護システイン類似体又はそのシスチン二量体と、薬学的に許容される担体とを含む医薬組成物。
- 被験者において統合失調症を低減する医薬組成物の製造のための、請求項14〜16のいずれか1項記載の保護システイン類似体又はそのシスチン二量体の使用。
- 被験者において薬物渇望又は薬物使用を低減する医薬組成物の製造のための、請求項14〜16のいずれか1項記載の保護システイン類似体又はそのシスチン二量体の使用。
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US10961187B2 (en) | 2013-11-08 | 2021-03-30 | Promentis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Substituted N-acetyl-L-cysteine derivatives and related compounds |
JP2022003063A (ja) * | 2013-11-08 | 2022-01-11 | プロメンテイス・フアーマシユーテイカルズ・インコーポレイテツド | 置換n−アセチル−l−システイン誘導体及び関連化合物 |
JP7170811B2 (ja) | 2013-11-08 | 2022-11-14 | プロメンテイス・フアーマシユーテイカルズ・インコーポレイテツド | 置換n-アセチル-l-システイン誘導体及び関連化合物 |
JP2020083882A (ja) * | 2018-11-15 | 2020-06-04 | 国立大学法人神戸大学 | アミノ酸−n−カルボン酸無水物の製造方法 |
JP7356707B2 (ja) | 2018-11-15 | 2023-10-05 | 国立大学法人神戸大学 | アミノ酸-n-カルボン酸無水物の製造方法 |
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US8962692B2 (en) | 2015-02-24 |
US20120220596A1 (en) | 2012-08-30 |
US20150175559A1 (en) | 2015-06-25 |
EP2252596B1 (en) | 2016-12-28 |
CA2714226C (en) | 2017-03-28 |
US20090281109A1 (en) | 2009-11-12 |
EP2252596A1 (en) | 2010-11-24 |
WO2009100431A1 (en) | 2009-08-13 |
ES2613729T3 (es) | 2017-05-25 |
CA2714226A1 (en) | 2009-08-13 |
JP2015157827A (ja) | 2015-09-03 |
US8173809B2 (en) | 2012-05-08 |
JP5796881B2 (ja) | 2015-10-21 |
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