JP2011504094A - マイクロ流体デバイスおよびその使用方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、マイクロ流体デバイスに関する。
現行のマイクロ流体デバイス(「チップ」)およびシステムは、小容量、一般に数ナノリットルの半自動的および自動的な操作を可能とする。サンプル処理およびアッセイの微細化により、速度および感度の両方が増大するほか、スケールの節約ももたらされ、すなわち、アッセイを実行し、所望の情報を得るのに必要とされる試薬、サンプル、および空間がより少量およびより狭小となり、個々のサンプルおよび試薬に対する操作の減少により誤差の可能性が低下する。マイクロ流体デバイスおよびマイクロ流体システムは、タンパク質結晶解析、無細胞タンパク質合成、ガスクロマトグラフィー、細胞分離、電気泳動、ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR)などを含む各種の化学的分析および生化学的分析による使用に適応または提供されている。
図2a〜dで例示されるデバイスでは、バルブ流路により、デバイスのエッジにバルブが配置される。図2e〜gに示す通り、マイクロ流体デバイスのバルブなしの実施形態もまた用いることができる。このような実施形態では、マイクロ流体デバイス外部のバルブにより、流路または水分補給チャネルへの、これらからの、およびこれらを介する流体の流動を制御することができる。
本発明の一部の実施形態によるマイクロ流体デバイスを適用し得る無数のアッセイおよび使用が存在する。このような使用についての総説、ならびに方法およびプロトコールについての参考文献および開示は、PCT公開第WO00/50172号に記載されている。本明細書において選択されるアッセイは例示的な目的で例示するものであり、限定的なものであると考えるべきではない。
説明したピコリットルまたはフェムトリットルの反応チャンバーのアレイを含むマイクロ流体デバイスは、生物学的なアッセイおよび診断に有用である。例えば、数十万〜百万の反応を用いる核酸のデジタル定量化により、1)極めて少数の対立遺伝子不均衡に対する高度の統計学的検定力による識別、2)長いゲノム距離にわたる単一分子上における標的配列の共局在化、および3)高度に相同的な遺伝子バックグラウンド内におけるまれな事象の検出における固有の能力がもたらされる。
チップの作製:標準的な多層ソフトリソグラフィーを用いて、ポリジメチルシロキサン(PDMS)によるマイクロ流体デバイスを作製した。20,000dpiの透明マスク(CAD/Art Services社製)を用いることによるフォトレジストのパターン形成には、標準的なリソグラフィーを用いる。MegaPixelテンプレート(アルバータ大学Nanofab製)を作製するために、色マスクを作製した。ソフトリソグラフィーを用いてネガティブ型のテンプレートを作製した。25マイクロメートルのチャネル厚をもたらす制御層にSU8−2025を用いる一方、立方体の反応チャンバーを創出するにはSU8−100を用いた。SU8−5で作製した高さ10umのチャネルにより反応チャンバーを連絡した。SPR−220をスピンコート(spin)して10umの厚さを達成し、これを用いてバルブが交差する流動ライン区画を創出する(Unger M.A.ら、2000年、Science、第288巻、113頁)。
Jak2の野生型および変異体のプラスミドは、ヘテロ接合患者に由来する単位複製配列から作製した。略述すると、プライマーJak2fwd:TCCTCAGAACGTTGATGGCAG(配列番号21)およびJak2rev:ATTGCTTTCCTTTTTCACAAGAT(配列番号22)を用いて、453bpの標的を増幅した。増幅の条件は、100ngのゲノムDNAで開始し、3.5mMのMgCl2濃度で、50℃のアニーリング温度であった。7%のポリアクリルアミドゲル上でPCR産物を泳動させ、適正なサイズのフラグメントを確認した。製造元の指示書に従い、TOPO TAサブクローニングキット(Invitrogen社製)を用いてサブクローニングを達成した。略述すると、1ulのPCR産物を1ulの緩衝液および1ulの直鎖化され活性化されたベクターおよび3ulのdH2Oと混合し、5分間にわたり室温でインキュベートし、次いで、氷上に置いた。4μlのクローニング反応物を、キットと共に供給された1アリコートのコンピテント細胞と混合し、5分間にわたり氷上でインキュベートした。50μlのトランスフェクション反応物をLBアンピシリンプレート上に播種し、37℃で一晩にわたり増殖させた。10個の単一コロニーを採取してLBアンピシリン培地に入れ、一晩にわたり増殖させ、次いで、DNAを単離した。
(大型スケールのマイクロ流体エマルジョンアレイ内における標的核酸の増幅)
蒸気バリアによる選択的な被覆を組み込むデバイスを用いて、PCR実験時における蒸発作用を裏付けた。同じチップ上において異なるサンプルを調べるために、図2dに示すチャンバー形状を有し、チャンバー密度が1個/1600um2のマイクロ流体デバイスを、5枚の個別のチャンバーアレイにより設計した。デバイス内にPCR溶液を導入し、図3で概括した通りに区画化した。TaqManマスターミックス(Applied Biosystems社製)と共に、GAPDH用の標準的なTaqManアッセイを用いて、反応チャンバー1個当たり約10コピーのテンプレートDNA濃度による反応の進行をモニタリングした。40サイクルを超えて反応を進行させ、その終点画像を図5に示す。
(標的DNAの単一コピー増幅)
各反応チャンバーが1個だけのDNA分子を含有するかまたはDNA分子を全く含有しないように、初期DNA(標的核酸)を希釈することにより、サンプル中に存在するDNA初期量を定量的に同定することができた。光学シグナルを有する各チャンバーがPCR増幅前における標的核酸の存在を示すように、標的核酸のコピーを有する反応チャンバーだけが検出用の蛍光シグナルをもたらす。
(微小な対立遺伝子不均衡の識別:胎児トリソミー21の非侵襲的検出)
本明細書で説明したマイクロ流体アレイを用いるデジタルPCR法を用いて、染色体数の微小な不均衡を検出した。サンプル中におけるC21の1.5%の増加を決定するためには、5シグマの確実性で約900,000のPCR反応が必要とされた:
(大きな相同のバックグラウンドにおけるまれな配列の検出:JAK2アッセイ)
概念実証として、Jak2遺伝子中においてSNP突然変異(V617F)を含有するプラスミドサンプルを分析した。V617F突然変異は、真性赤血球増加症、本態性血小板血症、特発性骨髄線維症、および複数種の白血病など、複数種の骨髄増殖性障害に特異的である。共通のプライマーを用いる一方で、SNP領域に特異的なプローブにより、野生型Jak2遺伝子またはV617F変異体を含有するプラスミドを調べた。V617F変異体にはVICによるプローブを用いる一方で、FAMによるプローブを用いてSNPを調べた。一定の野生型バックグラウンドにわたり異なる量の変異体を含有するサンプルを調べたところ、該アッセイにより、文献(Bosdquetら、2006年、Hum Pathol、第37巻、1458頁)により報告される5:100の最小値と比較して小さな1:1000の対野生型変異体比を検出することができた。これらの結果を図8A、Bに示す。
(マイクロ流体アレイの配列決定ライブラリーへの適用)
伸長による配列決定またはライゲーションによる配列決定に依拠する自動配列決定装置または自動配列決定システムと共に用いられる配列決定ライブラリーを作製することができる。これらの配列決定法において重要な工程は、配列決定前における単一分子の増幅の局在化である。この工程では、配列決定される単一のDNAテンプレート分子をそれらの隣接分子から単離して、ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応またはローリングサイクル増幅を用いる増幅にかける。例として述べると、本発明によるマイクロ流体デバイスには、チャンバー当たり数個のビーズを与えるように選択される濃度で、ミクロンスケールのビーズを充填することができる。約10,000,000個の反応チャンバーを含むデバイスには、標的核酸を含むPCR反応混合物中約0.1個〜約0.5個の濃度にあるビーズ懸濁液を充填することができる。十分な量のビーズを供給して、チャンバー当たりの平均ビーズ数を約5個とする。ポアソン統計に基づくなら、この充填の結果、各々がその中にサンプルを有し、これらの約95%が単一のテンプレートを有し、これらのほとんどすべてが少なくとも1個(平均5個)のビーズを有する約1,000,000個のチャンバーがもたらされる。増幅後、チャンバーからビーズを除去することができる。チャンバーからビーズを除去する方法の例は、洗浄工程または支持体(例えば、ガラス)からのマイクロ流体デバイスの剥離を含む。ビーズを回収して配列決定することができる。この結果、そのうちの約95%が唯一の配列に結合し、分子約1,000,000個の総サンプルサイズを表す、ビーズ約5,000,000個のライブラリーがもたらされる。これらのライブラリーのサイズは、より多くのチャンバーを有するデバイスの作製によってさらに増大させることもでき、複数のデバイスの使用によってさらに増大させることもできる。
・(項目1)
エラストマー基材において形成された流路と流体連絡した複数の反応チャンバーと、
該複数の反応チャンバーと同一平面で適用されており、エラストマー層により該反応チャンバーから分離された蒸気バリアと
を含むマイクロ流体デバイス。
・(項目2)
前記流路に沿って配置された複数のバルブをさらに含む、項目1に記載のデバイスであって、該複数のバルブの各々は、該流路と交わる1つまたは複数の制御チャネルを含む、デバイス。
・(項目3)
前記バルブが前記流路の第1の端部および第2の端部に配置されている、項目2に記載のデバイス。
・(項目4)
前記反応チャンバーが、ピコリットル容量またはフェムトリットル容量である、項目1に記載のデバイス。
・(項目5)
前記反応チャンバーが、出口のない(blind)反応チャンバーである、項目1に記載のデバイス。
・(項目6)
前記反応チャンバーに、1種または複数種の試薬があらかじめ配置されている、項目5に記載のデバイス。
・(項目7)
前記反応チャンバーが、5000個/cm2またはそれよりも大きい密度で存在する、項目1に記載のデバイス。
・(項目8)
マイクロ流体デバイス内において流体を区画化する方法であって、
第1の流体を有する流路と流体連絡した複数の反応チャンバーと、
該第1の流体とは非混和性の第2の流体により該流路をフラッシュし、該反応チャンバーからではなくて該流路から該第1の流体を移動させる工程と
を含み、
該複数の反応チャンバーの各々における第1の流体が、該流路内における該第2の流体により他の反応チャンバーの各々における第1の流体から隔離される、方法。
・(項目9)
サンプルが、PCR用の1種または複数種の試薬をさらに含む、項目8に記載の方法。
・(項目10)
前記反応チャンバーが、ピコリットル容量またはフェムトリットル容量である、項目8に記載の方法。
・(項目11)
前記第1の流体が水溶液である、項目8に記載の方法。
・(項目12)
前記第2の流体が非水性流体である、項目8に記載の方法。
・(項目13)
前記第1の流体が、PCR用の反応混合物を含む、項目8に記載の方法。
・(項目14)
前記第1の流体がサンプルを含む、項目8に記載の方法。
・(項目15)
前記反応チャンバーが、出口のない(blind)反応チャンバーである、項目8に記載の方法。
・(項目16)
前記反応チャンバーに、1種または複数種の試薬があらかじめ配置されている、項目8に記載の方法。
・(項目17)
標的核酸のデジタル定量法であって、
マイクロ流体アレイの流路と流体連絡した複数の反応チャンバーに、標的核酸を含む第1の流体を充填する工程と、
該第1の流体とは非混和性の第2の流体により該流路をフラッシュし、該反応チャンバーからではなくて該流路から該第1の流体を移動させる工程であって、該複数の反応チャンバーの各々における第1の流体が、該流路内における第2の流体により他の反応チャンバーの各々における該第1の流体から隔離される工程と、
該マイクロ流体アレイをインキュベートする工程と
を含む方法。
・(項目18)
前記反応チャンバーが、ピコリットル容量またはフェムトリットル容量である、項目17に記載の方法。
・(項目19)
前記第1の流体が水溶液である、項目17に記載の方法。
・(項目20)
前記第2の流体が非水性流体である、項目17に記載の方法。
・(項目21)
前記第1の流体が、PCR用の反応混合物を含む、項目17に記載の方法。
・(項目22)
前記第1の流体がサンプルを含む、項目17に記載の方法。
・(項目23)
前記反応チャンバーが、出口のない(blind)反応チャンバーである、項目17に記載の方法。
・(項目24)
前記反応チャンバーに、1種または複数種の試薬があらかじめ配置されている、項目17に記載の方法。
・(項目25)
前記標的核酸が、前記第1の流体中において、前記複数の反応チャンバー全体で平均して反応チャンバー1個当たり約1個未満の標的核酸を供給するのに適する濃度である、項目17に記載の方法。
・(項目26)
前記標的核酸が、前記第1の流体中において、前記複数の反応チャンバー全体で平均して反応チャンバー1個当たり約0.5個未満の標的核酸を供給するのに適する濃度である、項目17に記載の方法。
・(項目27)
前記インキュベートする工程が熱サイクリングを含む、項目17に記載の方法。
・(項目28)
エラストマー基材において形成された流路と流体連絡した複数の反応チャンバーと、
2つ以上の反応チャンバー間の流体連絡を阻止する流体バリアと
を含むマイクロ流体デバイス。
・(項目29)
前記複数の反応チャンバーと同一平面で適用されており、エラストマー層により前記反応チャンバーから分離された蒸気バリアをさらに含む、項目28に記載のデバイス。
Claims (37)
- エラストマー基材において形成されている流路とマイクロ流体的にバルブなしで流体連絡した、同一平面アレイにある複数の出口のない反応チャンバーと、
該複数の反応チャンバーと平行な平面において適用されかつエラストマー層により該反応チャンバーから分離された、蒸気バリアと
を含むマイクロ流体デバイス。 - 前記流路に沿って配置された複数のバルブをさらに含む、請求項1に記載のデバイスであって、該複数のバルブの各々は該流路と交わる1つまたは複数の制御チャネルを含む、デバイス。
- 前記バルブが前記流路の第1の端部および第2の端部に配置されている、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記反応チャンバーが、1ナノリットル容量未満である、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記反応チャンバーが、約10pL容量〜約100pL容量である、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記反応チャンバーに、1種または複数種の試薬があらかじめ配置されている、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 同一平面アレイにある前記出口のない反応チャンバーが、約200μm未満のピッチを有する、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記エラストマー層が、約10μm〜約1000μmの厚さを有する、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記反応チャンバーが、5000個/cm2またはそれよりも大きい密度で存在する、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- マイクロ流体デバイスにおいて液体を区画化する方法であって、
流路と、流路と同一平面アレイにありかつ該流路と流体連絡した複数の出口のない反応チャンバーとに、圧力下で第1の液体を充填し、該出口のない反応チャンバーにある空気を、液体に対しては透過性でないが気体に対しては透過性である該反応チャンバーの壁を介して移動させる工程と、
該第1の液体とは非混和性の第2の液体により該流路をフラッシュし、該反応チャンバーからではなくて該流路から該第1の液体を移動させる工程と
を含み、
該複数の反応チャンバーの各々における第1の液体が、該流路における該第2の液体により他の反応チャンバーの各々における該第1の液体から隔離される方法。 - サンプルが、PCR用の1種または複数種の試薬をさらに含む、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記反応チャンバーが、1ナノリットル容量未満である、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記反応チャンバーが、約10pL〜約100pLの容量である、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記第1の液体が水溶液である、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記第2の液体が非水性液体である、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記第1の液体が、PCR用の反応混合物を含む、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記第1の液体がサンプルを含む、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記反応チャンバーに、1種または複数種の試薬があらかじめ配置されている、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記マイクロ流体デバイスが、前記複数の反応チャンバーと平行な平面にありかつエラストマー層により該反応チャンバーから分離された蒸気バリアをさらに含む、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 標的核酸のデジタル定量法であって、
流路と、マイクロ流体アレイの流路と同一平面アレイにありかつ流体連絡した複数の出口のない反応チャンバーとに、圧力下で、標的核酸を含む第1の液体を充填し、該出口のない反応チャンバーにある空気を、液体に対しては透過性でないが気体に対しては透過性である該反応チャンバーの壁を介して移動させる工程と、
該第1の液体とは非混和性の第2の液体により該流路をフラッシュし、該反応チャンバーからではなくて該流路から該第1の液体を移動させる工程であって、該複数の反応チャンバーの各々における第1の液体が、該流路における該第2の液体により他の反応チャンバーの各々における該第1の液体から隔離される工程と、
該マイクロ流体アレイをインキュベートする工程と
を含む方法。 - 前記反応チャンバーが、1ナノリットル容量未満である、請求項19に記載の方法。
- 前記反応チャンバーが、約10pL〜約100pLの容量である、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記第1の液体が水溶液である、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記第2の液体が非水性液体である、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記第1の液体が、PCR用の反応混合物を含む、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記第1の液体がサンプルを含む、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記反応チャンバーに、1種または複数種の試薬があらかじめ配置されている、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記標的核酸が、前記第1の液体中において、前記複数の反応チャンバー全体で平均して反応チャンバー1個当たり約3個未満の標的核酸を供給するのに適する濃度である、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記標的核酸が、前記第1の液体中において、前記複数の反応チャンバー全体で平均して反応チャンバー1個当たり約1個未満の標的核酸を供給するのに適する濃度である、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記標的核酸が、前記第1の液体中において、前記複数の反応チャンバー全体で平均して反応チャンバー1個当たり約0.5個未満の標的核酸を供給するのに適する濃度である、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記標的核酸が、前記第1の液体中において、前記複数の反応チャンバー全体で平均して反応チャンバー1個当たり約0.1個未満の標的核酸を供給するのに適する濃度である、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記インキュベートする工程が熱サイクリングを含む、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記第1の液体が、少なくとも2種の標的核酸を含む、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも2種の標的核酸の各々が、前記第1の液体中において、前記複数の反応チャンバー全体で平均して反応チャンバー1個当たり約3個未満の標的核酸を供給するのに適する濃度である、請求項32に記載の方法。
- 前記インキュベートする工程が、光学的に多重化されたアッセイを含む、請求項32に記載の方法。
- エラストマー基材において形成されている流路と連絡された、同一平面アレイにある複数の出口のない反応チャンバーと、
2つ以上の反応チャンバー間の流体連絡を阻止する流体バリアと、
を含むマイクロ流体デバイスであって、
該複数の出口のない反応チャンバーの各々は、壁により境界付けられた、デバイス。 - 前記複数の反応チャンバーと平行な平面で適用されておりかつエラストマー層により該反応チャンバーから分離された蒸気バリアをさらに含む、請求項34に記載のデバイス。
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP2212437A1 (en) | 2010-08-04 |
EP2212437A4 (en) | 2011-09-28 |
CN101910415B (zh) | 2015-02-25 |
JP5404638B2 (ja) | 2014-02-05 |
WO2009059430A1 (en) | 2009-05-14 |
CA2705213C (en) | 2016-10-04 |
CA2705213A1 (en) | 2009-05-14 |
US9211537B2 (en) | 2015-12-15 |
US20110053151A1 (en) | 2011-03-03 |
CN101910415A (zh) | 2010-12-08 |
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