JP2011204252A - 組込型コンテンツ分散ゴースト・サーバを用いたグローバル文書ホスティング・システム - Google Patents
組込型コンテンツ分散ゴースト・サーバを用いたグローバル文書ホスティング・システム Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【解決手段】コンテンツ・プロバイダがそのほとんどの人気の高いコンテンツを、世界中でポイント数の制限無しに複写しサービスすることを可能とする。サービス対象である実際のコンテンツは好適に1組のホスティング・サーバ上でサポートされる。ウェブ・ページの基本HTMLドキュメント部分はコンテンツ・プロバイダのサイトからサービスされる一方で、そのページの1つまたは複数の組み込みオブジェクトはホスティング・サーバから、好適にはクライアント・マシン近くのホスティング・サーバからサービスされる。基本HTMLドキュメントをコンテンツ・プロバイダのサイトからサービスする事により、コンテンツ・プロバイダは全てのコンテンツに対する管理を維持できる。
【選択図】図1
Description
ワールド・ワイド・ウェブ(WWW)はインターネットのマルチメディア情報検索システムである。ウェブ環境の中で、クライアント・マシンはハイパー伝送プロトコル(HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol)を使用してウェブ・サーバへのトランザクションを処理する、これはファイル(例えば、テキスト、グラフィックス、画像、音響、ビデオ等)への使用者のアクセスを提供する既知のアプリケーション・プロトコルであり、ハイパーテキスト・マークアップ言語(HTML)として知られている標準ページ記述言語を使用する。HTMLは基本文書形式を提供し、開発者が別のサーバ及びファイルへの「リンク」を指定することを可能とする。インターネットの範疇において、サーバへのネットワーク経路は、ネットワーク接続を定義する特別シンタックスを有する、いわゆるユニフォーム・リソース・ロケータ(URL: Uniform Resource Locator)で識別される。HTML互換ブラウザ(例えば、ネットスケープ・ナビゲータ(Netscape Navigator)またはマイクロソフト・インターネット・エクスプローラ(Microsoft Internet Explorer))をクライアント・マシンで使用することは、URL経由でのリンクの指定を含む。それに応答してクライアントはリンク内で識別されたサーバへ要求を行い、その返事として文書またはHTMLに基づいてフォーマットされたその他のオブジェクトを受信する。ウェブ・サーバで保持されている文書の集合をウェブ・サイトと呼ぶ場合もある。
本発明の一般的な目的は、ウェブ・コンテンツを効率的に、効果的にかつ信頼性を持って最終使用者に提供するように設計された有機的で、大きな耐故障性を有する構造基板を形成する、多数の広域的に配備されたインターネット・サーバを含むコンピュータ・ネットワークを提供することである。
既知のインターネット・クライアント・サーバ・システムが図1に図示されるように実現されている。クライアント・マシン10がウェブ・サーバ12にネットワーク14を介して接続されている。図示する目的で、ネットワーク14はインターネット、イントラネット、イクストラネットまたは任意のその他の既知のネットワークである。ウェブ・サーバ12はクライアントでアクセス可能な複数のサーバの1つであって、クライアントの1つはマシン10で図示されている。代表的なクライアント・マシンはブラウザ16を含み、これはネットワークのサーバにアクセスするために使用される既知のソフトウェア・ツールである。ウェブ・サーバは複数のファイル(集合的に「ウェブ」サイトと呼ぶ)をハイパーテキスト・ドキュメントおよびオブジェクトの形式でサポートする。インターネットの世界ではサーバへのネットワーク・パスはいわゆるユニフォーム・リソース・ロケータ(URL)で識別される。
代表的なウェブ・サーバ12はプロセッサ18、オペレーティング・システム20、およびネットスケープ・エンタプライズ・サーバ(Netscape Enterprise Server)の様なウェブ・サーバ・プログラム22を含むコンピュータである。サーバ12はまた管理および運営用のグラフィカル・ユーザ・インタフェース(GUI)、およびアプリケーション・プログラミング・インタフェース(API)サポートする表示器を含み、このアプリケーション・プログラミング・インタフェースはアプリケーション開発者に対して、その中枢機能の拡張そして/またはカスタマイズをコモン・ゲートウェイ・インタフェース(CGI)プログラム、プラグイン、サーブレット(Servlets)、アクティブ・サーバ・ページ(Active Server Pages)、サーバ・サイド・インクルード(SSI: Server Side Include)機能または相当機能を含むソフトウェア・プログラムを通して行えるようにしている。
<IMG SRC = http://www.provider.com/TECH/images/space.story.gif>
<IMG SRC = http:
//ghost1467.ghosting.akamai.com/www.provider.com/TECH/images/space.story.gif>
<IMG
SRC=http://ghost1467.ghosting.akamai.com/28765/www.provider.com/TECH/images/space.story.gif">
xxx.yy.zzzz.net/aaaa/ www.domainname.com/frontpage.jpg,
此処で
xxxx=シリアル番号フィールド
yy =低レベルDNSフィールド
zzzz=最上位レベルDNSフィールド
aaaa=その他の情報(例えば、指紋)フィールド
DNS階層の別のレベルが使用されている場合、別の低レベルDNSフィールド、例えば xxxx.y1y2.zzz,net/aaaa/....が存在するはずである。
ghost1467.ghosting.akamai.com である。理解されるように、本発明の全世界的ホスティング・アーキテクチャはDNSシステムを、その名前がクライアントに近くまたそのページを既に持っていると思われるゴーストの1つに解明されるように取り扱う。これがどの様に行われるかを理解するために、以下にクライアントから発せられたDNSクエリー(query)の進行を説明する。
ほとんどの競合する解法はコンテンツ・プロバイダに対して彼らのコンテンツを担当する各々のウェブ・サイトにサーバを購入することを要求する。その結果、コンテンツ・プロバイダは世界中で異なるISPと個別の契約を結ばなければならない。加えて、コンテンツ・プロバイダは一般的にこれらの遠隔場所でコンテンツの複写とサーバの保守の責任を負う。
ほとんどの競合する解法はコンテンツ・プロバイダに対して彼らのコンテンツを1つの商業的ホスティング・サイトのサーバ上に複写するか、または彼らのコンテンツを地理的に遠距離にあるサーバ上にミラー化するように要求する。どちらの方法も効率的ではない。前者の解法では、コンテンツは未だインターネット上の単一場所に配置されている(従って、ほとんどの使用者から遠く離れている)。後者の場合には、ウェブ・サイトの全てのコンテンツが遠隔サーバにコピーされるが、コンテンツの小さな部分であっても実際、遠隔地に配置される必要がある。たとえ安価なメモリを使用しても、この様なミラーリングに関連する追加コストは複数のサイトにミラー化するには膨大となり、これはほとんどの使用者が未だミラー・サイトから遠く離れていることを意味する。ミラーリングはまたコンテンツ・プロバイダに対して、全てのサイトが整合して最新であることを保証しなければならないという別の欠点を有し、これはたとえ数サイトであっても軽視出来ない仕事である。
多くの既存の解法は、コンテンツ配信、コンテンツ複写および異なるサーバ間での負荷バランスに対して能動的な管理を必要とする。特に、コンテンツを何処で担当するかの決定は手動で行われなければならず、またデータを複写する処理工程は、中央化されたプッシュ方式で処理される。これに対して、本発明の特徴は受動管理である。複写は要求ベースのプル方式で、コンテンツが本当にそれを必要としている所にのみ送られるように、好適になされる。更に、処理工程は好適に全自動化されている;ISPはコンテンツが如何にしてまた何処に複写されるべきかを悩む必要は無い、そして/またはコンテンツ・プロバイダも同様である。
競合する解法は拡張性が低く、数個のサイトまでである。例えば、ミラーリングに基づく解法は典型的に最大3または4サイトを接続して使用される。規模拡大の障壁には、全サイトを複写する費用、全てのノードでの計算資源を複写するコスト、およびコンテンツ・プロバイダが彼らのサーバ上で使用する多数の種類のソフトウェア・パッケージを管理する複雑さが含まれる。
競合する解法はコンテンツ・プロバイダに対して、予期していない突然の負荷集中に対する防護策を提供していない。ミラーリングおよび関連する負荷バランス解法は、コンテンツ・プロバイダが負荷をサーバの集合の中で分配することを可能とするが、サーバの集合容量はピーク時要求を処理するのに十分でなければならない。これはコンテンツ・プロバイダが実際の平均負荷の代わりに予想されるピーク負荷に見合ったレベルの資源を購入し保守しなければならないことを意味する。インターネットの高度に変化が激しくまたは予想できない性質を考えると、この様な解法は高価で資源の無駄遣いである。
競合する解法は、ISPまたはコンテンツ・プロバイダに対して実質的な帯域幅節約は提供しない。ミラーリングの使用を通して、あるリンク(すなわち、ニューヨークとロスアンジェルス間)に関して帯域幅を節約することが可能である。しかしながら、グローバル・ホスティング無しでは、コンテンツに対するほとんどの要求はインターネットを通過する必要があり、従って帯域幅コストを増加させる。本発明のホスティング枠組み構造は、それら自身の基幹を有するISPに対する事実上の基幹帯域幅を節約する。コンテンツはネットワークを通して配信され、ネットワーク交換ポイントの隣に配置することが出来るので、ISPおよびコンテンツ・プロバイダは共に基幹料金がほとんどのコンテンツ要求に課せられないため、事実上の節約を経験する。
競合する解法はコンテンツ・プロバイダに対して、コンテンツを担当、そして/または複写するサイトの小さな集合を手動で選択するように要求する。たとえISPが広範に広がっている場所に多数のホスティング・サイトを有していたとしても、特別に選択された(および対価が支払われている)これらのサイトのみが、そのコンテンツ・プロバイダに対するコンテンツを担当するために使用される。
ほとんどの競合する解法はコンテンツ・プロバイダで購入され管理されるように設計されており、彼らの多くは既に単一サーバを管理ための統括管理および運用作業に対して絶え間なく挑戦し消耗している。本発明のホスティング手法はグローバルISPで配備され、コンテンツ・プロバイダに提供出来る新たなサービスを提供する。このサービスの特徴は、コンテンツ・プロバイダに要求される運営および管理を最小とし、従ってコンテンツ・プロバイダがユニークなコンテンツを制作するというその中枢ビジネスに集中出来るようにする。
多くの競合する解法は、コンテンツ・プロバイダに対して彼ら固有のデータベースを地理的に遠く離れた複数のサイトへ複写することを要求する。その結果、コンテンツ・プロバイダはその固有のまた通常秘密であるデータベースに対する効果的な管理を失ってしまう。これらの問題を取り除くために、本発明のグローバル・ホスティング解法はコンテンツ・プロバイダが彼らのデータベースに対する完全な管理を維持することを保証する。先に説明したように、コンテンツに対する最初の要求はコンテンツ・プロバイダの中央ウェブ・サイトに向けられ、これは続いて効果的でかつ管理されたデータベース・アクセスを実施する。好適に、ページ要求に対する高帯域幅、固定部分はグローバル・ホスティング・ネットワークからリトリーブされる。
多くの競合する解法はコンテンツ・プロバイダに対して特定セットのサーバとデータベースを使用することを要求する。これらの特に、一定しない要求はコンテンツ・プロバイダが最も効率的に最新技術を使用する能力に制約を与え、コンテンツ・プロバイダの既存基盤構造をお金を掛けて変更する必要を迫る場合もある。これらの問題を取り除くことにより、本発明のグローバル・ホスティング・アーキテクチャは効果的にコンテンツ・プロバイダとISPとの間のインタフェースを行い、これはコンテンツ・プロバイダで使用されているシステムまたはサーバに対して何らの前提も必要としない。更に、コンテンツ・プロバイダのシステムは本発明のアーキテクチャを修正変更したりまたは中断することなく、更新、変更または完全な置き換えを行うことが可能である。
多くの競合する解法(例えば、全てのコンテンツの単純なキャッシング)はダイナミック・コンテンツ、個人化された広告およびEコマースと相互干渉し、使用者に対して陳腐なコンテンツをサービスする可能性がある。その他のソフトウェア会社はこれらの問題を部分的に取り除く試みを続けているが(例えば、全てのキャッシュされたコピーに対するヒット計数の保存)、これらの解法の各々は機能の部分的または完全に失わせかねない(例えば、広告を個人化させる機能)。これに対して、グローバル・ホスティング解法はダイナミック・コンテンツ、個人化された広告またはEコマースと相互干渉することは無く、それはこれらの作業の各々が好適にコンテンツ・プロバイダの中央サーバで処理されるためである。
グローバル・ホスティング・アーキテクチャは高度な拡張性を有し、従って全世界規模ネットワーク基盤上に配備できる。
此処まで我々の発明を説明してきたが、我々が新たに請求し要望する特許内容は添付の特許請求の項に記載されている。
Claims (37)
- マークアップ言語基本ドキュメントと、各々が1つのURLで識別される組み込みオブジェクトを含むウェブ・ページをサービスするための方法であって、指定された組み込みオブジェクトの各々が、仮想サーバ・ホスト名を含むように修正変更されたURLを含む前記方法であって:
コンテンツ・プロバイダ・サイトからクライアント・マシンに基本ドキュメントをサービスする、クライアント・マシンから発せられたウェブ・ページに対する要求に応答し;
指定された組み込みオブジェクトを、仮想サーバ・ホスト名で識別されたホスティング・サーバからクライアント・マシンにサービスする、以上のステップを含む、前記方法。 - 請求項1記載の方法において、ホスティング・サーバがクライアント・マシン近くのコンピュータ・ネットワーク内に配置されている、前記方法。
- 請求項1記載の方法において、指定された組み込みオブジェクトをクライアント・マシンにサービスするステップが更に:
その要求を第1レベル・ドメイン名サーバから、クライアント・マシン近くの第2レベル・ドメイン名サーバに転送し;
第2レベル・ドメイン名サーバから仮想サーバ・ホスト名を解読して、その組み込みオブジェクトをサービスするための1つまたは複数のホスティング・サーバの指定された組を識別する、以上のステップを含む前記方法。 - 請求項1記載の方法において、仮想サーバ・ホスト名が指定された関数を組み込みオブジェクトに適用して生成された1つの値を含む、前記方法。
- 請求項4記載の方法において、その値が指定された情報を符号化する事により生成され、その指定された情報が基本的に:サイズ・データ、人気データ、生成データおよびオブジェクト型式データで構成された情報のグループから選択された、前記方法。
- 請求項1記載の方法において、修正変更されたURLが指定された関数を組み込みオブジェクトに適用して生成された指紋値を含む、前記方法。
- 請求項6記載の方法において、その値が組み込みオブジェクトをハッシングすることで生成された1つの数である、前記方法。
- 請求項1記載の方法において、マークアップ言語がHTMLである、前記方法。
- 請求項1記載の方法が更に、コンテンツ・プロバイダがウェブ・ページを修正変更すると、修正変更されたURLを書き換えるステップを含む、前記方法。
- マークアップ言語基本ドキュメントと各々が1つのURLで識別される組み込みオブジェクトを含むウェブ・ページをサービスするための方法であって、指定された組み込みオブジェクトの各々が、仮想サーバ・ホスト名を含むように修正変更されたURLを含む前記方法であって:
ホスト名を指定された組み込みオブジェクト用のURL、指定された関数を組み込みオブジェクトに適用して生成された値を含むサーバ・ホスト名にプリペンドし;
クライアント・ブラウザからの要求に応答して、そのウェブ・ページをサービスする、以上のステップを含む、前記方法。 - 請求項10記載の方法において、ホスト名の値が指定された情報を符号化することにより生成され、その指定された情報が基本的に:サイズ・データ、人気データ、生成データおよびオブジェクト型式データから成る情報グループから選択される、前記方法。
- 請求項10記載の方法が更に:
指定された関数を組み込みオブジェクトに適用することにより、組み込みオブジェクト用の指紋値を含むように、URLを修正変更するステップを含む、前記方法。 - 請求項12記載の方法において、指定された指紋値が組み込みオブジェクトをハッシングすることにより生成された、前記方法。
- ハイパーテキスト・マークアップ言語基本ドキュメントと1組の組み込みオブジェクトを含み、各々の組み込みオブジェクトが1つのURLで識別されているウェブ・ページを処理するための方法であって:
仮想サーバ・ホスト名を指定された組み込みオブジェクトに対するURLの中にプリペンドし、この仮想サーバ・ホスト名は指定された関数をURLまたは指定されたオブジェクトに適用して生成された値を含む、前記プリペンドするステップを含み;
ここで指定された関数が組み込みオブジェクトを指定された仮想サーバ・ホスト名の指定された組に対してランダムに分配する、前記方法。 - 請求項14記載の方法において、指定された関数が符号化関数である、前記方法。
- 請求項14記載の方法において、指定された関数がハッシュ関数である、前記方法。
- 請求項14記載の方法が更に:
URLの中に指定されたハッシュ関数を組み込みオブジェクトに適用することにより生成された、組み込みオブジェクトに対する、指定された指紋値を含ませるステップを含み;
ここで、指定された指紋値がその組み込みオブジェクトが既に修正されたか否かを識別する、前記方法。 - 請求項17記載の方法が更に、ウェブ・ページが変更された際に必要な場合に、指紋値に対するハッシュを再計算しURLを書き換えるステップを含む、前記方法。
- クライアント・マシンの使用者が1つのサーバにサービス・プロバイダを経由して接続する、コンピュータ・ネットワーク内で動作する、分散型ホスティング枠組み構造であって、サーバは各々マークアップ言語基本ドキュメントと1組の組み込みオブジェクトを含むページをサポートし、各々の組み込みオブジェクトは1つのURLで識別される枠組み構造であって:
組み込みオブジェクトを担当する第1組のサーバと;
最上位レベルドメイン名サービス(DNS)解を提供する、少なくとも1つの最上位レベル・サーバと;
低レベル・ドメイン名サービス(DNS)解を提供する、少なくとも1つの低レベル・サーバとを含み;
クライアント・マシンから発せられたページ要求が、サーバとサーバの第1組の指定された部分集合によって、最上位レベルおよび低レベル・サーバで識別されたようにサービスされる、前記ホスティング枠組み構造。 - 請求項19記載のホスティング枠組み構造が更に、冗長な最上位レベル・サーバを含む、前記ホスティング枠組み構造。
- 求項19記載のホスティング枠組み構造が更に、冗長な低レベル・サーバを含む、前記ホスティング枠組み構造。
- 請求項19記載のホスティング枠組み構造において、第1組のサーバの指定された1つが故障状態となった際に、第1組のサーバの指定されたその1つのホスティング責任を肩代わりするための1つのバディー・サーバを含む、前記ホスティング枠組み構造。
- 請求項19記載のホスティング枠組み構造において、低レベル・サーバが第1組のサーバの部分集合の中で負荷をバランスさせる、負荷バランス機構を含む、前記ホスティング枠組み構造。
- 請求項23記載のホスティング枠組み構造において、負荷バランス機構が第1組のサーバのいずれの容量も超えることなく、組み込みオブジェクトに対して要求された複写量を最小化する、前記ホスティング枠組み構造。
- 請求項19記載のホスティング枠組み構造が更に、第1組のサーバの指定された部分集合の容量を超えることなく、クライアント・マシンで経験される待ち時間の総量を最小化するための、オーバ・フロー制御機構を含む、前記ホスティング枠組み構造。
- 請求項25記載のホスティング枠組み構造において、オーバ・フロー制御機構が最小コスト多重利益フロー・アルゴリズム(min-cost multicommodity flow algorithm)を含む、前記ホスティング枠組み構造。
- 請求項19記載のホスティング枠組み構造において、最上位レベル・サーバが、クライアントで生成されたページ要求を第1組のサーバの指定された1つに向かわせる際に使用される、ネットワーク・マップを含む、前記ホスティング枠組み構造。
- 請求項19記載のホスティング枠組み構造において、サーバの第1組内のサーバが、指定された組み込みオブジェクトに対する総トラヒックを指定された制限内に維持するための、ゲート機構を含む、前記ホスティング枠組み構造。
- 請求項28記載のホスティング枠組み構造において、ゲート機構が:
指定された組み込みオブジェクトに対する要求数が指定された閾値を超えたか否かを判定する手段と;
判定手段に応答して指定された組み込みオブジェクトのサービスを制限するための手段とを含む、前記ホスティング枠組み構造。 - 請求項29記載のホスティング枠組み構造において、制限するための手段が、指定された組み込みオブジェクトより小さなオブジェクトをサービスするための手段を含む、前記ホスティング枠組み構造。
- 請求項29記載のホスティング枠組み構造において、そのオブジェクトが、クライアントが指定された組み込みオブジェクトを後ほど受信することを可能とする切符である、前記ホスティング枠組み構造。
- マークアップ言語基本ドキュメントと、各々がURLで識別される1組の組み込みオブジェクトを含み、指定された組み込みオブジェクトの各々が仮想サーバ・ホスト名を含むように修正変更されたURLを含む、ウェブ・ページをサービスするための方法であって:
第1および第2クライアント・マシンから発せられたウェブ・ページに対する要求に応答して、各々のクライアント・マシンに対してコンテンツ・プロバイダ・サイトから基本ドキュメントをサービスし;
第1クライアント・マシンに第1仮想サーバ・ホスト名で識別された第1ホスティング・サーバから指定された組み込みオブジェクトをサービスし;
第2クライアント・マシンにこれもまた第1仮想サーバ・ホスト名で識別された第2ホスティング・サーバから指定された組み込みオブジェクトをサービスするステップを含む、前記方法。 - 請求項32記載の方法が更に、第1仮想サーバ・ホスト名を第1ホスティング・サーバのアドレスに、第1クライアント・マシンの場所とローカル・トラヒック条件の関数として解読するステップを含む、前記方法。
- 請求項32記載の方法が更に:
指定された組み込みオブジェクトが第1クライアント・マシンにサービスされると、指定された組み込みオブジェクトが別のホスティング・サーバから更に効率的にサービス出来ないかを判定し;
そうである場合は、指定された組み込みオブジェクトの残り部分を、第1クライアント・マシンに対して第3のホスティング・サーバからサービスするステップを含む、前記方法。 - マークアップ言語基本ドキュメントと、各々がURLで識別される1組の組み込みオブジェクトを含み、指定された組み込みオブジェクトの各々が仮想サーバ・ホスト名を含むように修正変更されたURLを含む、ウェブ・ページをサービスするための方法であって:
第1および第2クライアント・マシンから発せられたウェブ・ページに対する要求に応答して、各々のクライアント・マシンに対してコンテンツ・プロバイダ・サイトから基本ドキュメントをサービスし;
仮想サーバ・ホスト名を第1アドレスおよび第2アドレスに解読し;
第1アドレスに配置されている第1ホスティング・サーバから第1クライアント・マシンに、指定された組み込みオブジェクトをサービスし;
第2アドレスに配置されている第2ホスティング・サーバから第2クライアント・マシンに、指定された組み込みオブジェクトをサービスするステップを含む、前記方法。 - 請求項35記載の方法において、仮想サーバ・ホスト名が第1アドレスまたは第2アドレスに、そのウェブ・ページに対する要求が何処から最初に発せられたか、またコンピュータ・ネットワークの関連する地域内でのローカル・トラヒック条件に基づいて解読する、前記方法。
- マークアップ言語基本ドキュメントと、各々がURLで識別される1組の組み込みオブジェクトを含むウェブ・ページをサービスするための方法であって:
修正変更されたURLを生成するために、組み込みオブジェクトのURLを書き換え、この修正変更されたURLは元のホスト名にプリペンドされた新たなホスト名を含み、此処で元のホスト名は修正変更されたURLの一部として、組み込みオブジェクトのキャッシュされたコピーが利用できないときに何時でも組み込みオブジェクトをリトリーブする際に使用するために保守され;
クライアント・ブラウザから受信されたウェブ・ページのサービス要求に応答して、そのウェブ・ページをサービスするステップを含む、前記方法。
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JP2008269979A Pending JP2009054182A (ja) | 1998-07-14 | 2008-10-20 | 組込型コンテンツ分散ゴースト・サーバを用いたグローバル文書ホスティング・システム |
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CN (1) | CN1197027C (ja) |
AT (1) | ATE261146T1 (ja) |
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JP2014199562A (ja) * | 2013-03-29 | 2014-10-23 | Kddi株式会社 | Webコンテンツの配信装置 |
JP2016530634A (ja) * | 2013-08-20 | 2016-09-29 | アリババ・グループ・ホールディング・リミテッドAlibaba Group Holding Limited | コンテンツデリバリーネットワークにおける要求をディスパッチする方法及びシステム |
US10165080B2 (en) | 2013-08-20 | 2018-12-25 | Alibaba Group Holding Limited | Method and system of dispatching requests in a content delivery network |
US11343353B2 (en) | 2013-08-20 | 2022-05-24 | Alibaba Group Holding Limited | Method and system of dispatching requests in a content delivery network |
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