JP2006502465A - コンテンツ配信ネットワーク(CDN)で使用するためのJavaアプリケーションフレームワーク - Google Patents
コンテンツ配信ネットワーク(CDN)で使用するためのJavaアプリケーションフレームワーク Download PDFInfo
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- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
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- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
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- H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
- H04L67/01—Protocols
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- H04L67/1001—Protocols in which an application is distributed across nodes in the network for accessing one among a plurality of replicated servers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H04L69/322—Intralayer communication protocols among peer entities or protocol data unit [PDU] definitions
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- H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
- H04L67/01—Protocols
- H04L67/10—Protocols in which an application is distributed across nodes in the network
- H04L67/1001—Protocols in which an application is distributed across nodes in the network for accessing one among a plurality of replicated servers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
- H04L67/50—Network services
- H04L67/56—Provisioning of proxy services
- H04L67/568—Storing data temporarily at an intermediate stage, e.g. caching
Abstract
Description
エッジサーバは、クライアントからのリクエストを受信した場合、最初に、そのリクエストを適切なカスタマ構成ファイルと組み合わせることが望ましい。構成ファイルは、例えば、図1に示した、CDNメタデータ伝送システムなどの、便利なメカニズムを介してエッジサーバへ配信できる。勿論、エッジサーバへカスタマ構成データを供給するための任意の技術が使用可能である。カスタマ構成が、Javaプロセッシングをリクエストに関連づける場合、既述の通り、Javaプロセッサが関与する。
上記の通り、WARファイルがすでにエッジサーバに存在する場合、Javaプロセッサは、適用可能なサーブレット或はJSPページ(Web層処理用)を使用して、リクエストへの応答を生成する。標準配備記述子を使用し、そのリクエストをサーブレットへ正しくマップすることが望ましい。Javaアプリケーションが、現時点で、エッジサーバに存在しない場合、オリジンサイト或は何らかの他のソースから検索される。この検索プロセスは、かなりの待ち時間の原因になるので、アプリケーションの検索は非同期的に行われ、一方、初期リクエストは、同時に、オリジンサーバへトンネルされる。処理の終わったリクエストの出力は、ユーザーへ返される。実行済サーブレットは、次のユーザーのためにメモリに残っていることが望ましい。
サーブレットは、不適切な量のリソースを消費するプロセスがでないように管理することが望ましい。正しいリソース監視及びロードバランシングによって、同時に動作している別のアプリケーションに影響を与えるアプリケーションが存在しないことが保証される。Javaアプリケーションは、ネットワークを介してコンテンツのリクエストを行える。リクエストは、HTTP及びHTTPSプロトコルを通して行うことが望ましい。その他のJavaリソースのリモート呼び出しも、HTTPを通して行うことが望ましい。
オリジンサーバは、特に、Web層だけがエッジネットワーク上に配備される場合、エッジアプリケーションの重要な部分を占める。更に、一部のサーブレットは、集中化リソースへのアクセスに依存しているため、全てのリクエストをエッジサーバで処理することはできない。こうした場合、オリジンサイトは、エッジ配置不可リクエストを実行する役割、及びエッジ配備アプリケーションによって出される可能性があるリモートコールに応答する役割を持つ。
エッジサーバのサーブレットとオリジンサイトとの間の通信は、下記の通り、HTTP或はHTTPSプロトコルを介して生じることが望ましい。Remote Method Invocation (RMI)通信は、HTTPを介してトンネルされる;SOAPメッセージは、HTTP或はHTTPSを介して交換される;JDBCは、HTTP/HTTPSを介してトンネルされる;リレーショナルデータベースクエリへの応答は、XML(エッジサーバが結果をキヤシュし、それらを以降のリクエストで再利用し、層間での待ち時間を最小にすることを可能にする)形式でエンコードされる;通信がエッジからオリジンであるか、オリジンからエッジであるかに関係なく、サーブレット制御方法(RequestDispatcher.include()及びRequestDospatcher.forward()など)がサポートされることが望ましい;そして、メッセージがHTTP或はHTTPSで伝送される場合には、カスタム通信ソリューションがサポートされる。図14は、これらの技術の解説である。
J2EEアプリケーションは、モジュラー形式で、かつ、特定の構造を有することが勧められる。フレームワークは、多くのJ2EEアプリケーションが分離されて構造化されていることによる恩恵が得られる。以下は、アプリケーションアーキテクト(設計者)がフレームワークの持つ利点を利用できる種々のアプローチの要約である。
サーブレットは、正しい応答を生成するのに必要な全ての情報をリクエストが含んでいる場合に、エッジ配置可能と見做すことができる。
コンテンツターゲット情報(ユーザーの国籍、州、市、帯域幅、など)を使用するサーブレットも、全てをエッジから配信することが可能である。アプリケーションプログラミングインタフェース(API)が、コンテンツターゲット情報へアクセスするために提供され、アプリケーションは、この情報を利用して応答をカスタマイズすることができる。このサーブレットは、APIを使用して、エンドユーザーに関する情報を取得する。
フレームワークによって、アプリケーションはデータをXMLとして容易にキャシュ及びアクセスすることが可能になる。XMLは、データの生成、格納、アクセスのための便利なプラットフォームに寛容な(agnostic)手段である。
Webサービスアーキテクチャは、アプリケーションが、標準XML及びインターネットプロトコルを使用して、他のアプリケーションからデータ及びロジックへアクセスする方法を定義する。Webサービスは、エッジサーバが通信するのに使用する簡単なメカニズムを提供する。エッジサーバは、オリジン或は第三者サイトで動作するサービスとのSOAP通信を可能にするのに必要なJavaクラスを含むことが望ましい。
JDBCコールがオリジンへトンネルされることが望ましい。層間での待ち時間を最小にし、かつ、キャシングの恩恵を受けるため、JDBCコールへの応答をキャシュし、種々のリクエストの間で共用することができる。
RMIは、エッジサーバとオリジンとの間のオブジェクト間の通信に使用できる。エッジ配置可能アプリケーションは、リモートに位置するオブジェクトメソッドを、そのオブジェクトがローカルに位置していたかのように、コールできる。メソッドの呼出しは、キャシュされることが望ましい。
以下の共用パターンは、分散Javaプラットフォームで動作するJ2EEアプリケーションを設計し、開発するときに使用できる。多くの種類のデザインパターンが可能であるが、ここでの記述は、より共用性が高いいくつかのパターン、それらの利点、及び適用性が最も高い状況に重点を置いている。
記述
リクエストは、正確な応答を生成するのに必要な全ての情報を含む。
リクエストに含まれる情報は、HTTPヘッダー(Cookie、Referer、その他)、クエリーストリング、或は、HTTP POST本体(フォームフィールドデータ、アップロードされたデータ、その他)などで、エッジアプリケーションが応答を生成するのに十分である。
・HTMLフォームの検証−ユーザーが作成したHTMフォームは、処理の前に検証が必要になる場合が多い。クレジットカード番号、Eメールアドレス、電話番号など、フィールドのフォーマットが正確かどうがチェックしなければならない。
・言語のカスタマイズ−応答内のテキストは、リクエスタが「Accept−Language」ヘッダーに望ましいものとして供給した言語に設定される。
フォームの検証
この例では、エッジ配置可能サーブレットは、ローカルクラスのライブラリを使用してリクエストを処理し応答を返す。サーブレットは、関連するメソッドを用いて、次のフォーム画面を提供する前に、提供したデータの正確性を検証する。
言語のカスタマイズ
サーブレットは、関連するヘッダーの存在をテストして、適切なバージョンのHTMLにて応答する。
記述
応答は、エンドユーザーの居在地或は接続性など、コンテンツターゲット情報によって決定される。
シナリオ
・ローカライズされたページをもつ、オンライン配信サイト
・現地の天気情報をもつオンラインポータル
・市場セグメントデータを使用してカスタマイズされたフロントページを提供するショッピングサイト
実装
コンテンツ対象情報へアクセスするためにアプリケーションプログラミングインタフェース(API)が提供される。アプリケーションはこれを使用して、応答をカスタマイズできる。サーブレットは、APIを使用して、エンドユーザーについての情報を取得する。
記述
XMLデータ、トンネルされたJDBC応答、SOAP応答などのHTTP応答は、リクエストをエッジサーバを介して行うだけでキャシュされることが望ましい。HTTP応答のキャシングは、同じリソースが、1つ以上のサーブレットによって複数回使用されている場合に特に有用である。APIによって、アプリケーションは、コンテンツの新鮮さが維持されていることを確認できる。
シナリオ
・オリジンのデータベースに格納されているユーザーの好み−エッジ上のこれら属性にアクセスすることによって待ち時間が減少する。
・オリジンのデータベースに格納されているショッピングカート−ユーザーが行うリクエストの多くは、ショッピングカートの内容の更新を行わない。キャシュされたショッピングカートのコピーをエッジにキープしておき、ユーザーがアイテムを一つ追加するか削除するときにのみ、内容を更新すると便利である。
実装
ユーザーの好み
ユーザーの好みは、データベースからプロパティを検索するサーブレットへリクエストを送ることによって、オリジンから検索できる。このファイルは、ハッシュ、XMLなどであることができる。
同じURLに対する後続リクエストは、キャシュから提供される。
或いは、エッジ配置可能アプリケーションは、HTTP SOAP RPCコールを使用して、オリジンによってカスタマの状態を保守する。オリジンは、ウェブサービスとしてショッピングカートに作用する全てのメソッドを提供できる。HTTP SOAP RPCコールは、必要時に、ショッピングカートの状態を更新するが、殆どの時間、ショッピングカートは読出しのみで、更新はなされない。バージョン番号が同じ、全ての後続コールは、キャシュされたショッピングカートを返す。
記述
アプリケーションは、大量のデータにアクセスすることが必要になる場合が多い。XMLは、大量のデータを生成、格納、アクセスするための便利なプラットホームに寛容な方法である。多くのデータベースは、格納されているレコードからXMLを生成する直接的な方法を提供する。XMLコンテンツをエッジにキャシュしておくことによって、データ検索に伴う待ち時間が短くなる。
・カタログデータをネットワークのエッジにキャシュする方法−多くのオンラインストアの場合、カタログの更新の発生が稀かであるか、その更新が直ぐ有効になることは重要でない。彼らが大きな恩恵をうけるのは、データベースを、ユーザーの近くで動作するサーブレットで使用できることである。
最も単純なシナリオは、単に必要データに対するHTTPリクエストを行う(必要な場合、クエリーパラメータを渡す)というものである。データをリクエストするプロセスがそれをキャシュするのに十分であることが望ましい。オブジェクトの新鮮さをコントロールするには、サーバのHTTPヘッダー、或はリクエストのTTLパラメータを使って、データをどれだけ長くキャシュしておけるかを指定する。或いは、データのバージョン番号を使って、データが変化したとサーブレットが判断したときに、キャシュミスを強制できる。このデータにアクセスするには、XMLパーサ(構文解析)が使用できる。代案は、XMLクエリー実装を使って、関連したレコードだけをキャシュされたXMLから検索することである。コンテンツプロバイダが、必要と判断した場合、キャシュされているカタログを無効化することができる。この無効化は、例えば、管理されたSOAP無効化サービスへ接続するなど、によって、プログラム的にも起こり得る。
記述
エッジからのJDBCクエリーを管理するための種々のアプローチがある。あるパターンは、コモンSQLクエリーの結果をキャシュすることによって機能する。別のパターンは、大きいデータセットのキャシュは行うが、アプリケーションは関連データだけしか読出すことができない。これらのパターンを使用することによって、データベースの負荷は軽減され、層間での通信によって生じる待ち時間は最小になる。
シナリオ
・データベース駆動のカタログサイト
JDBCの実装
サービスプロバイダは、JDBCドライバの実装を設けることも望ましい。これによって、エッジサーバは、オリジンと通信を行い、データベースがローカルに動作していたかのように、クエリーを出すことが可能になる。この実装でも、クエリーの結果をキャシュすることが望ましい。コンテンツの新鮮度の保守は、所定の新鮮度メカニズムを、サービスされた結果に対して設定する、コンテンツのコール時に存続時間(TTL)を特定する、或いはバージョニング方式を使用することによって行われる。JDBCドライバは、SOAPコールを行うことが好ましい。これにより、エッジサーバが応答をキャシュし、再利用できるようになる。
JDBCのコールの必要性を最小限にするための1つの技術は、ResultsSetsObjectを使用することである。このアプローチでは、データバースのコンテンツをもつ単一の大きいオブジェクトを生成する。これは、別のリクエストがこの拡張済セットからの結果を使用するであろうという予測の上に行われる。別のサーブレットが同じリクエストを出した場合、同じオブジェクトが返される。Result−setキャシングのクラスを使って、検索済データを横断しアクセスできる。
記述
第三者提供サービスを利用することは、他社の能力を利用し、かつ、アプリケーションの複雑性を最小限にする上で役に立つ。
シナリオ
・株価追跡機能を提供する個人化ポータル
・組込み気象情報(コンテンツターゲットデータに基づく居住地)
実装
標準SOAPクライアントの実装が使用できる。
キャシュコヒーレンスオブジェクトによるデータ同期
記述
アプリケーションが、互いに矛盾のない状態にあることが必要な、複数のキャシュ可能アイテムを使用している場合、各アイテムをオリジンと同期させる代わりに、単一のオブジェクトは、そのコンテンツのバージョンIDを保持するコヒーレンスメカニズムとして機能できる。
シナリオ
アプリケーションは、キャシュされたイメージ及びこれらイメージの説明を含むテキストファイルを使用する。
実装
所定のプロパティをもつコヒーレンスオブジェクトが定義される。この小さいオブジェクトは、オリジンへトンネルされるか、比較的短い時間キャシュされ、次に、コンテンツが使用される前に検討される。その結果、データは長い時間キャシュしておくことができるが、コンテンツプロバイダは、依然、コンテンツの新鮮度の支配権を維持している。
記述
RMIは、エッジサーバとオリジンの間のオブジェクト間通信に使用できる。エッジ配置可能アプリケーションは、リモートに位置するオブジェクトメソッドを、オブジェクトがローカルにあったかのようにコールできる。これによって、アプリケーションはオリジン及びエッジの固有能力及び適宜利用することが可能になる。
このアプローチが最適といえるのは、使用中のオブジェクトがオリジンに密接に関連しており、キャシングの恩恵が得られない場合である。そのオブジェクト自身をキャシュすることが可能で、一部のメソッドだけが、オリジンの使用を必要としている場合には、次に述べる、Optimized RMIメカニズムを使うことを考える。
シナリオ
ドライバに運転の方向を提供するウェブサイトは、正確な経路を計算するために、オリジンを使用する必要がある、しかしながら、エッジ配置可能サーブレットは、ローカルオブジェクトを加工し、コードを(プログラム)大幅に変更しなくでもよいようにすることが望ましい。
実装
標準RMI呼出しが使用される。オブジェクトは、インスタンスが生成されると、ローカルで動作しているかのように、シームレスに働く。このメソッドは、潜在的に、層間のトラフィックを増やし、サーバのパフォーマンス低下を招く。この例では、CDNがJNDIを有しない場合には、CDNサービスプロバイダ専用JNDIクライアントが使用される;或いは、オリジンのサーブレットへのリクエストの生成され、これにより、インスタンスが生成されたオブジェクトを表すRMIスタッブの返送がなされる。
記述
RMIオブジェクトを使用することの欠点の1つは、データのアクセス、或はメソッドコールでオリジンとの通信が必要になることである。このパターンは、ローカルに呼び出せるメソッドをこのようにして呼び出し可能にする。
適用性
このパターンは、頻繁に使用されるオブジェクトのメソッドが、オリジンでは実際には実行する必要がない状況に対して適用される。
シナリオ
・エッジで実行可能な、複数のメソッドコールを送る、ショッピングカートオブジェクトの実装である(ただし、このオブジェクト自身はオリジンで保守する必要があるが)。
実装
エッジ配置可能オブジェクトは、リモートオブジェクトのクラスをサブクラス化することによって生成される。オリジンで実行することが必要なメソッドは、リモートオブジェクトのRMI表現を使用するため無効にされる。リモートメソッドが実行された後、エッジオブジェクトの状態は、オリジンと同期される。ローカルメソッドが実行されると、これらは、直接、オブジェクトのローカル表現を用いて機能する。例えば、getterなど、読込専用メソッドは、層間のトラフィックを生成することはない。
以上、発明について説明してきたが、特許請求の範囲は添付の通りである。
Claims (14)
- 分散コンピューティング環境で実行可能な所定のアプリケーションに対するリクエストを処理するための方法であって、1台以上のオリジンサーバから処理をオフロードするためにエッジサーバ群が分散コンピューティング環境に配備され、該所定のアプリケーションは少なくとも第一コンポーネントと第二コンポーネントとを有し、前記方法は、
所定のエッジサーバにおけるリクエストの受信に応答して、そのリクエストが所定のアプリケーションに対する最初のリクエストかどうかを判定するステップと、
リクエストが所定のアプリケーションに対する最初のリクエストである場合、第一コンポーネントを検索するステップと、
第一コンポーネントをインストールした後、或はリクエストが所定のアプリケーションに対する最初のリクエストでない場合は、第一コンポーネントを実行するステップと、
必要に応じてオリジンサーバと通信して第二コンポーネントを実行するステップと、
第一コンポーネント及び、必要に応じて第二コンポーネントの実行結果に基づいてリクエストに対する応答を生成するステップと
を含む方法。 - 所定のアプリケーションは、Webアプリケーションであり、第一コンポーネントは、サーブレット、Javaサーバページ(JSP)、Javaビーンズ、及びタグライブラリを含むコンポーネント群から選択されたWeb層コンポーネントである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 第二コンポーネントは、セッションビーンズ、エンティティビーンズ、及びメッセージ駆動ビーンズを含むコンポーネント群から選択されたコンポーネントを含むエンタープライズ層コンポーネントである、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 第一コンポーネントは、オリジンサーバ、CDNステージングサーバ、及びCDNコンテンツ蓄積サーバの中から選択されたサーバから検索される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 第一コンポーネントをエッジサーバへ取り出しながら、第一コンポーネントをオリジンサーバで実行してリクエストに対する応答を容易にするステップを更に含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 分散コンピューティング環境で実行可能なJavaベースのアプリケーション群に対するリクエストを処理するための方法であって、オリジンサーバ群からの処理をオフロードするためにエッジサーバ群が分散コンピューティング環境へ配備され、各Javaベースアプリケーションは、少なくとも第一コンポーネントを有し、前記方法は、
少なくとも第一及び第二のJavaアプリケーションの第一コンポーネントを、所定のアプリケーションサーバコードを有する所定のエッジサーバへ配備するステップと、
所定のエッジサーバにおけるリクエストの受信に応答して、第一及び第二のJavaアプリケーションの第一コンポーネントを所定のアプリケーションサーバコードに実行させ、リクエストに対する応答を生成するステップと
を含む方法。 - 第一及び第二のJavaアプリケーションは、単一のアプリケーションの異種バージョンであり、前記方法は、更に、第一のJavaアプリケーションがリクエストを処理している間に、リクエストを処理するために第二のJavaアプリケーションをローディングし、実行を開始するステップを含む、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 所定のエッジサーバでのリクエストの受信に先立ち、Javaアプリケーションの第一コンポーネントが実行のために事前配備され、ロードされる、請求項6に記載の方法。
- プロセッサ、仮想マシン、及びプラットフォーム非依存のアプリケーションサーバコードを有する、コンテンツ配信ネットワークで使用する装置の改良であって、
各々がプラットフォーム非依存のアプリケーションサーバコードによって実行が可能な一以上のプラットフォーム非依存のコードコンポーネント群と、
各々が所定のプラットフォーム非依存のコードコンポーネントを実行可能な一以上のアプリケーションサーバコードインスタンス群を例示するためのエッジサーバプロセスと、
エッジサーバプロセスをアプリケーションサーバコードインスタンス及びその上で実行される所定のプラットフォーム非依存のコードコンポーネントへインタフェースするためのアプリケーションプログラミングインタフェース(API)と、
アプリケーション処理リクエストに応答し、所定のプラットフォーム非依存のコードコンポーネントを使用してリクエストを取り扱うためにAPIを初期化し、アプリケーションサーバコードインスタンスを起動するためのラッパープロセスと
を含む改良。 - アプリケーションサーバコードインスタンスを監視し、前記の監視に応答して、所定のリソースを過度に使おうとしているアプリケーションサーバインスタンスに関しての所定のアクションを呼び出すコードを更に含む、請求項9に記載の装置。
- 所定のアプリケーションサーバ−インスタンスで動作する所定のプラットフォーム非依存のコードコンポーネントが、他のプラットフォーム非依存のコードコンポーネントに関しての所定のアクションを行うことを防止するためのコードを含む、請求項9に記載の装置。
- 所定のプラットフォーム非依存のコードコンポーネントは、Web層コンポーネントであり、アプリケーションサーバコードインスタンスは、サーブレットコンテナである、請求項9に記載の装置。
- 所定のプラットフォーム非依存のコードコンポーネントは、エンタープライズ層コンポーネントであり、アプリケーションサーバコードインスタンスは、アプリケーションサーバである、請求項9に記載の装置。
- コンテンツ配信ネットワーク(CDN)で動作するアプリケーションを実行する方法であって、コンテンツ配信ネットワークは、分散化されたエッジサーバ群、及びクライアントのリクエストをエッジサーバへマップするためのリクエストルーティングメカニズムを含み、各アプリケーションは、少なくともプラットフォーム非依存のコードコンポーネントを含み、前記方法は、
アプリケーション群の各アプリケーションのためにプラットフォーム非依存のコードコンポーネントをコンテンツ配信ネットワーク内の所定のエッジサーバへ、必要に応じて配備するステップと、
各エッジサーバへマップされるリクエストに応答して、対応するエッジサーバで動作するアプリケーションサーバコードに、プラットフォーム非依存のコードコンポーネントを実行させて、リクエストに対する応答を生成するステップと
を含む方法。
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