JP2009268960A - 触媒前駆体、触媒材料および触媒製造方法 - Google Patents
触媒前駆体、触媒材料および触媒製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2009268960A JP2009268960A JP2008120817A JP2008120817A JP2009268960A JP 2009268960 A JP2009268960 A JP 2009268960A JP 2008120817 A JP2008120817 A JP 2008120817A JP 2008120817 A JP2008120817 A JP 2008120817A JP 2009268960 A JP2009268960 A JP 2009268960A
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- metal
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- catalyst precursor
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- 239000012018 catalyst precursor Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 76
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
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- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 38
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- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 20
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
- B01J23/42—Platinum
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/18—Carbon
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/72—Copper
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/74—Iron group metals
- B01J23/745—Iron
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/74—Iron group metals
- B01J23/755—Nickel
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J35/391—Physical properties of the active metal ingredient
- B01J35/393—Metal or metal oxide crystallite size
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/08—Heat treatment
- B01J37/082—Decomposition and pyrolysis
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Abstract
【解決手段】本発明の触媒前駆体は、酸性基の金属塩が導入された無定形炭素からなる。触媒前駆体は、酸性基が導入された無定形炭素と金属イオンを含む水溶液とを混合して、イオン交換することで合成される。
本発明の触媒前駆体を還元することで、本発明の触媒材料が得られる。触媒材料は、無定形炭素がもつグラフェンシートからなる微小担体と、金属イオンが還元されてなり該微小担体に担持される触媒金属と、からなる。
本発明の触媒材料は、固体酸が有する酸触媒としての機能とは異なる触媒機能をもつ。また、本発明の触媒材料は、微小担体(グラフェンシート)に担持されるとともにカーボン固体酸に固定された金属イオンが微小担体と結合をもつため、触媒金属の粒成長が抑制される。
【選択図】図5
Description
本発明の触媒前駆体は、酸性基の金属塩が導入された無定形炭素からなる。本発明の触媒前駆体は、後に詳説するが、酸性基が導入された無定形炭素を用い、イオン交換により酸性基を金属塩とする。そのため、以下に、酸性基が導入された無定形炭素(以下「カーボン固体酸」と略記)について説明する。
本発明の触媒材料は、酸性基の金属塩が導入された無定形炭素からなる触媒前駆体を還元してなる。上記の触媒前駆体を還元することで、カーボン固体酸に固定された金属イオンが金属微粒子となり、触媒活性を示す。すなわち、本発明の触媒材料は、無定形炭素がもつグラフェンシートからなる微小担体と、酸性基の金属塩、すなわち金属イオンが還元されてなり微小担体に担持される触媒金属と、からなる。
本発明の触媒製造方法は、カーボン固体酸と金属イオンを含む水溶液とを混合して、イオン交換により上記の触媒前駆体を合成するイオン交換工程を含む。一般に、カーボン固体酸のような陽イオン交換体と、塩類の水溶液と、を混合すると、カーボン固体酸の酸性基からオキソニウムイオンH3O+が生じ、それが水溶液中の金属イオンと交換する。そのため、好適な水溶液としては、金属カチオンを含む水溶液であればよい。すなわち、所望の金属の無機塩または錯体を水溶液として用いればよい。具体的には、各種金属の硝酸塩、亜硝酸塩、硫酸塩、亜硫酸塩、炭酸塩、リン酸塩、過塩素酸塩、ハロゲン化物、水酸化物、アルキルカルボン酸塩、アリールカルボン酸塩、アルキルスルホン酸塩、アリールスルホン酸塩、アンミン錯体、シアノ錯体、ハロゲノ錯体、ヒドロキシ錯体、アセチルアセトナート錯体、カルボニル錯体などが挙げられる。
微結晶セルロース15gを、窒素ガス流通下において450℃で5時間保持した。その後、自然冷却して3〜4g程度の炭化微結晶セルロースを得た。
[触媒前駆体#11]
上記の固体酸400mgと、固体酸中の水素イオンに対してPtイオンが2当量となるように調製した[Pt(NH3)4]Cl2水溶液200mlのうちの190mlと、を混合し、室温で12時間攪拌してイオン交換を行った。得られた溶液を「溶液11」とする。その後、溶液11を濾過して水洗・乾燥を経て、触媒前駆体#11を得た。
上記の固体酸399mgと、固体酸中の水素イオンに対してFeイオンが1当量となるように調製したFeCl3・9H2O水溶液200mlのうちの190mlと、を混合し、室温で12時間攪拌してイオン交換を行った。得られた溶液を「溶液12」とする。その後、溶液12を濾過して水洗・乾燥を経て、触媒前駆体#12を得た。
上記の固体酸386mgと、固体酸中の水素イオンに対してNiイオンが1当量となるように調製したNiSO4・6H2O水溶液200mlのうちの190mlと、を混合し、室温で12時間攪拌してイオン交換を行った。得られた溶液を「溶液13」とする。その後、溶液13を濾過して水洗・乾燥を経て、触媒前駆体#13を得た。
上記の固体酸396mgと、固体酸中の水素イオンに対してCuイオンが1当量となるように調製したCuSO4・5H2O水溶液200mlのうちの190mlと、を混合し、室温で12時間攪拌してイオン交換を行った。得られた溶液を「溶液14」とする。その後、溶液14を濾過して水洗・乾燥を経て、触媒前駆体#14を得た。
溶液01〜04(イオン交換前)および溶液11〜14(イオン交換後)の金属イオン濃度をICP分光分析により測定し、その結果から、触媒前駆体#11〜#14における各金属種の担持量X(mmol/g)を算出した。担持量Xの算出には、以下の式を用いた。
[触媒前駆体#15〜#17]
使用する固体酸の量および[Pt(NH3)4]Cl2水溶液濃度を変更した他は、触媒前駆体#11と同様にして触媒前駆体#15〜#17を得た。固体酸の使用量および使用した[Pt(NH3)4]Cl2水溶液に含まれる金属イオンの濃度を表2に示す。なお、表2において、イオン交換前後の金属イオン濃度[M0]および[M1]はICP分光分析による測定値、担持量Xは上記と同様にして算出した計算値である。
[触媒前駆体#21]
上記の固体酸395mg、および上記の[Pt(NH3)4]Cl2と上記のFeCl3・9H2Oの混合水溶液200mlのうちの190mlとを混合し、室温で12時間攪拌してイオン交換を行った。その後、濾過して水洗・乾燥を経て、触媒前駆体#21を得た。使用した水溶液に含まれる金属イオンの濃度を表3に示す。なお、表3において、イオン交換前後の金属イオン濃度[M0]および[M1]はICP分光分析による測定値、担持量Xは上記と同様にして算出した計算値である。
触媒前駆体#11に対して還元処理を行い、触媒材料を得た。還元処理は、水素雰囲気下において200℃で3時間とした。次に、触媒材料を、ヘリウムガス流通下において450℃で3時間熱処理した。なお、この熱処理条件は、酸化物の担体に貴金属微粒子を担持した一般的な触媒材料において貴金属粒子の粒成長が見られる条件である。熱処理前後の触媒材料を透過電子顕微鏡(TEM)で観察した。結果を図4および図5に示す。
Claims (22)
- 酸性基の金属塩が導入された無定形炭素からなることを特徴とする触媒前駆体。
- 前記金属塩を形成する酸性基の密度が0.5mmol/g以上である請求項1記載の触媒前駆体。
- 前記酸性基の金属塩は、スルホン酸基の金属塩、カルボキシル基の金属塩およびフェノール性水酸基の金属塩のうちの一種以上である請求項1記載の触媒前駆体。
- 前記酸性基の金属塩は、遷移金属元素からなる群から選ばれる一種以上を含む請求項1記載の触媒前駆体。
- 前記酸性基の金属塩は、さらに、典型金属元素からなる群から選ばれる一種以上を含む請求項4記載の触媒前駆体。
- 前記酸性基の金属塩は、白金(Pt)、鉄(Fe)、ニッケル(Ni)および銅(Cu)のうちの一種以上を含む請求項4記載の触媒前駆体。
- 13C核磁気共鳴スペクトルにおいて縮合芳香族炭素6員環および前記酸性基の金属塩が結合した縮合芳香族炭素6員環の化学シフトが少なくとも検出され、粉末X線回折において半値幅(2θ)が5°〜30°である炭素(002)面の回折ピークが少なくとも検出される請求項1記載の触媒前駆体。
- 酸性基の金属塩が導入された無定形炭素からなる触媒前駆体を還元してなることを特徴とする触媒材料。
- 前記無定形炭素がもつグラフェンシートからなる微小担体と、
前記酸性基の金属塩が還元されてなり該微小担体に担持される触媒金属と、
からなる請求項8記載の触媒材料。 - 前記触媒金属は、粒径が10nm以下の金属微粒子である請求項9記載の触媒材料。
- 全体を100質量%としたときに、前記触媒金属を1〜30質量%含む請求項9記載の触媒材料。
- 前記触媒金属は、遷移金属元素からなる群から選ばれる一種以上を含む請求項9記載の触媒材料。
- 前記触媒金属は、さらに、典型金属元素からなる群から選ばれる一種以上を含む請求項12記載の触媒材料。
- 前記触媒金属は、白金(Pt)、鉄(Fe)、ニッケル(Ni)および銅(Cu)のうちの一種以上を含む請求項12記載の触媒材料。
- 酸性基が導入された無定形炭素と金属イオンを含む水溶液とを混合して、イオン交換により酸性基の金属塩が導入された無定形炭素からなる触媒前駆体を合成するイオン交換工程を含むことを特徴とする触媒製造方法。
- さらに、前記イオン交換工程の後に、前記触媒前駆体および水溶液の混合物から該水溶液を除去して該触媒前駆体を得る除去工程を含む請求項15記載の触媒製造方法。
- さらに、前記イオン交換工程の後に、前記金属イオンを還元することで該金属イオンを金属微粒子とする還元処理工程を含む請求項15記載の触媒製造方法。
- 前記還元処理工程は、前記酸性基が分解する温度以上で加熱を行う工程である請求項17記載の触媒製造方法。
- 前記還元処理工程は、前記酸性基が分解する温度未満で加熱を行う工程である請求項17記載の触媒製造方法。
- 前記酸性基は、スルホン酸基、カルボキシル基およびフェノール性水酸基のうちの一種以上である請求項15記載の触媒製造方法。
- 前記無定形炭素は、13C核磁気共鳴スペクトルにおいて縮合芳香族炭素6員環および前記酸性基が結合した縮合芳香族炭素6員環の化学シフトが検出され、粉末X線回折において半値幅(2θ)が5°〜30°である炭素(002)面の回折ピークが少なくとも検出される請求項15記載の触媒製造方法。
- 前記無定形炭素の前記酸性基の密度は、0.5mmol/g以上である請求項15記載の触媒製造方法。
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JP2009268961A (ja) * | 2008-05-06 | 2009-11-19 | Toyota Industries Corp | 触媒前駆体、触媒材料および触媒製造方法 |
JP2013035743A (ja) * | 2011-07-12 | 2013-02-21 | Institute Of National Colleges Of Technology Japan | 炭素質複合体及びその製造方法 |
CN103657653A (zh) * | 2013-12-10 | 2014-03-26 | 华北电力大学 | 一种固体酸催化剂C/Fe3O4@MWCNTs及其催化纤维素水解的方法 |
WO2014125672A1 (ja) * | 2013-02-13 | 2014-08-21 | 独立行政法人国立高等専門学校機構 | 炭素質材料及びその製造方法 |
JP2015036389A (ja) * | 2013-08-12 | 2015-02-23 | 株式会社Kri | グラフェン量子ドット発光体の製造方法 |
WO2021107078A1 (ja) * | 2019-11-27 | 2021-06-03 | 日産化学株式会社 | 炭素系結合体及び炭素系結合体を用いた固体高分子形燃料電池 |
WO2023199935A1 (ja) * | 2022-04-13 | 2023-10-19 | 日本製紙株式会社 | 黒鉛結晶含有炭素材料の製造方法 |
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JP2009268961A (ja) * | 2008-05-06 | 2009-11-19 | Toyota Industries Corp | 触媒前駆体、触媒材料および触媒製造方法 |
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WO2021107078A1 (ja) * | 2019-11-27 | 2021-06-03 | 日産化学株式会社 | 炭素系結合体及び炭素系結合体を用いた固体高分子形燃料電池 |
WO2023199935A1 (ja) * | 2022-04-13 | 2023-10-19 | 日本製紙株式会社 | 黒鉛結晶含有炭素材料の製造方法 |
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