JP2009127092A - 金属ナノワイヤ、及び金属ナノワイヤを含む透明導電体 - Google Patents
金属ナノワイヤ、及び金属ナノワイヤを含む透明導電体 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2009127092A JP2009127092A JP2007304205A JP2007304205A JP2009127092A JP 2009127092 A JP2009127092 A JP 2009127092A JP 2007304205 A JP2007304205 A JP 2007304205A JP 2007304205 A JP2007304205 A JP 2007304205A JP 2009127092 A JP2009127092 A JP 2009127092A
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- Prior art keywords
- metal
- transparent conductor
- silver
- transparent
- metal nanowire
- Prior art date
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- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
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- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
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Abstract
【解決手段】銀と銀以外の少なくとも1種の金属を含有する金属ナノワイヤであって、銀以外の少なくとも1種の金属は銀の表面にめっきされていることを特徴とする金属ナノワイヤ。
【選択図】なし
Description
一般に金属ナノワイヤとは金属元素を主要な構成要素とし、原子スケールからnmサイズの直径を有する線状構造体のことを言う。
一般に、金属ナノワイヤの製造方法としては、金属イオンを還元して金属ナノ粒子を形成し、金属ナノ粒子間のオストワルド熟成によって金属ナノワイヤを形成する方法や、最初に核形成工程において金属イオンを還元して核となるナノ粒子を形成した後、粒子成長工程において該核粒子上に金属イオンを還元沈積させて、核粒子を成長させて金属ナノワイヤを形成する方法などがあるが、本発明においては、金属ナノワイヤの形態(直径や長さ)や金属組成の制御性向上の観点から、核形成工程と粒子成長工程を分離して金属ナノワイヤを形成する方法が好ましく用いられる。
本発明の金属ナノワイヤの製造方法において、金属ナノワイヤの製造あるいは金属ナノ粒子の製造に用いる還元性を有する化合物としては、対象となる金属を還元できる化合物であれば特に制限はなく、一般的な化学還元剤から少なくとも1種を選んで用いることができる。本発明で好ましく用いることができる還元性を有する化合物としては、例えば、一級または二級アルコール類、グリコール類、酸素原子に隣接する炭素原子に水素原子が結合しているエーテル類、アタノールアミン類、水素化ホウ素類、ヒドラジン類よりなる群から選ばれた少なくとも1種を挙げることができる。
本発明において、金属ナノワイヤの製造あるいは金属ナノ粒子の製造に用いる保護コロイド剤としては、対象となる金属のナノワイヤやナノ粒子などの微小構造体に対して保護コロイド作用を有する化合物であれば特に制限はなく、例えば、親水性高分子、金属配位性分子、両親媒性分子、アニオン性化合物などを挙げることができる。
本発明においては、金属ナノワイヤを形成するために形態制御剤を用いることが好ましい。形態制御剤とは、金属粒子の成長方向を一次元様に規定する機能を有する化合物である。多くの場合、形態制御剤は対象となる粒子の特定の結晶面に優先的あるいは選択的に吸着して、吸着面の成長を抑制することによって成長方位を制御する。
前記工程で形成した金属ナノワイヤは、めっき工程によりめっきされる。本発明の金属ナノワイヤにおいて、マイグレーション耐性や硫化耐性、酸化耐性及び導電性の改良は、該金属ナノワイヤ表面が銀以外の少なくとも1種の金属によりめっきされているという特徴によって得られる。
本発明の透明導電体は、支持体上に導電層を有する透明導電体であって、該導電層中に本発明の金属ナノワイヤを含有することを特徴とする。本発明の透明導電体においては、導電層に本発明の金属ナノワイヤ以外に透明なバインダー材料や添加剤を含んでいてもよい。
本発明の透明導電体を構成する透明支持体としては、高い光透過性を有していれば特に制限はなく、その材料、形状、構造、厚みなどについては公知のものの中から適宜選択することができる。例えば、基材としての硬度に優れ、またその表面への導電層の形成のし易さなどの点でガラス基板、樹脂基板、樹脂フィルムなどが好適に挙げられるが、軽量性と柔軟性の観点から樹脂フィルムを用いることが好ましい。
本発明の透明導電体を製造する方法としては、特に制限はないが、生産性と生産コスト、平滑性や均一性などの電極品質、環境負荷軽減の観点から、導電層の形成には塗布法や印刷法などの液相成膜法を用いることが好ましい。
〔金属ナノワイヤの作製〕
《金属ナノワイヤSW−1の作製》
非特許文献4(Adv.Mater.2002,14,833〜837)に記載の方法を参考に、還元剤としてエチレングリコール(EG)を、保護コロイド剤兼形態制御剤としてポリビニルピロリドン(PVP)を使用し、以下のような方法で銀ナノワイヤを作製した。
反応容器内で170℃に保持したEG液1000mlを攪拌しながら、硝酸銀のEG溶液(硝酸銀濃度:1.5×10-4モル/L)100mlを一定の流量で10秒間で添加した。その後、170℃で10分間熟成を施し、銀の核粒子を形成した。熟成終了後の反応液は、銀ナノ粒子の表面プラズモン吸収に由来した黄色を呈しており、銀イオンが還元されて、銀ナノ粒子が形成されたことが確認された。
上記の熟成を終了した核粒子を含む反応液を攪拌しながら170℃に保持し、硝酸銀のEG溶液(硝酸銀濃度:1.0×10-1モル/L)1000mlと、PVPのEG溶液(VP濃度換算:5.0×10-1モル/L)1000mlを、ダブルジェット法を用いて一定の流量で100分間で添加した。粒子成長工程において20分毎に反応液を採取して電子顕微鏡で確認したところ、核形成工程で形成された銀ナノ粒子が時間経過に伴って、主にナノワイヤの長軸方向に成長しており、粒子成長工程における新たな核粒子の生成は認められなかった。
粒子成長工程終了後、反応液を室温まで冷却した後、フィルターを用いて濾過し、濾別された銀ナノワイヤをエタノール中に再分散した。フィルターによる銀ナノワイヤの濾過とエタノール中への再分散を5回繰り返し、最終的に銀ナノワイヤのエタノール分散液を調製して、金属ナノワイヤSW−1を作製した。
銀ナノワイヤを最終的にエタノール中へ分散する前に、濾別された銀ナノワイヤに対しめっき厚が2nmとなるように公知の方法で無電解ニッケルめっきを施した以外はSW−1と同様にして、金属ナノワイヤSW−2を作製した。
《透明導電体TC−11の作製:比較》
作製した金属ナノワイヤSW−1の分散液を用いて、以下に示す方法に従って透明導電体TC−11を作製した。
上記透明導電体TC−11の作製において、金属ナノワイヤSW−2を用いた以外は透明導電体TC−11と同様にして、透明導電体TC−12を作製した。
上記透明導電体TC−11の作製において、透明導電体TC−11に塗布された金属ナノワイヤに対し、めっき厚が2nmとなるよう公知の方法で無電解ニッケルめっきを施した以外は透明導電体TC−11と同様にして、透明導電体TC−13を作製した。
上記透明導電体TC−11の作製において、透明導電体TC−11に塗布された金属ナノワイヤに対し、めっき厚が3nmとなるよう公知の方法で電解銅めっきを施した以外は透明導電体TC−11と同様にして、透明導電体TC−14を作製した。
上記透明導電体TC−11の作製において、透明導電体TC−11に塗布された金属ナノワイヤに対し、めっき厚が3nmとなるよう公知の方法で電解白金めっきを施した以外は透明導電体TC−11と同様にして、透明導電体TC−15を作製した。
上記透明導電体TC−12の作製において、透明導電体TC−12に塗布された金属ナノワイヤに対し、めっき厚が2nmとなるよう公知の方法で電解金めっきを施した以外は透明導電体TC−12と同様にして、透明導電体TC−16を作製した。
(マイグレーション耐性)
作製した透明導電体TC−11〜TC−16を用いて、以下のようにして強制劣化試験によるマイグレーション耐性の評価を行った。
○:金属ナノワイヤの変化がほぼ認められない
△:マイグレーションによる金属ナノワイヤの溶解や析出がやや認められるが、実用上は許容される範囲にある
×:マイグレーションによる金属ナノワイヤの溶解や樹枝状の析出が認められる
××:マイグレーションによる金属ナノワイヤの溶解や樹枝状の析出が明らかに認められ、金属ナノワイヤと銀電極間が短絡している
また、それぞれのランクの中間に位置する評価は、例えば、△〜○、×〜△と表示した。
実施例1で作製した透明導電体TC−11〜TC−16を用いて、希薄な硫化水素ガス雰囲気下における表面抵抗率の変化から硫化耐性を評価したところ、本発明の透明導電体TC−12〜TC−16において良好な結果が得られた。
Claims (4)
- 銀と銀以外の少なくとも1種の金属を含有する金属ナノワイヤであって、銀以外の少なくとも1種の金属は銀の表面にめっきされていることを特徴とする金属ナノワイヤ。
- 前記銀以外の少なくとも1種の金属が貴金属、鉄、コバルト、ニッケル、銅及び錫から選ばれる少なくとも1種の金属であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の金属ナノワイヤ。
- 支持体上に導電層を有する透明導電体であって、該導電層中に請求項1または2に記載の金属ナノワイヤを含有することを特徴とする透明導電体。
- 前記金属ナノワイヤのめっきが支持体上に導電層を形成した後に行われることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の透明導電体。
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