JP2007505042A - 癌治療のための植物性薬品抽出物の組成物 - Google Patents
癌治療のための植物性薬品抽出物の組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2007505042A JP2007505042A JP2006525536A JP2006525536A JP2007505042A JP 2007505042 A JP2007505042 A JP 2007505042A JP 2006525536 A JP2006525536 A JP 2006525536A JP 2006525536 A JP2006525536 A JP 2006525536A JP 2007505042 A JP2007505042 A JP 2007505042A
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Abstract
Description
James DAO、Tom C.S.DAO、David D.TONG、Leslie WILSON、Mary Ann JORDAN、およびWilliam GERWICK。
本出願は、米国仮出願第60/501,456号(2003年9月8日出願)の優先権の利益を主張し、この仮出願の全体の内容が、本明細書において参考として援用される。
本発明は、概して、疾患状態を回復するための植物性薬品抽出物を使用する分野に関連する。より具体的には、本発明は、癌を含む疾患状態の予防および治療における使用のための植物性薬品抽出物の方法および組成物を提供する。
いずれの個体も、癌を発生する危険性がある。癌の発生率は、生涯にわたって加齢と共に増加する(「生涯にわたる危険」)。例えば、米国において、男性は、生涯で2人に1人の癌を発生する危険性を有し、そして女性は、3人に1人の危険性を有する。他の危険因子は、遺伝、食事、および環境への露出(例えば、突然変異誘発性化学物質、放射線、形質転換ウイルスなどに対する)を含むと考えられる。世界保健機関によって、約1,000万件の新規の癌症例が、現在毎年世界中で発生していると推定されている。この数値は、2015年までに1,500万件に達し、これらの新規の症例の3分の2は発展途上国で発生すると予想されている(非特許文献1)。例えば、1年あたり世界中で約600,000件の新規の肺癌の症例が存在し、1年あたり乳癌の新規の症例は100万件に近付き、そして頭頸部癌(世界中で6番目に頻繁に発生している癌)に関しては、年間500,000件の新規の症例の発生率が、推定されている。合衆国国立癌研究所は、癌に対する総合的な年間経費は1,070億ドルかかると推定する。処置費は、約400億ドルを占めている。
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本発明は、植物性薬品抽出物を含む、新規の組成物、抽出物および化合物、ならびにこれらの製造および調製のための方法を提供する。疾患状態(癌を含む)の予防および治療におけるこのような化合物の使用もまた、この組成物の調製および処方のための方法ならびに本発明の組成物を使用する処置のための方法として提供される。
本発明は、個体の癌を予防しそして処置するための抗癌因子としての使用のための新規の方法および組成物を提供する。本発明は、植物性薬品抽出物に基づく組成物が、効果的に腫瘍の増殖を阻害し、そして個体に投与された場合、実質的に無毒であり得るという新規の発見に関連する。この組成物は、Ganoderma lucidum、Scutellaria barbata、Salvia miltiorrhiza、および必要に応じてHippophae rhamnoides(スナジグミ(sea buckthorn))の抽出物を含有する。
「腫瘍」とは、本明細書において、本明細書および特許請求の範囲の目的のために、管上皮細胞起源の固体非リンパ一次腫瘍(乳房、前立腺、結腸、肺、膵臓、肝臓、胃、膀胱、または生殖路(頚部、卵巣、子宮内膜など)、脳、および骨髄;黒色腫;またはリンパ腫において発生する腫瘍が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない)を意味するように使用される。
(i)Ganoderma lucidum(霊芝):Ganoderma lucidumは、早くも西暦456〜536年にShen Nong Ben Cao Jing第1巻の中で報告されている、高齢者の記憶を増加させそして健忘症を予防する効果に関して賞賛された。経口的または局所的に投与されたGanoderma lucidumを使用したマウスに対する研究は、Ganoderma lucidumが、抗炎症活性を有することを示唆する(B.−K.Kim、& Y.S.Kim(編)、Recent Advances in Ganoderma lucidum research(3〜7頁).Seoul Korea:The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea中の、Stavinoha,W.、Satsangi,N.、& Weintraub,S.(1995).Study of the antiinflammatory efficacy of Ganoderma lucidum)。
組成物は、規定した特性の特定の活性に基づいて標準化され、この特性は、標準化IC50による組み合わせに基づいて非常に効果的な品質管理を可能にする。本出願の他の部分で考察されたように、特定の抽出手順は、さらに、この組成物の標準化を促進する。
本発明の細胞増殖抑制組成物はまた、AneustatTMといわれる。
本発明の細胞傷害性組成物はまた、AneutoxTMといわれる。
本発明の組成物のいくつかの明確な特性は、その組成物を癌治療において固有に適したものにする。
さらなる推敲なしに、当業者は、前述の説明を使用して、本発明をその完全な範囲まで利用し得ると考えられている。以下の実施例は、例証のみであって、たとえどのような方法であっても本開示の残りの部分を制限するものではない。
本発明の組成物を、乾燥植物性薬品として投与し得る。植物性薬品調製物は、植物化学物質を含有し、その内のいくつかは、水溶培地中に可溶性であり、他の植物化学物質は比較的、有機(アルコール、脂質)培地の中でより可溶性である。異なる抽出方法を使用し、そして植物性薬品から有効成分を抽出する能力に関して試験した。抽出方法としては、熱水抽出、有機(脂質画分)抽出;有機(水性画分)抽出;およびエタノール抽出が挙げられる。
組織培養中のA549ヒト肺癌細胞の癌細胞増殖の阻害のために必要とされる、Ganoderma lucidum、Scutellaria barbata、PqおよびSalvia miltiorrhizaの広い範囲の濃度(mg/ml単位)の個々の植物性薬品抽出物を、72時間の間、試験した。抽出物の存在下および非存在下における細胞数の増加を、スルホローダミンBアッセイによって測定した。細胞の増殖の阻害についてのIC50値を、Skehanら、“New Colorimetric Cytotoxicity Assay for Anticancer−drug Screening,”J.Natl.Cancer Inst.,82:1107−1112(1990)によって記載されるように、スルホローダミンBアッセイを用いて全細胞タンパク質の量を測定することによって得た。MCF−7細胞を、37℃、5%CO2で、17%ウシ胎仔血清、12μg/mL硫酸ゲンタマイシンおよび2mMグルタミンを含有するRPMI 1640培地中で増殖させた。コンフルーエントな細胞を、トリプシン処理し、40倍に希釈し、そして96−ウェルマイクロタイタープレートの中へ播種した。治療薬を伴わない増殖の24時間後、種々の濃度(ジメチルスルホキシドの最終濃度、0.1%)の治療薬を有する培地を異なるウェルに添加した。IC50値を、さらなる48時間後に、決定した。
シクロオキシゲナーゼ(Cox)は、ヒトの体に天然に存在する酵素である。Cox−2は、疼痛を誘導するために必要な酵素である。非ステロイド抗炎症薬(NSAID)は、その鎮痛性活性および抗炎症活性に起因して、疼痛ならびに関節炎の徴候および症状を処置する際に広く使用される。一般のNSAIDは、シクロオキシゲナーゼ(COX)(プロスタグランジンG/Hシンターゼ(PGHS)としても公知である、アラキドン酸をプロスタノイドに変換する酵素)の活性を遮断することによって作用すると認められている。最近、2つの形態のCOX(構成的アイソフォーム(constitutive isoform)(COX−1)および誘導性アイソフォーム(inducible isoform)(COX−2))が、同定され、これらの発現は、炎症の部位においてアップレギュレートされている(Vane,J.R.;Mitchell,J.A.;Appleton,I.;Tomlinson,A.;Bishop−Bailey,D.;Croxtoll,J.;Willoughby,D.A.Proc.Natnl.Acad.Sci.USA,1994,91,2046)。COX−1は、生理的役割を果たし、そして胃腸および腎の防御を担っていると考えられている。他方で、COX−2は、病理上の役割を果たし、そして炎症状態において存在する優勢なアイソフォームであるように見える。このCox2酵素は、炎症に特異的であり、そしてCox2インヒビター(例えば、Celebrex(登録商標)、Vioxx(登録商標))は、最近FDAによって承認された。
Scutellaria barbataの漿果、Scutellaria barbataの葉、Pq、Ganoderma lucidum、Salvia miltiorrhizaおよびScutellaria barbataのうちの2種以上を含有する植物性薬品抽出物のブレンドを、抗酸化特性に関して試験する。ブレンドAは、6つ全ての成分を含有し、そしてブレンドB〜Gは、一度に1つの成分を、特異的に除いた。Scutellaria barbataの葉が、全体のブレンドのほぼ50%の抗酸化活性を担っていると見い出された。
腫瘍負荷は、循環腫瘍壊死因子−α(TNF−α)(骨格筋のタンパク質分解を誘発し得るサイトカイン)の有意な増加をもたらす(Lloverら、Mol Cell Endocrinol.1998年7月25日;142(1−2):183−189)。TNF−αは、刺激を受けたリンパ球から放出された細胞傷害性サイトカインである。TNF−αは、異常な有糸分裂を受ける腫瘍細胞を標的にする。標的細胞に到達する際に、TNF−αは、レセプターに結合し、そしてこの細胞にアポトーシスを受けさせる。TNF−αは、多数のリンパ球(マクロファージ、好中球、活性化Tリンパ球および活性化Bリンパ球、ナチュナルキラー細胞などが挙げられる)から放出される。TNF−αはまた、免疫応答の主要な調節因子である。
リンパ球の増殖は、それが、病原体に遭遇しやすくなる免疫系の多数の細胞の有効性を表すように、免疫系の増大と関連している。Ganoderma lucidum(番号8)、Scutellaria barbata(番号15)、およびSalvia miltiorrhiza(番号14)の異なる濃度の抽出物を、免疫系の細胞の増殖を増大する能力に関して試験した。リンパ球の増殖を、リンパ球のDNAに取り込まれたトリチウム化したチミジンの量として測定し、そして図9に示す。
エイムス試験の使用は、ほとんどの発癌物質が、動物細胞における腫瘍をもたらすことに加えて、突然変異原であるという仮定に基づく。この試験において使用された細菌は、Salmonella typhimuriumの株であり、この株は、hisオペロンに突然変異を備えており、その培養培地中の成分からアミノ酸ヒスチジン(His)を合成することを不可能にする。ヒスチジン栄養素要求株は、hisオペロンに突然変異を有し、これらは、ヒスチジンを添加されることなしの増殖することができない。His+表現型を回復する復帰変異体は、ヒスチジンなしに最小限の培地プレートで増殖する。このことは、突然変異原としてhis変異体の復帰変異体に関する単純で、感受性の選択を提供する(Ames,B.,F.Lee,およびW.Durston.1973.An improved bacterial test system for the detection and classification of mutagens and carcinogens.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 70:782−786)。
10×IC50で示されているAneustat(Ganoderma lucidum、Salvia miltiorrhiza、Scutellaria barbata)の溶液を、経口的にSCID/nodのマウスに投与した。抽出物の溶液(43.65mg/ml.)を、1日に一回、14日までの間、SCID/nodマウス(25g;n=5)に経口的に投与した(1ml/日/動物)。このマウスを、28日の期間を超えて、治療薬の投与後のストレスの徴候(体重の実質的な減少、下痢、重度のあえぎ、髪のかき乱しなどが挙げられる)に関してモニタリングした。2日目から14日目に、13%未満の体重の減少を観察し(図11)、そしてこの動物を健康であると考えた。期間の最後に、マウスをCO2吸引で殺害した。齢を合わせたコントロールマウス(n=4)を、14日間、1ml/日の食塩水で処理した。このデータは、1日の43.65mg/ml/25gのマウスの抽出物の投与量は、有毒ではないことを示す。この投与量を、異種移植片モデル系の腫瘍の増殖に対する抽出物の効果についての予備研究において使用した。
肺癌治療の臨床前試験を、異種移植片モデルを使用して大規模に実行し、この異種移植片モデルにおいて、ヒト肺癌細胞株を、免疫不全マウスの皮下に注入した。しかし、癌細胞異種移植片は、インビボでの肺腫瘍の性質を正確には模倣し得ない。実際、癌細胞株異種移植片モデルは、抗癌因子の臨床上の効能を正確に予測するには乏しい記録を有する。新規の異種移植片モデルを、種々の前癌および癌ヒト組織(肺癌組織を含む)のために確立した。最も重要なことに、このモデルの異種移植片は、親組織の組織学的な特徴を保持する。選択された型の癌に関して、異種移植片は、患者において観察される癌と類似する様式で、治療に応答する。例えば、SCIDマウス中で増殖した前立腺癌組織は、定期的に診療所で見出されるように、アンドロゲン剥離治療に対して劇的な応答を示した。
ヒトA549細胞を、コラーゲンゲル(106細胞/ゲル)と混合し、そして3匹のSCID/nodマウスの腎カプセルの下に移植した。インビボで2ヵ月後、A549細胞は、固形腫瘍を形成し、次いで、この腫瘍を採取し、そして複数の同一の断片へと解剖した。4つの腫瘍の断片(各断片は、約2.5mm3)を、0日目に1匹のマウスに移植した。合計で、60の断片を、15匹のマウスに移植した。移植して25日後、平均腫瘍体積は、20.8mm3であった。Aneustatを、21日間、6匹のマウスに経口的に投与した(14.4mg/動物/日)。齢を合わせたコントロールマウスを、同じ期間、生理食塩水で処置した。このマウスの生存結果を、12週間の期間を超えてモニタリングし、そして図12に示した。3週間のAneustatを用いた処置は、A549腫瘍保有マウスの生存に3ヶ月の期間を超える有意な増加を与えた。
治療薬耐性小細胞肺癌腫(SCLC)に対するAneustatの効能を、治療薬耐性SCLCを有する68歳の患者由来の異種移植片を使用して、試験した。80の腫瘍組織断片(2mm3)を、0日目に24匹のマウスの腎カプセルの下にランダムに移植した。この処置の開始時点において(6日目)、平均腫瘍体積は、約5mm3であって、コントロール群において21日目に600mm3まで増加した。
Ki67染色における、わずかではあるが、統計学的に有意な増加を示した。Ki67は、S期に発見される細胞を標識し、このことは、S期の停止を示す(図15)。
他の癌型に対するAneustatの効能を決定し、そしてその性能を標準的な化学療法養成法と比較するために、前立腺細胞株(DU145)由来の腫瘍異種移植片を、2mm3の断片に切断し、そしてSCOD/nodマウスに移植した。処置を、13日目に開始した(平均体積=15.6mm3)。このマウスを、生理食塩水、3.3 IC50のAneustat、およびエストラムスチンナトリウムリン酸(EMCYT(登録商標))およびドセタキセル(E+D)を用いる処置のために3つの等量の群に分けた。図16に示されるように、Aneustatは、E+D養生法と比較して、有意な阻害効果を示した。
肺扁平上皮癌の特徴を示すAB117腫瘍を、後期の疾患を有する53歳の男性から得た。異種移植片を、生理食塩水(コントロール)、Aneustat、シスプラチン+ドセタキセルおよびシスプラチン+ビノレルビンを用いて処置した。Aneustatのみを、経口的に投与し、他の治療薬を、腹腔内に投与した。
組織培養において子宮頸癌細胞の増殖の阻害に必要とされる個々の植物性薬品抽出物の濃度を試験し、そしてACAPHAの濃度と比較する。有機(脂質)抽出物および水性(熱水)抽出物を、効能に関して比較する。Ganoderma lucidum、Scutellaria barbata、PqおよびSalvia miltiorrhizaは、ACAPHAよりも低い濃度で有効である。有機抽出物の脂質画分は、熱水抽出物よりも約10倍強力である。
Salvia miltiorrhiza(番号14)、Ganoderma lucidum(番号9)、およびScutellaria barbata(番号15)の抽出物は、ヒト癌細胞株の増殖を阻害することに関して有効であった(表2Aおよび表2B)が、Salvia miltiorrhiza(番号14)、Ganoderma lucidum(番号9)、およびScutellaria barbata(番号15)の個々の植物性薬品抽出物の組み合わせは、表3Aおよび表3Bに示されるように、肺癌(A549)、乳癌(MCF7)、前立腺癌(DU145)および結腸癌(DLD−1)由来のヒト癌細胞株の阻害における相乗的効果を示した。
Claims (53)
- 抗癌治療の方法であって、該方法は:
癌を発生する危険性のある個体に、Ganoderma lucidumの抽出物、Salvia miltiorrhizaの抽出物、およびScutellaria barbataの抽出物のうちの2つ以上を含有する組成物を予防治療有効量投与する工程を包含し、ここで、各抽出物は、約10重量%〜約50重量%含有する、方法。 - 前記抽出物が、熱水抽出物である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記抽出物が、有機抽出物である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記抽出物が、酢酸エチル抽出物である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記抽出物が、抗炎症、免疫増強、TNF−αを放出するためのリンパ球の誘発、および細胞増殖の促進からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つの特性を示す、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記抗炎症活性が、COX−1よりもCOX−2を選択的に阻害する、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記癌が、肺癌である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記癌が、子宮頸癌である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- さらに、Camellia sinensis(緑茶)の抽出物を含有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 抗癌治療の方法であって、該方法は、癌の初期段階の個体に:
(a)Ganoderma lucidumの抽出物、Salvia miltiorrhizaの抽出物、およびScutellaria barbataの抽出物のうちの2つ以上を含有する治療有効量の組成物であって、ここで、各抽出物は、約10重量%〜約50重量%含有する、組成物;および
(b)治療有効量の少なくとも1つの化学療法因子
を投与する工程を包含する、方法。 - 前記抽出物が、熱水抽出物である、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記抽出物が、有機抽出物である、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記抽出物が、酢酸エチル抽出物である、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記抽出物が、抗炎症、免疫増強、TNF−αを放出するためのリンパ球の誘発、および細胞増殖の促進からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の特性を示す、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記抗炎症活性が、COX−1よりもCOX−2を選択的に阻害する、請求項14に記載の方法。
- さらに前記個体に放射線治療、化学療法、手術、免疫療法、光ダイナミック療法、およびこれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択される1種以上の治療有効量の抗癌処置を処置する工程を包含する、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記癌が、肺癌、小細胞肺癌、および非小細胞肺癌からなる群より選択される、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記癌が、子宮頸癌である、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記癌が、前立腺癌である、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記化学療法因子が、ゲムシタビンおよびメトトレキサートからなる群より選択される、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記化学療法因子が、微小管重合を乱す、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記化学療法因子が、パクリタキセル、ドセタキセル、エトポシド、ビンクリスチン、ビンブラスチン、およびビノレルビンからなる群より選択される、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記化学療法因子は、シクロホスファミド、4−ヒドロペルオキシシクロホスファミド、チオテパ、タキソール、ドキソルビシン、ダウノルビシンおよびネオカルジノスタチンからなる群より選択される、請求項10に記載の方法。
- さらに、Camellia sinensis(緑茶)の抽出物を含む、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 抗癌治療の方法であって、該方法は、癌の初期段階の個体に:
(a)Ganoderma lucidumの抽出物、Salvia miltiorrhizaの抽出物、およびScutellaria barbataの抽出物のうちの2つ以上を含有する治療有効量の組成物であって、各抽出物は、該組成物の約10重量%〜約50重量%を含有する、組成物;
(b)治療有効量の少なくとも1つの化学療法因子;および
(c)治療有効量のHippophae rhamnoidesの抽出物
を投与する工程を包含する、方法。 - 前記抽出物が、熱水抽出物である、請求項25に記載の方法。
- 前記抽出物が、酢酸エチル抽出物である、請求項25に記載の方法。
- 前記抽出物が、有機抽出物である、請求項25に記載の方法。
- 前記抽出物が、抗炎症、免疫増強、TNF−αを放出するためのリンパ球の誘発、および細胞増殖の促進からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つの特性を示す、請求項25に記載の方法。
- 前記抗炎症活性が、COX−1よりもCOX−2を選択的に阻害する、請求項29に記載の方法。
- 前記Hippophae rhamnoidesの抽出物が、熱水抽出物である、請求項25に記載の方法。
- さらに前記個体に放射線治療、化学療法、手術、免疫療法、光ダイナミック療法、およびこれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択される1種以上の治療有効量の抗癌処置を処置する工程を包含する、請求項25に記載の方法。
- 前記癌が、肺癌である、請求項25に記載の方法。
- 前記癌が、子宮頸癌である、請求項25に記載の方法。
- 前記癌が、前立腺癌である、請求項25に記載の方法。
- 前記化学療法因子が、ゲムシタビンおよびメトトレキサートからなる群より選択される、請求項25に記載の方法。
- 前記化学療法因子が、微小管重合を乱す、請求項25に記載の方法。
- 前記化学療法因子が、パクリタキセル、ドセタキセル、エトポシド、ビンクリスチン、ビンブラスチン、およびビノレルビンからなる群より選択される、請求項37に記載の方法。
- 前記化学療法因子が、シクロホスファミド、4−ヒドロペルオキシシクロホスファミド、チオテパ、タキソール、ドキソルビシン、ダウノルビシンおよびネオカルジノスタインからなる群より選択される、請求項25に記載の方法。
- さらに、Camellia sinensis(緑茶)の抽出物を含む、請求項25に記載の方法。
- 抗癌組成物であって、該組成物は、Ganoderma lucidumの抽出物、Salvia miltiorrhizaの抽出物、およびScutellaria barbataの抽出物のうちの2つ以上を含有し、各抽出物は、治療有効量を含有する、組成物。
- 前記抽出物が、抗炎症、免疫増強、TNF−αを放出するためのリンパ球の誘発、および細胞増殖の促進からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つの特性を示す、請求項41に記載の方法。
- 前記抗炎症活性が、COX−1よりもCOX−2を選択的に阻害する、請求項42に記載の方法。
- さらに、治療有効量の少なくとも1つの化学療法因子を含有する、請求項41に記載の組成物。
- さらに、治療有効量の少なくとも1つの化学療法因子および治療有効量のHippophae rhamnoidesの抽出物を含有する、請求項41に記載の組成物。
- 前記化学療法因子が、微小管重合を乱す、請求項41に記載の組成物。
- 前記化学療法因子が、パクリタキセル、ドセタキセル、エトポシド、ビンクリスチン、ビンブラスチン、およびビノレルビンからなる群より選択される、請求項41に記載の組成物。
- 前記化学療法因子が、ゲムシタビンおよびメトトレキサートからなる群より選択される、請求項41に記載の組成物。
- 前記化学療法因子が、シクロホスファミド、4−ヒドロペルオキシシクロホスファミド、チオテパ、タキソール、ドキソルビシン、ダウノルビシンおよびネオカルジノスタチンからなる群より選択される、請求項41に記載の組成物。
- 各抽出物が、およそ等量で使用される、請求項41に記載の組成物。
- 各抽出物が、熱水抽出物である、請求項50に記載の組成物。
- 各抽出物が、有機抽出物である、請求項50に記載の組成物。
- 各抽出物は、酢酸エチル抽出物である、請求項52に記載の組成物。
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- 2004-09-08 US US10/937,707 patent/US8173177B2/en active Active
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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ATE532525T1 (de) | 2011-11-15 |
RU2006111441A (ru) | 2006-08-27 |
AU2004287358A1 (en) | 2005-05-19 |
US8173177B2 (en) | 2012-05-08 |
US20050208070A1 (en) | 2005-09-22 |
DK1663103T3 (da) | 2012-01-30 |
WO2005044182A3 (en) | 2005-08-25 |
EP1663103B1 (en) | 2011-11-09 |
WO2005044182A2 (en) | 2005-05-19 |
PL1663103T3 (pl) | 2012-05-31 |
JP5300195B2 (ja) | 2013-09-25 |
JP2013064021A (ja) | 2013-04-11 |
US20130101616A1 (en) | 2013-04-25 |
ES2373663T3 (es) | 2012-02-07 |
CN1874781B (zh) | 2010-11-10 |
CA2538218A1 (en) | 2005-05-19 |
EP1663103A4 (en) | 2009-09-09 |
CA2538218C (en) | 2014-11-25 |
CN1874781A (zh) | 2006-12-06 |
EP1663103A2 (en) | 2006-06-07 |
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