JP2007502771A - 温度揺動式改質および固体酸化物燃料電池を使用した電気製造方法 - Google Patents
温度揺動式改質および固体酸化物燃料電池を使用した電気製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2007502771A JP2007502771A JP2006533342A JP2006533342A JP2007502771A JP 2007502771 A JP2007502771 A JP 2007502771A JP 2006533342 A JP2006533342 A JP 2006533342A JP 2006533342 A JP2006533342 A JP 2006533342A JP 2007502771 A JP2007502771 A JP 2007502771A
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Abstract
【選択図】図1
Description
CH4+H2O→CO+3H2 (1)
である。通常、過剰量の水蒸気を使用して、この平衡を右に動かす。水素製造に適用するとき、過剰水蒸気はまた、水性ガスシフト反応を増大させる働きをする:
CO+H2O→CO2+H2 (2)
(a)炭化水素および水蒸気を含んでなる原料流れを、第1のゾーンの第1の端部(改質温度に加熱される、床充填材料および水蒸気改質触媒を含む)を経由して、約500hr−1より大きな空間速度で導入して、H2、COおよびCO2を含む合成ガス流れを生成する工程;
(b)前記工程(a)の生成物の少なくとも一部を、床充填材料を含む第2のゾーンに、第2のゾーンの第1の端部を経由して送り、熱を合成ガス流れから充填材料に移動させる工程;
(c)第2のゾーンの第2の端部を経由して、前記第2のゾーンから実質的に全ての生成物を取り出す工程;
(d)酸素含有ガスを、前記第2のゾーンの第2の端部に導入する工程;および
(e)前記酸素含有ガスを燃料と接触させて、前記ゾーン内の前記ガスおよび燃料を燃焼させ、それによって前記第1のゾーンを改質温度まで再加熱し、前記第1のゾーンの第1の端部を経由して出る燃焼ガスを作り出す工程。
カソード 1/2O2+2e−→O=
アノード H2+O=→H2O+2e−
全体 1/2O2+H2→H2O
(a)各改質工程中の改質器の時間変化する性能に対する応答として;
(b)全体としての(時間平均化された)性能またはシステムを基準として;
(c)一定の改質工程所要時間に固定されたものとして;または
それらの組合せから選択することができる。実施形態(a)では、改質性能と相関付けられる運転の少なくとも1つの特徴が監視される。この特徴は、CH4、H2、COなどの組成、或いは改質床の端部(5)の温度などの温度とすることができる。本発明の一実施形態では、改質器の端部(5)の温度が予め選択された約700℃〜約1200℃の温度に低下したとき、改質工程が終了する。実施形態(b)では、改質工程の所要時間は、全体としての(時間平均化された)性能またはシステムを反映する測定された特徴に基づいて調節される。これは、CH4、H2、COなどの生成物平均組成とすることができる。本発明の代替の実施形態では、改質工程の所要時間は、当技術分野で知られている、所定の目標CH4量を得るために工程所要時間を短縮または延長する制御方策を使用して、生成物中のCH4の時間平均化された濃度に基づいて調節される。この実施形態の好ましい代替法では、目標CH4量は、炭化水素質原料炭素の約1%〜約15%を表す量に設定される。ケース(c)では、改質工程の所要時間は、運転の空間速度に対して許容可能であると予め定められている値に固定された長さである。本発明の一実施形態では、改質工程の所要時間は、約0.1秒〜約60秒未満、好ましくは約1.0〜30秒の所要時間に固定される。
(a)改質ゾーンの端部(5)が、再生工程の終わりに少なくとも800℃、好ましくは少なくとも1000℃の温度であるように、改質ゾーンを加熱すること;および
(b)回復ゾーンが、その後の改質工程において合成ガス顕熱を受け取るその機能を行える十分な程度に、回復ゾーンを冷却すること
を達成するPSR床の領域を意味する。本明細書に記載した具体的な再生の実施形態に応じて、境界領域近傍の領域は、回復ゾーン(7)の体積の0%〜約50%を含むことができ、改質ゾーン(1)の体積の0%〜約50%を含むことができる。本発明の好適な実施形態では、再生工程燃焼の90%超が、境界領域近傍の領域において起こり、その領域の体積には、回復ゾーン(7)の体積の約20%未満、および改質ゾーン(1)の体積の約20%未満が含まれる。
(a)各再生工程中のPSRの時間変化する性能に対する応答として;
(b)全体としての(時間平均化された)性能またはシステムを基準として;または
(c)一定の再生工程所要時間として固定されたものとして
選択することができる。実施形態(a)では、再生性能に関係付けられる運転のいくつかの特徴が監視される。この特徴は、O2、CH4、H2、COなどの組成とすることができ、或いは、改質床の端部(3)の温度などの温度とすることができる。本発明の一実施形態では、改質床の端部(3)の温度が約200℃〜約800℃の予め選択された温度に上昇したとき、再生工程が終了する。実施形態(b)では、再生工程の所要時間は、システムの全体としての(時間平均化された)性能を反映する測定された特徴に基づいて調節される。この特徴は、CH4、H2、COなどの生成物平均組成、或いは、いくつかの他のシステム測定値とすることができる。本発明の一実施形態では、再生工程の所要時間は、当技術分野で知られている、目標CH4量を得るために所要時間を短縮または延長する制御方策を使用して、生成物中のCH4の時間平均化された濃度に基づいて調節される。好適な実施形態では、目標CH4量は、炭化水素質の原料炭素の約1%〜約15%を表す量に設定される。実施形態(c)では、再生工程の所要時間は、運転の空間速度に対して許容可能であると予め定められている値に固定された長さである。本発明の一実施形態では、再生工程の所要時間は、約0.1秒〜約60秒、好ましくは1.0〜30秒の所要時間に固定される。これらのケースの全てにおいて、特に実施形態(c)では、その工程中に床に加えられる熱量を増減するため、実施形態(b)の所要時間の調節に関して上述したものに類似の方法で、再生の流速も調節することが好ましい。本発明の更なる実施形態では、再生工程の所要時間は、約1秒〜約60秒の所要時間に固定され、再生流速は、改質生成物中のCH4の時間平均濃度が、炭化水素質の原料炭素の約1%〜約15%を表す量に設定される目標CH4量に近づくように、経時的に調節される。
体積伝熱係数:
特性伝熱ΔTHT=H/hV。
本発明の態様をより十分に例示するため、以下の実施例が記載される。図3に例示した一体化されたTSR/SOFCシステムに対する原料として、ある量のメタンを使用した。示した結果は、約8000C1−GHSVのメタン原料およびTSRサイクルタイム3秒の場合である。改質側に入る水蒸気/炭素比は約1.5である。燃料電池スタックにおける水素利用率は約0.8であり、CO利用率は約0.39である。典型的な運転では、水素利用率並びにH2およびCOの比反応速度/利用率は、燃料電池タイプの膜化学、温度および他の電池パラメータによって変化する。流れ(303)の分流は、(305)に約53%、(104)に約47%である。鍵となる運転およびプロセスパラメータは、以下の表1で確認される。
Claims (23)
- (a)循環式改質および再生プロセスにおいて、水蒸気と共に炭化水素を含む原料を改質する工程であって、
i.前記原料および水蒸気を、床充填材料および改質触媒を含む、反応器の第1のゾーンを経由して、改質条件下で少なくとも500の空間速度で導入する工程;
ii.前記工程iの生成物の少なくとも一部を、床充填材料を含む、反応器の第2のゾーンを経由して送り、熱を生成物から充填材料へ移動させる工程;
iii.前記第2のゾーンから実質的に全ての生成物を取り出す工程であって、前記生成物は、水素が富化された合成ガスを含んでなる工程;
iv.酸素含有ガスを前記第2のゾーンに導入し、前記第1と第2のゾーンの間の境界領域近傍の領域において、前記ガスと燃料を燃焼させて熱および燃焼生成物を生成し、燃焼熱を前記第1のゾーンの床充填材料に移動させる工程;および
v.前記第1のゾーンから実質的に燃焼生成物の全てを取り出す工程
を含んでなる工程;並びに
(b)前記工程iiiからの改質生成物を、固体酸化物燃料電池のアノードに供給して電気を製造する工程
を含んでなることを特徴とする電気エネルギーの製造方法。 - 前記循環式改質プロセス装置および固体酸化物燃料電池は、共通に含まれることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電気エネルギーの製造方法。
- 前記循環プロセスは、0.1℃〜500℃の範囲の特性ΔTHTを有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電気エネルギーの製造方法。
- 前記ΔTHTは、0.5℃〜40℃の範囲にあることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の電気エネルギーの製造方法。
- 前記空間速度は、1,000〜100,000hr−1の範囲にあることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電気エネルギーの製造方法。
- 前記空間速度は、2,000〜50,000hr−1の範囲にあることを特徴とする請求項5に記載の電気エネルギーの製造方法。
- 前記反応器床充填材料は、0.05cal/cm3s℃より大きい体積伝熱係数を有することを特徴とする請求項5に記載の電気エネルギーの製造方法。
- 前記充填材料は、15チャネル/cm2〜500チャネル/cm2の範囲のチャネル密度を有するハニカム・モノリスであることを特徴とする請求項7に記載の電気エネルギーの製造方法。
- 前記充填材料は、6cm2/cm3より大きい濡れ面積を提供することを特徴とする請求項5に記載の電気エネルギーの製造方法。
- 前記第1、第2またはその両方のゾーンの充填材料は、安定化または非安定化ケイ酸アルミニウムマグネシウム、ケイ酸アルミニウム粘土、ムライト、アルミナ、シリカ−アルミナ、ジルコニアおよびこれらの混合物から選択される材料からなることを特徴とする請求項5に記載の電気エネルギーの製造方法。
- 前記触媒は、貴金属成分、第VIII族金属成分、Ag、Ce、Cu、La、Mo、Mg、Sn、Ti、YおよびZnよりなる群から選択されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電気エネルギーの製造方法。
- 前記水蒸気と共に炭化水素を含む原料は、20℃〜1000℃の範囲の入口温度を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電気エネルギーの製造方法。
- 前記水蒸気と共に炭化水素を含む原料は、200℃〜600℃の範囲の入口温度を有することを特徴とする請求項12に記載の電気エネルギーの製造方法。
- 前記改質条件は、少なくとも一部が700℃〜2000℃の温度まで加熱されている改質触媒を含んでなることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電気エネルギーの製造方法。
- 前記燃料電池のカソード流出物は、燃料および酸素含有ガスの少なくとも一部をプロセスの工程ivに供給することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電気エネルギーの製造方法。
- 前記燃料電池のアノード流出物は、プロセスの工程iの水蒸気の少なくとも一部を供給することを特徴とする請求項15に記載の電気エネルギーの製造方法。
- 前記カソード流出物は、プロセスの工程ivのために、酸素含有ガスの少なくとも一部を、第1と第2のゾーンの間の境界領域近傍の領域に供給することを特徴とする請求項15に記載の電気エネルギーの製造方法。
- 工程Bは、水素、CO、CO2、炭化水素および水蒸気を含んでなる改質生成物を、燃料電池アノードに200℃より高い温度で供給する工程として更に特徴づけられ、それによって前記改質生成物が更に改質され、水素富化合成ガスが燃料電池のアノードに供給されることを特徴とする請求項2に記載の電気エネルギーの製造方法。
- プロセスの工程ivの燃料は、プロセスの工程iiiの合成ガスの少なくとも一部から供給されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電気エネルギーの製造方法。
- 前記第1および第2のゾーンの間の境界領域、または実質的にそこで温度を測定し、所定の第1の温度に到達した際、酸素含有ガスを前記第2のゾーンに導入する工程;および
前記第1のゾーンの第1の端部近くで温度を測定し、所定の第2の温度に到達した際、炭化水素含有原料および水蒸気原料を前記第1のゾーンの前記第1の端部に導入する工程
を含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電気エネルギーの製造方法。 - 前記第1および第2のゾーンの間の境界領域近くの温度を測定し、所定の温度に到達した際、再生工程(iv)を開始する工程;および
前記第1のゾーンの第1の端部近くの温度を測定し、所定の第2の温度に到達した際、改質および再生工程(i)、(ii)および(iii)が開始する工程
を含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電気エネルギーの製造方法。 - 工程i、iiおよびiiiが少なくとも1つの反応器で進行中であり、一方、工程ivおよびvが少なくとも1つの他の反応器で進行中であって、改質生成物の実質的に中断されない流れを燃料電池に提供するように、2つ以上の反応器が同時に運転されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電気エネルギーの製造方法。
- 再生プロセスからの流出物がタービンを動かして電気を製造することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方電気エネルギーの製造法。
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ATE544728T1 (de) | 2012-02-15 |
AU2004243287B2 (en) | 2009-04-23 |
JP4714691B2 (ja) | 2011-06-29 |
CA2524437C (en) | 2012-06-12 |
KR20060013673A (ko) | 2006-02-13 |
EP1636132B1 (en) | 2012-02-08 |
ES2381789T3 (es) | 2012-05-31 |
CA2524437A1 (en) | 2004-12-09 |
AU2004243287A1 (en) | 2004-12-09 |
US7503948B2 (en) | 2009-03-17 |
US20040241505A1 (en) | 2004-12-02 |
KR101128168B1 (ko) | 2012-03-23 |
WO2004106226A1 (en) | 2004-12-09 |
EP1636132A1 (en) | 2006-03-22 |
DK1636132T3 (da) | 2012-05-21 |
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