JP2003007707A - 電気的相互接続用薄膜金属バリア層 - Google Patents
電気的相互接続用薄膜金属バリア層Info
- Publication number
- JP2003007707A JP2003007707A JP2002137914A JP2002137914A JP2003007707A JP 2003007707 A JP2003007707 A JP 2003007707A JP 2002137914 A JP2002137914 A JP 2002137914A JP 2002137914 A JP2002137914 A JP 2002137914A JP 2003007707 A JP2003007707 A JP 2003007707A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- barrier layer
- tan
- interconnect structure
- hexagonal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
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- VLJQDHDVZJXNQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-n-(oxomethylidene)benzenesulfonamide Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(=O)(=O)N=C=O)C=C1 VLJQDHDVZJXNQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910019001 CoSi Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- 229910004217 TaSi2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910008479 TiSi2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910008814 WSi2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- DFJQEGUNXWZVAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis($l^{2}-silanylidene)titanium Chemical compound [Si]=[Ti]=[Si] DFJQEGUNXWZVAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
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- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 abstract description 49
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 29
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
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- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 238000001020 plasma etching Methods 0.000 description 2
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- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000167854 Bourreria succulenta Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910001218 Gallium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101150048609 RR21 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229910000577 Silicon-germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001128 Sn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910008484 TiSi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phencyclidine Chemical compound C1CCCCN1C1(C=2C=CC=CC=2)CCCCC1 JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004627 transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H01L21/70—Manufacture or treatment of devices consisting of a plurality of solid state components formed in or on a common substrate or of parts thereof; Manufacture of integrated circuit devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/71—Manufacture of specific parts of devices defined in group H01L21/70
- H01L21/768—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics
- H01L21/76838—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics characterised by the formation and the after-treatment of the conductors
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- H01L21/768—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics
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- H01L29/40—Electrodes ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/43—Electrodes ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by the materials of which they are formed
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Abstract
性を有する金属拡散バリア層を提供する。 【解決手段】 銅などの第1の材料とAl、W、PbS
nなどの第2の材料の間に六方晶相のTaN層を組み込
んだ、電気的相互接続用の相互接続構造及びバリア層を
開示する。また、六方晶相のTaNとα相のTaの多層
をバリア層として開示する。本発明は、500℃でのア
ニール中に、分離したい材料中に銅が拡散する問題を解
決する。
Description
し、詳細には、VLSI及びULSIの金属相互接続、
スタッド用、半導体チップ上のCMOSゲート・スタッ
ク用、ならびにパッケージ及びディスプレイの電気的相
互接続用の金属拡散バリア及びライナに関する。
は、通常のチップ配線材料としてアルミニウムまたはア
ルミニウム合金が用いられている。チップ配線材料とし
て銅または銅合金を取り入れると、アルミニウム及びア
ルミニウム合金と比べて、チップの特性が改善され信頼
性が向上する。しかしながら、銅は下のシリコン基板内
に形成されたデバイス及びそれを取り囲む線後端(BE
OL)絶縁体からうまく分離しなければならない。この
分離を行うために、即ち銅の拡散を防止するために、例
えばダマシーン(Damascene)法で形成されるトレンチ
などのパターン化されたBEOL絶縁体上、あるいは例
えば銅反応性イオン・エッチング(RIE)または銅マ
スク付着法によるパターン化されていない絶縁体上に、
銅を付着する前に、薄いライナ材料を付着する。この薄
膜ライナはまた銅を周囲の誘導体と接着する接着層とし
ても働くものでなければならない。大部分の絶縁体への
銅の直接接着は一般に不十分である。
O2中での銅相互接続用のバリアとして文献で報告され
ている。S−Q.ワン(Wang)の「Barriers again
st copper diffusion into silicon and drift through
silicon dioxide」、MRSBulletin 19、30(1994)
には、Si/SiO2とCuとの間に配置するためのT
iNを含む種々のバリア・システムが示されている。T
iNはSiO2に対し良い接着性を有する。しかしなが
ら銅はTiNによく接着しない。非常に薄い接着剤また
はTiの接着層を使って、TiNへの銅の接着力を高め
ることができる。しかしながらこのTi層は次の熱処理
工程中に銅被膜の導電性を劇的に低下させる。さらにT
iNは、化学機械式研磨(CMP)で使用されるある種
の銅研磨スラリ中で銅と腐食対を形成することが知られ
ている。
ープしたTaは、SiO2のようなある種の絶縁体によ
く接着しない。また絶縁体に直接付着した時、高抵抗率
のベータ相Taを形成する。さらにTaのCuバリア特
性は、ほどほどの温度でAlと接触すると失われる。例
えばタンタル、窒化ケイ素及び窒化チタンが銅に対する
良好なバリアであることを発見した、拡散バリアの研究
が記載されている、C.K.フー(Hu)等のProc.VLS
I Multilevel Interconn.Conf.181(1986)所載の論文
を参照されたい。Ta薄膜中の酸素が銅の拡散を阻害し
た可能性があることが報告されている。
A.クレベンジャー(Clevenger)等の論文では、付着
圧力の影響、Cu/Ta界面におけるin situ酸素の混
入、水素及び酸素の汚染、及び銅が浸透した、HV及び
UHV電子ビーム付着されたTa薄膜の拡散バリア消失
温度における微細構造が研究されている。
されているが、BEOL絶縁体及び銅との接着力は比較
的乏しい。これとは対照的に、TaN(N約50%)の
接着力は十分であるが、銅への接着力はやや劣る。Ta
の薄層を使用して、Cu BEOLへのTaの接着性能
を低下させずに銅のTaNへの接着力を高めることがで
きる。このような二成分ライナはE.G.コルガン(Co
lgan)及びP.M.フライヤー(Fryer)の米国特許第
5281485号に開示されている。しかしながらこの
TaNの抵抗率は最低で1200μohm−cmであ
り、このため大きなバイアあるいはスタッド抵抗をもた
らし、また金属ライナが冗長電流ストラップまたはパス
として機能することが不可能になる。
プ・サブミクロン・バイア(例えば幅0.5μm未満)
では、上述のTaベースのライナの直列抵抗は1〜5オ
ームの範囲である。これとは対照的に、銅スタッドの抵
抗はTaベースのライナの10%よりも小さい。これら
のバイア抵抗はAl(Cu)/Wスタッドのその値と比
べて非常に好ましいが、その値を1オーム未満に低減す
ることが望ましい。
電気抵抗率を有し、半導体構造を形成する金属及び種々
の誘電体に対して優れた接着性を有し、良好な金属拡散
バリアとして作用する、金属相互接続用ライナを提供す
ることである。さらに、そのようなライナを形成するの
に適した材料を提供することである。
めるべき第1の物質と第2の物質との間に位置して第2
の物質を第1の物質から分離させる、六方晶相のTaN
層を含むバリア層が提供される。第1の物質はCu、A
l、W及びPbSnの1つまたは組合せでよい。
から分離すべき第2の物質との間に位置する六方晶相の
TaN層を提供する。
記上部表面に形成された複数の溝とを有し、少なくとも
1つの前記溝が前記下部表面にまで延びる貫通孔を含
み、該貫通孔を介して下側相互接続構造中の対応する導
電性表面が露出されている絶縁層と、前記複数の溝の側
壁及び底部上と前記露出導電性表面上にそれぞれ形成さ
れ、低電気抵抗率を発揮する量の六方晶相含有のTaN
材料のバリア層を含むライナと、前記複数の溝中に形成
され、前記複数の溝を実質的に埋める金属材料の層と、
から成る低電気抵抗の相互接続構造を提供する。
れ、良好な拡散バリア特性、BEOL絶縁体への良好な
接着性、相互接続金属のこのライナへの良好な接着性、
低い抵抗率、及びトレンチ及びバイア中での良好な共形
性を同時に達成する、VLSI/ULSI相互接続及び
C4はんだバンプ用のライナあるいはバリア層を提供す
る。相互接続及びスタッドは、アルミニウム、銅、タン
グステンまたは鉛−スズ合金製のC4はんだボールを含
むことができる。
金属フィルムと組み合せた薄膜積層体として付着され
る、主として高配向性の、及び非高配向性の(ランダ
ム)六方晶相のTaN(30〜60%窒素)(50%ま
での立方晶相TaNを含むことができる)から構成され
たライナを提供する。TaNは100%六方晶相である
ことが望ましい。
低いストレス、低い抵抗率、ならびに金属及びポリマ
ー、酸化シリコン、BPSG、ダイモンド様炭素などの
様々な誘電体の双方に対する優れた接着性をもたらし、
鉛−スズはんだメタラジをCu及びAlの相互接続から
分離する。
または下のCu相互接続レベルから分離するための薄膜
材料を提供する。
物半導体電界効果トランジスタ)ゲート・スタック中
で、W、Cu、Cu合金、Al及びAl合金の金属層を
接触ケイ化物(WSi2、CoSi2、TiSi2、Ta
Si2及びPtSi)及び多結晶シリコンから分離する
ライナを提供する。
着用のプレカーサ・ガスとして使用される腐食性のWF
6などある種のガスから遮蔽するためのライナを提供す
る。
ニウムなど金属の先行レベルに対する良好な接触抵抗を
与えるライナを提供する。
タリングや化学気相付着(CVD)なしでもTiベース
の化合物よりも著しく優れた共形性を与えるライナを提
供する。
を、例えばC4はんだボール中の鉛−スズと分離して合
金化または混合するのを防止するための薄膜を提供す
る。
OL構造に付着された時に良好な共形性を示すライナ材
料を提供する。
研磨中またはその後に、Cu、AlまたはWと腐食対を
形成しないライナ材料を提供する。
互接続構造10及び18の断面図が示されている。相互
接続構造10は、下部表面13及び上部表面14を有す
る絶縁層12を含む。複数の溝またはトレンチ15が絶
縁層12の上部表面14に形成されている。複数の溝1
5は半導体チップ16の配線層に対応するものでよい。
半導体チップ16に対する相互接続を完成するためにさ
らに相互接続を追加することもできる。溝15の底部1
7の選ばれた領域に、絶縁層12の下の第2の相互接続
構造18の導電性表面との接触を行うためのバイアまた
はスタッド開口11が形成されている。
に導体19を有する。ライナ22が導体19と溝20の
底及び側壁との間に示されている。
N(六方晶)のライナ23を形成し、それに続いて溝1
5を実質的に埋めるために金属24を溝15中に形成す
る。金属24はCu、Al、W及びそれらの合金でよ
い。金属24はスパッタリング、物理気相付着(PV
D)、化学気相付着(CVD)または電解メッキによっ
て形成することができる。ライナ23は窒素雰囲気中で
スパッタリングによって形成することができる。ライナ
23は例えば上部TaN(六方晶)に隣接して形成した
Taの第2層を含むことができる。絶縁層12及び絶縁
層21は、例えばSiO2、Si3N4、ポリアミドなど
のポリマー、ダイアモンド様炭素(DLC)、及びフッ
ソ化ダイアモンド様炭素(F−DLC)でよい。
ある場合、抵抗率は150〜300μohm−cmの範
囲となる。ライナ23が六方晶相TaNの非高配向層で
ある場合、抵抗率は300μohm−cmより高くな
る。α相のTa層をTaN(六方晶)に隣接して形成す
る場合、Ta(α相)の抵抗率は15〜60μohm−
cmの範囲となる
には、例えばSi、SiGe、GeまたはGaAsなど
の半導体基板16が示されている。基板16の上には、
例えば二酸化シリコンなどの絶縁層35がある。絶縁層
35の上には金属24で埋めた溝またはトレンチ38を
有する絶縁層36が形成されている。絶縁層36及び金
属24は化学機械式研磨(CMP)によって形成された
共平面の上部表面39とすることができる。絶縁層40
が上部表面39上に形成されている。溝またはトレンチ
42が絶縁層40中で金属24まで形成されている。ラ
イナ23が溝42の側壁及び底部上と絶縁層40の上部
表面43上(図示せず)に形成されている。溝またはト
レンチ42は、ライナ23の上及び上部表面43上のラ
イナ(図示せず)の上を金属46で埋められている。過
剰の金属46及びライナ23をCMPによって除去する
と、図2に示した平面化上部表面43が得られる。図2
において、金属24は例えばAl、金属46はタングス
テンでよい。
図3において、半導体基板16は熱酸化によって形成さ
れた絶縁層52をその上に有する。絶縁層54が絶縁層
52の上部表面53上に形成される。溝及びトレンチ5
6が絶縁層54中に形成され、金属、例えばAlで埋め
られる。絶縁層54と金属24はCMPで形成された共
平面の上部表面58を有する。絶縁層12が上部表面5
8上に形成される。層12は上部表面14を有する。溝
15及びバイア11が上部表面14に形成される。ライ
ナ23が溝15の側壁27及び底部17とバイアまたは
スタッド11上に形成される。金属24は、溝15及び
バイアまたはスタッド11上のライナ23の上に形成さ
れる。上部表面14はCMPで形成された平面状であ
る。絶縁層62が上部表面14上に形成される。金属2
4'を露出するための開口64が層62中に形成され
る。ライナ23'が開口64の側壁65上及び露出金属
24上に形成される。ブランケット(全面付着)金属層
66が絶縁層62及び金属24'の上部表面67上に形
成される。ブランケット金属層66は配線あるいは相互
接続用の金属パターンを形成するために、図示されてい
ないマスクを通してエッチングされる。図3中、金属層
66は例えばAlでよい。金属24'は例えばCu、金
属24は例えばAlでよい。
と24'を分離し、ライナ23'は金属24'と金属66
を分離する。
図4において、基板16はその上に絶縁層72、例えば
二酸化シリコンを有する。相互接続構造12が絶縁層7
2の上に形成される。絶縁層62が上部表面14上に形
成される。金属24'を露出するための開口64が層6
2中に形成される。ライナ23'が開口64の側壁65
上及び露出された金属24'上に形成される。C4接点
バンプ74は通常はPb−Snであるが、開口64中の
ライナ23'上に形成される。C4バンプは相互接続を
行うために集積回路チップ上に製造されている。C4バ
ンプは集積回路チップの上に約0.125mmだけ延
び、集積回路チップの上部表面の平面に平行な断面が球
形または円形であり、その側面から、基板によって支持
された別の電極への相互接続が行われるバンプの上部表
面まで曲がっている。
中の図より前の図の装置に対応する機能に対して同じ参
照記号を使用する。
成されたTaN(六方晶)薄膜のX線回折像のグラフで
ある。高配向及び非配向性のTaN(六方晶)薄膜を作
成するために次のPVD装置を用いた。直流モードすな
わちDCモードまたは無線周波数モードすなわちRFモ
ードのマグネトロン・システムを用いてTaN(六方
晶)薄膜を反応性スパッタ付着した。上述の条件下で作
成した高配向及び非配向性のTaN(六方晶)薄膜は、
150〜800μohm−cmの範囲の抵抗率を有す
る。図5中、縦軸は強度、横軸は2θを示す。曲線76
は2つの薄膜のX線回折像を示す。第1の薄膜は好まし
い高配向度を有し、第2の薄膜は非配向性である。曲線
78は約37°で単一ピークを示す。
晶)薄膜の透過電子顕微鏡(TEM)回折像は、六方晶
相の指標となる環を示し、TaNバリアの六方晶構造が
確認された。
膜の透過電子顕微鏡(TEM)写真は、大きさが約20
〜30nmの高配向性六方晶TaN結晶粒を示した。
(TEM)写真は、大きさがやはり約20〜30nmの
ランダム配向性六方晶TaN結晶粒を示している。
/Al多層構造の抵抗と温度の関係を示すグラフであ
る。図6中、縦軸は抵抗(オーム/cm2)を表し、横
軸は温度(℃)を表す。曲線80は温度が上昇する際の
抵抗、曲線82は温度が降下する際の抵抗を示してい
る。曲線80及び82は、500℃以上の温度までTa
N(六方晶)がCuをAlから分離するのに有効である
との証拠を与える。
方晶)のライナの断面図である。図7中、相互接続構造
が、Al(Cu)層84、SiO2絶縁層85、底部及
び側壁上にライナ87を備える開口あるいはバイア86
と共に示されている。開口86はライナ87の内側をC
u88で埋められている。過剰のライナ87及びCu8
8は、絶縁層85の上部表面89及びCu88の上部表
面90を形成するために、CMPによって除去されてい
る。500℃で6時間アニール後のライナ87は無傷で
かつ明確であり、Cuがライナ87を通してAl(C
u)層に浸透しなかったことを示している。
半導体電界効果トランジスタ)中でケイ化物ゲート接点
とWスタッドの間で使用される、本発明開示のTaN
(六方晶)バリアを示す断面図である。
Taとは対照的に低い抵抗率特性のα相Ta(rho=
15〜60μohm−cm)だけを生成する「種」とし
て働く利点を有する。このTaN(六方晶)を使用する
ことにより、TaN(六方晶)/α相Ta接合のライナ
を備えるディープ・サブミクロン銅バイアのバイア抵抗
は0.25〜1オームの範囲の抵抗率となる。この抵抗
率は、Ta単独あるいは他の物質を使用した従来の銅バ
イア・システムに比べて約5倍の大幅な改善である。こ
の抵抗率はおそらく幾つかの大手半導体メーカによって
現在使用されているAl(Cu)/Wバイア・システム
よりも1桁良い。
層)の第2の層を伴うTaN層を含むバリア層及び相互
接続構造について説明し例示したが、当業者にとって
は、特許請求の範囲によってのみ限定される本発明の広
い範囲から逸脱することなしに改良及び変更が可能なこ
とは明白であろう。
ある。
構造の抵抗と温度の関係を示すグラフである。
晶)のライナの断面図である。
Claims (13)
- 【請求項1】上部及び下部表面と前記上部表面に形成さ
れた複数の溝とを有し、少なくとも1つの前記溝が前記
下部表面にまで延びる貫通孔を含み、該貫通孔を介して
下側相互接続構造中の対応する導電性表面が露出されて
いる絶縁層と、 前記複数の溝の側壁及び底部上と前記露出導電性表面上
にそれぞれ形成され、低電気抵抗率を発揮する量の六方
晶相含有のTaN材料のバリア層を含むライナと、 前記複数の溝中に形成され、前記複数の溝を実質的に埋
める金属材料の層と、を含む低電気抵抗の相互接続構
造。 - 【請求項2】前記バリア層が50%以上の六方晶相を含
有するTaN材料であることを特徴とする請求項1に記
載の相互接続構造。 - 【請求項3】前記バリア層が30−60%の窒素を含有
する六方晶相のTaN材料であることを特徴とする請求
項1又は2に記載の相互接続構造。 - 【請求項4】前記金属材料がCu、Al、W及びそれら
の合金から成る群から選ばれることを特徴とする請求項
1に記載の相互接続構造。 - 【請求項5】前記絶縁層が、SiO2、スピンオン・ガ
ラス、Si3N4、ポリアミド、ダイアモンド様炭素
(DLC)及びフッ素化ダイアモンド様炭素(F−DL
C)から成る群から選ばれた物質を含むことを特徴とす
る請求項1に記載の相互接続構造。 - 【請求項6】前記バリア層が150〜300μohm−
cmの範囲の抵抗率を有する高配向の六方晶相含有Ta
N材料から成ることを特徴とする請求項1,2又は3に
記載の相互接続構造。 - 【請求項7】前記バリア層が300μohm−cmより
高い抵抗率を有する非配向性の六方晶相含有TaN材料
から成ることを特徴とする請求項1,2又は3に記載の
相互接続構造。 - 【請求項8】トランジスタ・チャネル領域を表面に有す
るシリコン半導体基板と、 前記チャネル領域上に配置されたシリコン酸化物のゲー
ト絶縁層と、 前記ゲート絶縁層上に配置された多結晶シリコン層と、 前記多結晶シリコン層上に配置された低電気抵抗率を発
揮する量の六方晶相含有のTaN材料のバリア層と、 前記バリア層上に配置された金属材料層と、 を含むMOSトランジスタにおける低電気抵抗のゲート
・スタック。 - 【請求項9】前記バリア層が50%以上の六方晶相を含
有するTaN材料であることを特徴とする請求項8に記
載のゲート・スタック。 - 【請求項10】前記バリア層が30−60%の窒素を含
有する六方晶相のTaN材料であることを特徴とする請
求項8又は9に記載のゲート・スタック。 - 【請求項11】前記金属材料層がW、Cu、Cu合金、
Al、及びAl合金からなる群から選ばれる材料である
ことを特徴とする請求項8に記載のゲート・スタック。 - 【請求項12】前記バリア層がケイ化物層を介して前記
多結晶シリコン層に隣接することを特徴とする請求項
8,9又は10に記載のゲート・スタック。 - 【請求項13】前記ケイ化物が、WSi2、CoSi
2、TiSi2、TaSi2、及びPtSiからなる群
から選ばれることを特徴とする請求項12に記載のゲー
ト・スタック。
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US08/497065 | 1995-06-30 |
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JP2002137914A Expired - Lifetime JP4346866B2 (ja) | 1995-06-30 | 2002-05-14 | TaN材料のバリア層を含む構造 |
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-
1996
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- 1996-06-24 JP JP16339896A patent/JP3330495B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
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1997
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US20020046874A1 (en) | 2002-04-25 |
JP4346866B2 (ja) | 2009-10-21 |
EP0751566A2 (en) | 1997-01-02 |
JP3330495B2 (ja) | 2002-09-30 |
JPH0917790A (ja) | 1997-01-17 |
US6291885B1 (en) | 2001-09-18 |
US6437440B1 (en) | 2002-08-20 |
EP0751566A3 (en) | 1997-02-26 |
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