IT1183574B - Metodo per ottenere una sospensione estemporanea omogenea di microcapsule - Google Patents

Metodo per ottenere una sospensione estemporanea omogenea di microcapsule

Info

Publication number
IT1183574B
IT1183574B IT20617/85A IT2061785A IT1183574B IT 1183574 B IT1183574 B IT 1183574B IT 20617/85 A IT20617/85 A IT 20617/85A IT 2061785 A IT2061785 A IT 2061785A IT 1183574 B IT1183574 B IT 1183574B
Authority
IT
Italy
Prior art keywords
homogeneous
suspension
etherporary
microcaps
obtaining
Prior art date
Application number
IT20617/85A
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
IT8520617A0 (it
Inventor
Massimo Calanchi
Leonardo Gentilini
Marco Marconi
Original Assignee
Eurand Spa
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Eurand Spa filed Critical Eurand Spa
Publication of IT8520617A0 publication Critical patent/IT8520617A0/it
Priority to IT20617/85A priority Critical patent/IT1183574B/it
Priority to PCT/EP1986/000280 priority patent/WO1986006626A1/en
Priority to JP61503027A priority patent/JP2609597B2/ja
Priority to KR1019860700872A priority patent/KR900000212B1/ko
Priority to HU863345A priority patent/HUT44168A/hu
Priority to AU59031/86A priority patent/AU589644B2/en
Priority to AT86903323T priority patent/ATE59287T1/de
Priority to SU874028804A priority patent/RU2059409C1/ru
Priority to DE8686903323T priority patent/DE3676642D1/de
Priority to EP86903323A priority patent/EP0222856B1/en
Priority to NZ216062A priority patent/NZ216062A/xx
Priority to ZA863399A priority patent/ZA863399B/xx
Priority to CA000508635A priority patent/CA1274144A/en
Priority to ES554777A priority patent/ES8707103A1/es
Priority to PT82541A priority patent/PT82541B/pt
Priority to NO865162A priority patent/NO171949C/no
Priority to FI865336A priority patent/FI86596C/fi
Priority to DK007487A priority patent/DK157730C/da
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of IT1183574B publication Critical patent/IT1183574B/it
Priority to US07/287,401 priority patent/US5008117A/en

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0087—Galenical forms not covered by A61K9/02 - A61K9/7023
    • A61K9/0095—Drinks; Beverages; Syrups; Compositions for reconstitution thereof, e.g. powders or tablets to be dispersed in a glass of water; Veterinary drenches
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
    • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
    • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
    • A61K9/5005—Wall or coating material
    • A61K9/5021—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/5036—Polysaccharides, e.g. gums, alginate; Cyclodextrin
    • A61K9/5042—Cellulose; Cellulose derivatives, e.g. phthalate or acetate succinate esters of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
    • A61K9/5047—Cellulose ethers containing no ester groups, e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
    • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
    • A61K9/5005—Wall or coating material
    • A61K9/5021—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/5052—Proteins, e.g. albumin
    • A61K9/5057—Gelatin
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
    • Y10T428/2989—Microcapsule with solid core [includes liposome]

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Micro-Capsules (AREA)
  • Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Nitrogen And Oxygen Or Sulfur-Condensed Heterocyclic Ring Systems (AREA)
  • Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Antibodies Or Antigens For Use As Internal Diagnostic Agents (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
IT20617/85A 1985-05-08 1985-05-08 Metodo per ottenere una sospensione estemporanea omogenea di microcapsule IT1183574B (it)

Priority Applications (19)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT20617/85A IT1183574B (it) 1985-05-08 1985-05-08 Metodo per ottenere una sospensione estemporanea omogenea di microcapsule
DE8686903323T DE3676642D1 (de) 1985-05-08 1986-05-02 Verfahren zur herstellung einer auf der stelle zubereitbaren homogenen mikrokapselsuspension.
JP61503027A JP2609597B2 (ja) 1985-05-08 1986-05-02 即座に均質のマイクロカプセル懸濁液を調製する方法
KR1019860700872A KR900000212B1 (ko) 1985-05-08 1986-05-02 즉석 균질마이크로 캅셀 현탁액의 제조방법
HU863345A HUT44168A (en) 1985-05-08 1986-05-02 Process for production of composition assuring eventual homogene suspension of particles containing active substance
AU59031/86A AU589644B2 (en) 1985-05-08 1986-05-02 Method of preparing an extemporaneous homogeneous microcapsule suspension
AT86903323T ATE59287T1 (de) 1985-05-08 1986-05-02 Verfahren zur herstellung einer auf der stelle zubereitbaren homogenen mikrokapselsuspension.
SU874028804A RU2059409C1 (ru) 1985-05-08 1986-05-02 Способ получения микрокапсулированного состава
PCT/EP1986/000280 WO1986006626A1 (en) 1985-05-08 1986-05-02 Method of preparing an extemporaneous homogeneous microcapsule suspension
EP86903323A EP0222856B1 (en) 1985-05-08 1986-05-02 Method of preparing an extemporaneous homogeneous microcapsule suspension
NZ216062A NZ216062A (en) 1985-05-08 1986-05-05 Method of making a drug microcapsule formulation
ZA863399A ZA863399B (en) 1985-05-08 1986-05-07 Method of preparing an extemporaneous homogenous microcapsule suspension
CA000508635A CA1274144A (en) 1985-05-08 1986-05-07 Method of preparing an extemporaneous homogeneous microcapsule suspension
ES554777A ES8707103A1 (es) 1985-05-08 1986-05-08 Metodo para preparacion de una suspension de microcapsulas homogenea extemporanea
PT82541A PT82541B (pt) 1985-05-08 1986-05-08 Processo para a preparacao de um a formulacao farmaceutica adaptada paera a dministracao microcapsular jhomogenea extemporanea
NO865162A NO171949C (no) 1985-05-08 1986-12-18 Fremgangsmaate for fremstilling av et farmasoeytisk mikroinnkapslet preparat
FI865336A FI86596C (fi) 1985-05-08 1986-12-30 Foerfarande foer framstaellning av en snabbt framstaellbar homogen mikrokapselsuspension.
DK007487A DK157730C (da) 1985-05-08 1987-01-07 Fremgangsmaade til fremstilling af et farmaceutisk mikrokapselpraeparat og praeparat fremstillet ved fremgangsmaaden
US07/287,401 US5008117A (en) 1985-05-08 1988-12-20 Formulation for preparing extemporaneous homogeneous microcapsule suspension

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT20617/85A IT1183574B (it) 1985-05-08 1985-05-08 Metodo per ottenere una sospensione estemporanea omogenea di microcapsule

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
IT8520617A0 IT8520617A0 (it) 1985-05-08
IT1183574B true IT1183574B (it) 1987-10-22

Family

ID=11169617

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
IT20617/85A IT1183574B (it) 1985-05-08 1985-05-08 Metodo per ottenere una sospensione estemporanea omogenea di microcapsule

Country Status (19)

Country Link
US (1) US5008117A (it)
EP (1) EP0222856B1 (it)
JP (1) JP2609597B2 (it)
KR (1) KR900000212B1 (it)
AT (1) ATE59287T1 (it)
AU (1) AU589644B2 (it)
CA (1) CA1274144A (it)
DE (1) DE3676642D1 (it)
DK (1) DK157730C (it)
ES (1) ES8707103A1 (it)
FI (1) FI86596C (it)
HU (1) HUT44168A (it)
IT (1) IT1183574B (it)
NO (1) NO171949C (it)
NZ (1) NZ216062A (it)
PT (1) PT82541B (it)
RU (1) RU2059409C1 (it)
WO (1) WO1986006626A1 (it)
ZA (1) ZA863399B (it)

Families Citing this family (43)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB8628359D0 (en) * 1986-11-27 1986-12-31 Zyma Sa Galenical formulation
GB8702411D0 (en) * 1987-02-03 1987-03-11 Zyma Sa Swellable pellets
US5064650A (en) * 1988-04-19 1991-11-12 Southwest Research Institute Controlled-release salt sensitive capsule for oral use and adhesive system
JPH03504968A (ja) * 1988-04-19 1991-10-31 サウスウェスト・リサーチ・インスティチュート 塩感受性シェル物質を有するカプセルからの活性成分の制御放出
FR2634376B1 (fr) * 1988-07-21 1992-04-17 Farmalyoc Nouvelle forme unitaire, solide et poreuse comprenant des microparticules et/ou des nanoparticules, ainsi que sa preparation
NZ234143A (en) * 1989-06-28 1991-10-25 Mcneil Ppc Inc Aqueous pharmaceutical suspension formulation for administering substantially insoluble pharmaceutical agents
US5112604A (en) * 1989-09-01 1992-05-12 Riker Laboratories, Inc. Oral suspension formulation
IT1246350B (it) * 1990-07-11 1994-11-17 Eurand Int Metodo per ottenere una rapida sospensione in acqua di farmaci insolubili
US5300302A (en) * 1990-10-04 1994-04-05 Nestec S.A. Pharmaceutical composition in gel form in a dispensing package
US5252337A (en) * 1991-06-25 1993-10-12 Eurand America, Inc. Controlled release calcium channel blocker microcapsules
US5599556A (en) * 1991-12-31 1997-02-04 Abbott Laboratories Prolamine coatings for taste masking
US5272137A (en) * 1992-02-14 1993-12-21 Mcneil-Pfc, Inc. Aqueous pharmaceutical suspension for pharmaceutical actives
EP0633907A1 (en) * 1992-03-30 1995-01-18 Alza Corporation Additives for bioerodible polymers to regulate degradation
ZA932272B (en) * 1992-03-30 1993-10-19 Alza Corp Viscous suspensions of controlled-release drug particles
ES2099438T3 (es) * 1992-04-30 1997-05-16 Schering Corp Polvo seco y estable de cefalosporina hidratada para formulacion de suspension oral.
US5422122A (en) * 1992-08-04 1995-06-06 Eurand America, Incorporated Controlled release potassium chloride tablet
US5981719A (en) 1993-03-09 1999-11-09 Epic Therapeutics, Inc. Macromolecular microparticles and methods of production and use
US6090925A (en) 1993-03-09 2000-07-18 Epic Therapeutics, Inc. Macromolecular microparticles and methods of production and use
NO941358L (no) * 1993-04-16 1994-10-17 Mcneil Ppc Inc Vandig farmasöytisk suspensjon og fremgangsmåte for fremstilling derav
GB2318511A (en) * 1996-10-23 1998-04-29 Eurand Int Process for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for rapid suspension in water
RU2147923C1 (ru) * 1997-12-02 2000-04-27 Ивановский государственный университет Способ получения микрокапсул
UA65607C2 (uk) 1998-03-04 2004-04-15 Орто-Макнейл Фармацевтикал, Інк. Фармацевтична композиція (варіанти) та спосіб її приготування
GB9822170D0 (en) * 1998-10-13 1998-12-02 Danbioyst Uk Ltd Novel formulations of fexofenadine
US6432448B1 (en) 1999-02-08 2002-08-13 Fmc Corporation Edible coating composition
US6723342B1 (en) 1999-02-08 2004-04-20 Fmc Corporation Edible coating composition
US6159491A (en) * 1999-02-12 2000-12-12 Biovector Technologies, Inc. Prolonged release bioadhesive vaginal gel dosage form
US6500462B1 (en) * 1999-10-29 2002-12-31 Fmc Corporation Edible MCC/PGA coating composition
TR200300731T2 (tr) 2000-11-28 2004-08-23 Fmc Corporation Yenebilir PGA kaplama bileşimi
US6932861B2 (en) 2000-11-28 2005-08-23 Fmc Corporation Edible PGA coating composition
CA2431319A1 (en) * 2000-12-11 2002-06-20 Hiroto Bando Pharmaceutical composition having an improved water solubility
JP2004168703A (ja) * 2002-11-20 2004-06-17 Shin Etsu Chem Co Ltd マイクロカプセル及びその製造方法
US20040170686A1 (en) * 2003-01-31 2004-09-02 Fredrickson Jennifer K. Suspension vehicle for coated drug particles
US20040191326A1 (en) * 2003-03-31 2004-09-30 Reo Joseph P. Taste-masking vehicle for coated oxazolidinone particles
US7632521B2 (en) * 2003-07-15 2009-12-15 Eurand, Inc. Controlled release potassium chloride tablets
US20050118194A1 (en) * 2003-12-01 2005-06-02 Sin Yoke M. Oral vaccine, method for its preparation and use thereof
US20060134210A1 (en) * 2004-12-22 2006-06-22 Astrazeneca Ab Solid dosage form comprising proton pump inhibitor and suspension made thereof
EP3568122B1 (en) * 2017-01-10 2023-10-04 Dukebox SP. Z O.O. A method of manufacturing a suspension of nanoparticles of potassium salt or magnesium salt
AU2020225818B2 (en) 2019-02-22 2025-09-18 Catalent U.K. Swindon Zydis Limited Preserving functionally-coated API particles produced by solventless mixing processes in aqueous suspension
WO2020169989A1 (en) 2019-02-22 2020-08-27 Catalent U.K. Swindon Zydis Limited Minimizing agglomeration, aeration, and preserving the coating of pharmaceutical compositions comprising ibuprofen
KR20210130144A (ko) * 2019-02-22 2021-10-29 카탈렌트 유.케이. 스윈던 지디스 리미티드 인-라인 혼합 동안 현탁액의 에어레이션 최소화
US11141380B2 (en) 2019-02-22 2021-10-12 Catalent U.K. Swindon Zydis Limited Minimizing agglomeration of drug particle coating material during storage to stabilize disintegration times of pharmaceutical products
RU2731599C1 (ru) * 2019-07-17 2020-09-04 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "РУСИНТЕХ" Способ получения микрокапсулированного термоактивируемого огнегасящего агента
WO2022024066A1 (en) 2020-07-31 2022-02-03 Catalent U.K. Swindon Zydis Limited Pharmaceutical compositions comprising coated api

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB844772A (en) * 1956-04-19 1960-08-17 Pfizer & Co C Granular pharmaceutical compositions and process for preparing same
FR2077696B1 (it) * 1970-02-06 1973-03-16 Synthelabo
DE2211019C3 (de) * 1972-03-08 1980-08-28 Bayer Ag, 5090 Leverkusen Geschmacksverbessernde Formulierungen oraler Penicilline
US4155741A (en) * 1974-05-01 1979-05-22 Stauffer Chemical Company Stable suspension system for microencapsulated flowable formulations, and method of preparing stable suspension of microcapsules
US4126672A (en) * 1976-02-04 1978-11-21 Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. Sustained release pharmaceutical capsules
US4189499A (en) * 1977-03-16 1980-02-19 Biochefarm S.A. Lysine 4-allyloxy-3-chlorophenylacetate and method of its preparation
IT1148784B (it) * 1980-04-09 1986-12-03 Eurand Spa Procedimento per la preparazione di microcapsule in un veicolo liquido
IT1209276B (it) * 1980-11-05 1989-07-16 Magis Farmaceutici Composizione farmaceutica per la somministrazione orale del metilestere dell'acido 13a-etil-2,3,5,6,12,13,13a,13b-ottaidro-12-idrossi1h-indolo-[3,2,1-de] pirido [3,2,1-ij] [1,5] naftiridina -12-carbossilico

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NO171949B (no) 1993-02-15
ES8707103A1 (es) 1987-07-16
JP2609597B2 (ja) 1997-05-14
ATE59287T1 (de) 1991-01-15
FI865336L (fi) 1986-12-30
AU589644B2 (en) 1989-10-19
FI865336A0 (fi) 1986-12-30
HUT44168A (en) 1988-02-29
FI86596C (fi) 1992-09-25
AU5903186A (en) 1986-12-04
DK157730C (da) 1990-07-16
EP0222856B1 (en) 1990-12-27
JPS62502859A (ja) 1987-11-12
EP0222856A1 (en) 1987-05-27
US5008117A (en) 1991-04-16
ES554777A0 (es) 1987-07-16
NO865162L (no) 1986-12-18
IT8520617A0 (it) 1985-05-08
FI86596B (fi) 1992-06-15
PT82541A (en) 1986-06-01
PT82541B (pt) 1988-03-03
CA1274144A (en) 1990-09-18
DK157730B (da) 1990-02-12
DE3676642D1 (de) 1991-02-07
KR900000212B1 (ko) 1990-01-23
WO1986006626A1 (en) 1986-11-20
DK7487D0 (da) 1987-01-07
NZ216062A (en) 1989-07-27
KR870700209A (ko) 1987-05-30
DK7487A (da) 1987-01-07
NO171949C (no) 1993-05-26
ZA863399B (en) 1987-01-28
RU2059409C1 (ru) 1996-05-10

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
IT1183574B (it) Metodo per ottenere una sospensione estemporanea omogenea di microcapsule
DK158718C (da) Fremgangsmaade til flokkulation af suspenderede faste stoffer i en vandig suspension
PT1210068E (pt) Utilizacao de aminoacidos simples para formar particulas porosas
DK257485A (da) Farmaceutiske praeparater til oral indgift
NZ504017A (en) Preparation of gatifloxacin and disodium edetate
BR8606152A (pt) Processo para preparacao de microemulsoes aquosas,estaveis e claras de polidiorganossiloxana e microemulsao de goticulas de polidiorganossiloxana em agua
ES2052671T3 (es) Agente en forma de particulas, adecuado para la separacion selectiva de cationes metalicos a partir de soluciones acuosas, procedimiento para su preparacion y su empleo.
DK261187A (da) Vandige suspensionskoncentrat-praepatater indeholdende pesticidet pendimethalin samt disses fremstilling
NO881625L (no) Fremgangsmaate for fremstilling av stabile sucralfatsuspensjoner.
DK131587A (da) Phospholipidholdige oploesninger
ES2070921T3 (es) Procedimiento de preparacion de una fraccion concentrada de factor viia y su aplicacion a titulo de medicamento.
AR083451A2 (es) Metodo para preparar una suspension farmaceutica acuosa de nevirapina, dicha suspension farmaceutica y uso de nevirapina para preparar dicha suspension farmaceutica
EA200200383A1 (ru) Содержащая циклезонид водная фармацевтическая композиция
DE69300017D1 (de) Wässrige pharmazeutische Zubereitung von Natriumcromoglykat.
EA200200294A1 (ru) Сферические агломераты телитромицина, способ их получения и их применение для приготовления лекарственных форм
RU93043965A (ru) Способ приготовления водной суспензии
NL194829B (nl) Stabiele waterige suspensie van silicalieten.
FR2657010B1 (fr) Composition pharmaceutique sous forme de suspension aqueuse stable a base de sucrafalte et d'une substance anti-acide ainsi que son procede de preparation.
FI880370A7 (fi) Niukkaliukoisten hiukkasmaisten aineiden vesidispersio.
IT8419994A0 (it) Anticorpo specifico per la forma che si trova in natura di 2'5'-oligonucleotidi, procedimentodi preparazione e l'impiego come reagenti in immunosaggi oppure per fissare 2'5'-oligonucleotidi in sistemi biologici.
ES483891A0 (es) Procedimiento para la preparacion de cloruro cianurico apro-piado para reaccion en solucion o suspension acuosa.
ID20479A (id) Penggunaan garam-garam asam poliaspartat sebagai sarana penggilingan
KR870010858A (ko) 구강 수세액
IT8622439A0 (it) Soluzioni acquose di sali basici di alluminio e procedimento per laloro preparazione.
DE3885607D1 (de) Flockung von schwebenden Feststoffen aus wässrigen Lösungen.