ID19293A - Proses pembuatan dan penggunaan aditif semen - Google Patents
Proses pembuatan dan penggunaan aditif semenInfo
- Publication number
- ID19293A ID19293A IDP973968A ID973968A ID19293A ID 19293 A ID19293 A ID 19293A ID P973968 A IDP973968 A ID P973968A ID 973968 A ID973968 A ID 973968A ID 19293 A ID19293 A ID 19293A
- Authority
- ID
- Indonesia
- Prior art keywords
- making
- cement additives
- cement
- additives
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B24/00—Use of organic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. plasticisers
- C04B24/02—Alcohols; Phenols; Ethers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B24/00—Use of organic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. plasticisers
- C04B24/24—Macromolecular compounds
- C04B24/26—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C04B24/2664—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid polymers, e.g. maleic anhydride copolymers
- C04B24/267—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid polymers, e.g. maleic anhydride copolymers containing polyether side chains
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B40/00—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability
- C04B40/0028—Aspects relating to the mixing step of the mortar preparation
- C04B40/0039—Premixtures of ingredients
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F216/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehydo, ketonic, acetal or ketal radical
- C08F216/12—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehydo, ketonic, acetal or ketal radical by an ether radical
- C08F216/14—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical
- C08F216/1416—Monomers containing oxygen in addition to the ether oxygen, e.g. allyl glycidyl ether
- C08F216/1425—Monomers containing side chains of polyether groups
- C08F216/1433—Monomers containing side chains of polyethylene oxide groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F290/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers modified by introduction of aliphatic unsaturated end or side groups
- C08F290/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers modified by introduction of aliphatic unsaturated end or side groups on to polymers modified by introduction of unsaturated end groups
- C08F290/06—Polymers provided for in subclass C08G
- C08F290/062—Polyethers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L71/00—Compositions of polyethers obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L71/02—Polyalkylene oxides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2103/00—Function or property of ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B2103/30—Water reducers, plasticisers, air-entrainers, flow improvers
- C04B2103/308—Slump-loss preventing agents
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP34820396 | 1996-12-26 | ||
JP34820296 | 1996-12-26 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
ID19293A true ID19293A (id) | 1998-07-02 |
Family
ID=26578696
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
IDP973968A ID19293A (id) | 1996-12-26 | 1997-12-23 | Proses pembuatan dan penggunaan aditif semen |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5912284A (id) |
EP (1) | EP0850894B1 (id) |
KR (1) | KR100324483B1 (id) |
CN (1) | CN1081614C (id) |
BR (1) | BR9706470A (id) |
DE (1) | DE69711011T2 (id) |
ID (1) | ID19293A (id) |
Families Citing this family (76)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN1190384C (zh) * | 1997-01-21 | 2005-02-23 | 格雷斯公司 | 乳化的梳形聚合物和消泡剂组合物及其制备方法 |
ATE387412T1 (de) * | 1997-05-15 | 2008-03-15 | Constr Res & Tech Gmbh | Zementzusammensetzung mit hohem anteil an durch puzzolan ersetzten zement und verträglichmachende gemische dafür |
ES2224433T3 (es) * | 1997-08-25 | 2005-03-01 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Preparacion de polieteres funcionalizados. |
DE19822604A1 (de) * | 1998-05-20 | 1999-11-25 | Goldschmidt Ag Th | Kondensationsprodukte enthaltend polyethermodifizierte Monoester und/oder -amide alpha, beta-ungesättigter Dicarbonsäuren, ihre Herstellung und Verwendung |
DE19830760A1 (de) * | 1998-07-09 | 2000-01-13 | Sueddeutsche Kalkstickstoff | Verwendung von wasserlöslichen Polymeren als Fließmittel für aluminatzementhaltige Feuerfestmassen |
EP1044175B1 (en) | 1998-08-14 | 2002-11-20 | Mbt Holding Ag | High pozzolan cement mixtures |
ATE254093T1 (de) | 1998-08-14 | 2003-11-15 | Constr Res & Tech Gmbh | Zement-mischung für trockenguss |
US6258162B1 (en) * | 1998-10-22 | 2001-07-10 | Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. | Cement composition |
US6310143B1 (en) | 1998-12-16 | 2001-10-30 | Mbt Holding Ag | Derivatized polycarboxylate dispersants |
DE69932222T2 (de) * | 1998-12-28 | 2007-07-05 | Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. | Zementzusatzstoff, Zementzusammensetzung und polymere Polycarbonsäure |
JP4394765B2 (ja) * | 1999-02-15 | 2010-01-06 | Basfポゾリス株式会社 | セメント添加剤 |
EP1069139A3 (de) * | 1999-07-13 | 2003-03-12 | Clariant GmbH | Wässrige Polymerdispersion, ihre Herstellung und Verwendung |
EP1069142B1 (de) | 1999-07-15 | 2010-04-28 | Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) GmbH | Wasserlösliche Polymere und ihre Verwendung in kosmetischen und pharmazeutischen Mitteln |
US6528593B1 (en) | 1999-09-10 | 2003-03-04 | The Dow Chemical Company | Preparing copolymers of carboxylic acid, aromatic vinyl compound and hydrophobic polyalkylene oxide |
MY135684A (en) * | 1999-11-29 | 2008-06-30 | Nippon Catalytic Chem Ind | Copolymer for cement admixtures and its production process and use |
US20030187100A1 (en) * | 1999-12-10 | 2003-10-02 | Mbt Holding Ag | Water soluble air controlling agents for cementitious compositions |
US8088842B2 (en) * | 1999-12-10 | 2012-01-03 | Construction Research & Technology Gmbh | Solubilized defoamers for cementitious compositions |
CA2393625C (en) | 1999-12-10 | 2010-11-30 | Mbt Holding Ag | Solubilized defoamers for cementitious compositions |
US6875801B2 (en) * | 1999-12-10 | 2005-04-05 | Construction Research & Technology Gmbh | Solubilized defoamers for cementitious compositions |
US20030209695A1 (en) * | 2000-02-09 | 2003-11-13 | Toshitaka Tsuzuki | Dispersant composition |
DE60134190D1 (de) * | 2000-04-28 | 2008-07-10 | Nippon Catalytic Chem Ind | Zementzusatzmittel und Zementzusammensetzung, die dieses enthält |
WO2002014237A1 (fr) * | 2000-08-11 | 2002-02-21 | Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. | Melange et composition de ciment |
JP3725414B2 (ja) * | 2000-10-06 | 2005-12-14 | 竹本油脂株式会社 | 水硬性セメント組成物用空気量安定化剤及び水硬性セメント組成物 |
DE10059821A1 (de) | 2000-12-01 | 2002-06-13 | Clariant Gmbh | Tensidfreie kosmetische, dermatologische und pharmazeutische Mittel |
DE10059819A1 (de) | 2000-12-01 | 2002-06-13 | Clariant Gmbh | Tensidhaltige kosmetische, dermatologische und pharmazeutische Mittel |
US6762325B2 (en) * | 2001-05-16 | 2004-07-13 | Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. | Method for production of alkoxylated compound |
US6642320B2 (en) * | 2001-07-02 | 2003-11-04 | Taiheiyo Cement Kabushiki Kaisha | Multi-functional cement dispersants and hydraulic cement compositions |
US6911494B2 (en) * | 2001-09-28 | 2005-06-28 | Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. | Cement admixture and cement composition |
US6946505B2 (en) * | 2001-10-17 | 2005-09-20 | Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. | Cement dispersant, its production process, and cement composition using the cement dispersant |
US7247662B2 (en) * | 2001-10-07 | 2007-07-24 | Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. | Cement dispersant, its production process, and cement composition using the cement dispersant |
US6858074B2 (en) * | 2001-11-05 | 2005-02-22 | Construction Research & Technology Gmbh | High early-strength cementitious composition |
JP2003300766A (ja) * | 2002-02-06 | 2003-10-21 | Nippon Shokubai Co Ltd | コンクリート組成物、コンクリート組成物の製造方法及びセメント混和剤 |
US20040149174A1 (en) * | 2003-02-05 | 2004-08-05 | Mbt Holding Ag | Accelerating admixture for concrete |
CA2515696C (en) * | 2003-02-26 | 2012-06-26 | Construction Research & Technology Gmbh | Strength improvement admixture |
MXPA05010352A (es) | 2003-03-27 | 2006-03-08 | Constr Res & Tech Gmbh | Suspension colorante liquida. |
US20040211342A1 (en) * | 2003-04-25 | 2004-10-28 | Mbt Holding Ag | Rheology stabilizer for cementitious compositions |
EP2447231B1 (en) * | 2004-01-06 | 2016-11-23 | Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. | Cement admixture |
DE102004005434A1 (de) * | 2004-02-04 | 2005-08-25 | Construction Research & Technology Gmbh | Copolymere auf Basis von ungesättigten Mono- oder Dicarbonsäure-Derivaten und Oxyalkylenglykol-Alkenylethern, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung und ihre Verwendung |
US7556684B2 (en) * | 2004-02-26 | 2009-07-07 | Construction Research & Technology Gmbh | Amine containing strength improvement admixture |
KR20070026594A (ko) | 2004-06-15 | 2007-03-08 | 컨스트럭션 리서치 앤 테크놀로지 게엠베하 | 시멘트 조성물에의 동결 및 융해 내성 제공 |
EP1893547B1 (en) | 2005-06-14 | 2015-04-01 | Construction Research & Technology GmbH | Providing freezing and thawing resistance to cementitious compositions |
US7815731B2 (en) | 2006-06-13 | 2010-10-19 | Sekisui Specialty Chemicals America, Llc | Polyvinyl alcohol fluid loss additive with improved rheological properties |
JP2008030961A (ja) * | 2006-06-26 | 2008-02-14 | Construction Research & Technology Gmbh | 高炉水砕スラグの固結防止剤および高炉水砕スラグの添加剤 |
DE102006049381A1 (de) * | 2006-10-19 | 2008-04-24 | Süd-Chemie AG | Amphiphile Pfropfpolymere |
US8529694B2 (en) * | 2006-10-26 | 2013-09-10 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Powdered acetylenic surfactants and compositions containing them |
JP2010535700A (ja) | 2007-08-10 | 2010-11-25 | コンストラクション リサーチ アンド テクノロジー ゲーエムベーハー | ドライキャストセメント組成物用レオロジー調整添加剤 |
MX2010003840A (es) * | 2007-10-25 | 2010-04-27 | Basf Se | Proceso para preparar alcoholes de polieter de iniciadores que tienen atomos de hidrogenos activos. |
JP5215680B2 (ja) | 2008-01-28 | 2013-06-19 | コンストラクション リサーチ アンド テクノロジー ゲーエムベーハー | 収縮低減剤 |
EP2090596A1 (de) * | 2008-02-13 | 2009-08-19 | Construction Research and Technology GmbH | Copolymer mit Polyetherseitenketten und Hydroxyalkyl- und Säurebausteinen |
EP2090599A1 (de) | 2008-02-13 | 2009-08-19 | Construction Research and Technology GmbH | Copolymer mit Polyetherseitenketten und Dicarbonsäurederivatbausteinen |
US8519029B2 (en) | 2008-06-16 | 2013-08-27 | Construction Research & Technology Gmbh | Copolymer admixture system for workability retention of cementitious compositions |
ES2426730T3 (es) * | 2011-05-10 | 2013-10-24 | Sika Technology Ag | Polímero de ácido maleico, éteres alílicos y compuestos de ácido (met)acrílico, su preparación y su utilización |
DE102011089535A1 (de) | 2011-12-22 | 2013-06-27 | Evonik Industries Ag | Entschäumerzusammensetzungen für Baustoffmischungen |
US8845940B2 (en) | 2012-10-25 | 2014-09-30 | Carboncure Technologies Inc. | Carbon dioxide treatment of concrete upstream from product mold |
CN103073115A (zh) * | 2013-01-07 | 2013-05-01 | 辽宁工业大学 | 高温水阻垢剂及其制备方法和应用 |
EP2951122B1 (en) | 2013-02-04 | 2020-05-27 | Carboncure Technologies Inc. | System and method of applying carbon dioxide during the production of concrete |
KR101534771B1 (ko) * | 2013-05-29 | 2015-07-10 | 주식회사 실크로드시앤티 | 시멘트 혼화제 제조용 모노머 및 이의 제조 방법 |
EP3006423B1 (en) * | 2013-05-29 | 2020-10-21 | Silkroad C&T Co., LTD | Cement admixture comprising polycarboxylic acid copolymer, derived from a macromonomer, and layered double hydroxide and method for preparing same |
US9388072B2 (en) | 2013-06-25 | 2016-07-12 | Carboncure Technologies Inc. | Methods and compositions for concrete production |
US10927042B2 (en) | 2013-06-25 | 2021-02-23 | Carboncure Technologies, Inc. | Methods and compositions for concrete production |
US20160107939A1 (en) | 2014-04-09 | 2016-04-21 | Carboncure Technologies Inc. | Methods and compositions for concrete production |
US9108883B2 (en) | 2013-06-25 | 2015-08-18 | Carboncure Technologies, Inc. | Apparatus for carbonation of a cement mix |
US9376345B2 (en) | 2013-06-25 | 2016-06-28 | Carboncure Technologies Inc. | Methods for delivery of carbon dioxide to a flowable concrete mix |
MX2016006616A (es) | 2013-11-22 | 2017-01-16 | Construction Research & Technology Gmbh | Mezcla reductora de grietas para composiciones cementosas. |
WO2015123769A1 (en) | 2014-02-18 | 2015-08-27 | Carboncure Technologies, Inc. | Carbonation of cement mixes |
CA2943791C (en) | 2014-04-07 | 2023-09-05 | Carboncure Technologies Inc. | Integrated carbon dioxide capture |
US9919968B2 (en) * | 2014-09-30 | 2018-03-20 | Gcp Applied Technologies Inc. | Low-to-mid-range water reduction using polycarboxylate comb polymers |
EP3442761A4 (en) | 2016-04-11 | 2019-12-11 | Carboncure Technologies Inc. | METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF WASHING WATER FROM CONCRETE PRODUCTION |
US10047008B2 (en) | 2016-05-03 | 2018-08-14 | Gcp Applied Technologies Inc. | Low-to-mid range water-reducing polymer with mixed polyoxyalkylene side chains |
CN110520395B (zh) * | 2017-02-08 | 2021-12-24 | Sika技术股份公司 | 用于水硬性组合物的混合剂 |
EP3642170A4 (en) | 2017-06-20 | 2021-03-10 | Carboncure Technologies Inc. | PROCESSES AND COMPOSITIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CONCRETE WASHING WATER |
WO2019019116A1 (en) * | 2017-07-27 | 2019-01-31 | Sika Technology Ag | DISPERSING AGENT BASED ON POLY (DICARBOXYLIC ACID) |
JP2019059815A (ja) * | 2017-09-25 | 2019-04-18 | 第一工業製薬株式会社 | 共重合体、分散剤、分散体組成物 |
US11021395B2 (en) | 2018-01-29 | 2021-06-01 | Lawrence L Kuo | Method for low-to-mid-range water reduction of cementitious compositions |
KR102657750B1 (ko) | 2021-11-15 | 2024-04-19 | 김근식 | 시멘트 첨가제 제조방법 |
CN114988749B (zh) * | 2022-07-18 | 2022-10-21 | 北京工业大学 | 一种捕集二氧化碳的资源化利用方法 |
Family Cites Families (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3563930A (en) * | 1968-04-01 | 1971-02-16 | Atlantic Richfield Co | Cement composition |
US3544344A (en) * | 1968-04-18 | 1970-12-01 | Sinclair Research Inc | Set retarded plaster composition |
JPS5838380B2 (ja) * | 1981-01-16 | 1983-08-23 | 株式会社日本触媒 | セメント分散剤 |
US4471100A (en) * | 1981-01-16 | 1984-09-11 | Nippon Shokubai Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd. | Copolymer and method for manufacture thereof |
JPS5838380A (ja) * | 1981-08-31 | 1983-03-05 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 内燃機関用点火装置 |
JP2541218B2 (ja) * | 1987-05-15 | 1996-10-09 | 日本油脂株式会社 | セメント用添加剤 |
JP2676854B2 (ja) * | 1988-12-16 | 1997-11-17 | 日本油脂株式会社 | ポリオキシアルキレン不飽和エーテルーマレイン酸エステル共重合体およびその用途 |
US5476885A (en) * | 1989-07-25 | 1995-12-19 | Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. | Cement additive, method for producing the same, and cement composition |
JP2701086B2 (ja) * | 1990-07-09 | 1998-01-21 | キヤノン株式会社 | 光学装置及び像ぶれ防止のための装置 |
DE4135956C2 (de) * | 1990-11-06 | 2001-10-18 | Mbt Holding Ag Zuerich | Zusatzmittel für Zementmischungen und deren Verwendung |
US5362323A (en) * | 1992-02-14 | 1994-11-08 | W. R. Grace & Co. Conn. | Cement admixture composition |
JP3420274B2 (ja) * | 1993-04-05 | 2003-06-23 | ダブリュー・アール・グレース・アンド・カンパニー−コーン | 流動性低下防止に優れた新規なセメント分散剤組成物 |
CH689118A5 (de) * | 1993-06-11 | 1998-10-15 | Nippon Catalytic Chem Ind | Zusatzmittel zur Kontrolle des Fliessverhaltens von zementartigen Zusammensetzungen. |
US5660628A (en) * | 1993-08-18 | 1997-08-26 | Mitsubishi Kasei Corp. | Method of manufacturing semiconductor epitaxial wafer |
DE69610650T2 (de) * | 1995-01-31 | 2001-05-03 | Mbt Holding Ag, Zuerich | Zementdispergiermittel |
DE19513126A1 (de) * | 1995-04-07 | 1996-10-10 | Sueddeutsche Kalkstickstoff | Copolymere auf Basis von Oxyalkylenglykol-Alkenylethern und ungesättigten Dicarbonsäure-Derivaten |
-
1997
- 1997-12-17 US US08/992,328 patent/US5912284A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-18 EP EP97122406A patent/EP0850894B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-18 DE DE69711011T patent/DE69711011T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-23 KR KR1019970072670A patent/KR100324483B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-12-23 ID IDP973968A patent/ID19293A/id unknown
- 1997-12-25 CN CN97126307A patent/CN1081614C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-26 BR BR9706470A patent/BR9706470A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69711011T2 (de) | 2002-11-14 |
DE69711011D1 (de) | 2002-04-18 |
CN1081614C (zh) | 2002-03-27 |
EP0850894A1 (en) | 1998-07-01 |
BR9706470A (pt) | 1999-06-08 |
KR100324483B1 (ko) | 2002-06-28 |
EP0850894B1 (en) | 2002-03-13 |
US5912284A (en) | 1999-06-15 |
KR19980064529A (ko) | 1998-10-07 |
CN1189472A (zh) | 1998-08-05 |
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