HK1085274A1 - Electrochromic display device - Google Patents

Electrochromic display device

Info

Publication number
HK1085274A1
HK1085274A1 HK06105223A HK06105223A HK1085274A1 HK 1085274 A1 HK1085274 A1 HK 1085274A1 HK 06105223 A HK06105223 A HK 06105223A HK 06105223 A HK06105223 A HK 06105223A HK 1085274 A1 HK1085274 A1 HK 1085274A1
Authority
HK
Hong Kong
Prior art keywords
electrochromic
display device
electrochromic display
working electrode
viewer
Prior art date
Application number
HK06105223A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Francois Pichot
Colm Mcatamney
Udo Bach
Original Assignee
Ntera Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ntera Ltd filed Critical Ntera Ltd
Publication of HK1085274A1 publication Critical patent/HK1085274A1/xx

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect
    • G02F1/153—Constructional details
    • G02F1/155—Electrodes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect
    • G02F1/1503—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect caused by oxidation-reduction reactions in organic liquid solutions, e.g. viologen solutions
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect
    • G02F1/153—Constructional details
    • G02F1/1533—Constructional details structural features not otherwise provided for
    • G02F2001/1536—Constructional details structural features not otherwise provided for additional, e.g. protective, layer inside the cell
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect
    • G02F1/153—Constructional details
    • G02F1/155—Electrodes
    • G02F2001/1552—Inner electrode, e.g. the electrochromic layer being sandwiched between the inner electrode and the support substrate
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect
    • G02F1/153—Constructional details
    • G02F1/155—Electrodes
    • G02F2001/1555—Counter electrode

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)
  • Control Of Indicators Other Than Cathode Ray Tubes (AREA)
  • Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)
  • Gas-Insulated Switchgears (AREA)
HK06105223A 2003-01-31 2006-05-03 Electrochromic display device HK1085274A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP03394011 2003-01-31
PCT/IE2004/000014 WO2004068231A1 (en) 2003-01-31 2004-01-30 Electrochromic display device

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
HK1085274A1 true HK1085274A1 (en) 2006-08-18

Family

ID=32799176

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
HK06105223A HK1085274A1 (en) 2003-01-31 2006-05-03 Electrochromic display device

Country Status (13)

Country Link
US (1) US7460289B2 (xx)
EP (2) EP1708016B1 (xx)
JP (1) JP4589915B2 (xx)
KR (1) KR100980796B1 (xx)
CN (1) CN100462830C (xx)
AT (2) ATE333108T1 (xx)
AU (1) AU2004208241B2 (xx)
CA (1) CA2509771A1 (xx)
DE (2) DE602004020114D1 (xx)
DK (1) DK1593000T3 (xx)
HK (1) HK1085274A1 (xx)
TW (1) TW200417280A (xx)
WO (1) WO2004068231A1 (xx)

Families Citing this family (65)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1271227A1 (en) * 2001-06-26 2003-01-02 Nanomat Limited Electrochromic display for high resolution and method of producing the same
WO2005012993A1 (ja) * 2003-07-31 2005-02-10 Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. エレクトロクロミック表示装置
US7864398B2 (en) * 2004-06-08 2011-01-04 Gentex Corporation Electro-optical element including metallic films and methods for applying the same
KR101136398B1 (ko) * 2004-10-23 2012-04-18 엘지디스플레이 주식회사 입체영상 표시장치 및 그 제조방법
KR100870613B1 (ko) * 2005-11-02 2008-11-25 주식회사 엘지화학 전기변색소자의 전극구조
US7420727B2 (en) 2006-01-13 2008-09-02 Ntera Limited Active matrix electrochromic display
US7403319B2 (en) 2006-01-13 2008-07-22 Ntera Limited Electrochromic device employing gel or solid polymers having specific channel direction for the conduction of ions
US20070188841A1 (en) * 2006-02-10 2007-08-16 Ntera, Inc. Method and system for lowering the drive potential of an electrochromic device
JP5678405B2 (ja) 2006-07-12 2015-03-04 コニカミノルタ株式会社 エレクトロクロミック表示素子
JP5040218B2 (ja) * 2006-08-28 2012-10-03 コニカミノルタホールディングス株式会社 表示素子
WO2008083861A1 (de) * 2007-01-11 2008-07-17 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Transparente organisch basierte elektrochrome formulierung, herstellung eines transparenten elektrochromen bauteils und verwendungen dazu
US20080246748A1 (en) * 2007-03-21 2008-10-09 Micheal Cassidy Laminated and tilled displays and methods of manufacturing the same
WO2008150851A1 (en) * 2007-06-01 2008-12-11 Ntera, Inc. Monolithic architecture and electrolyte for electrochromic devices
AU2008258967B2 (en) * 2007-06-06 2010-11-04 Fujikura Ltd. Dye-sensitized solar cell module and production method thereof
WO2008149850A1 (ja) 2007-06-08 2008-12-11 Konica Minolta Holdings, Inc. 電気化学表示素子の製造方法及び電気化学表示素子
EP2242041A4 (en) 2008-02-13 2012-10-10 Konica Minolta Holdings Inc DISPLAY DEVICE
US8437067B2 (en) 2008-03-18 2013-05-07 Konica Minolta Holdings, Inc. Electrochemical display element
WO2010010814A1 (ja) * 2008-07-24 2010-01-28 コニカミノルタホールディングス株式会社 表示素子及び表示素子の多孔質層の形成方法
US8786932B2 (en) * 2009-02-24 2014-07-22 Ntera, Inc. Advanced electrode structures and electrochromic devices
WO2016085764A1 (en) 2014-11-26 2016-06-02 View, Inc. Counter electrode for electrochromic devices
US11187954B2 (en) 2009-03-31 2021-11-30 View, Inc. Electrochromic cathode materials
US9007674B2 (en) * 2011-09-30 2015-04-14 View, Inc. Defect-mitigation layers in electrochromic devices
US10852613B2 (en) 2009-03-31 2020-12-01 View, Inc. Counter electrode material for electrochromic devices
US11599003B2 (en) 2011-09-30 2023-03-07 View, Inc. Fabrication of electrochromic devices
US10156762B2 (en) 2009-03-31 2018-12-18 View, Inc. Counter electrode for electrochromic devices
US10591795B2 (en) 2009-03-31 2020-03-17 View, Inc. Counter electrode for electrochromic devices
US8432603B2 (en) 2009-03-31 2013-04-30 View, Inc. Electrochromic devices
US12043890B2 (en) 2009-03-31 2024-07-23 View, Inc. Electrochromic devices
US9261751B2 (en) 2010-04-30 2016-02-16 View, Inc. Electrochromic devices
US10261381B2 (en) 2009-03-31 2019-04-16 View, Inc. Fabrication of low defectivity electrochromic devices
US8582193B2 (en) 2010-04-30 2013-11-12 View, Inc. Electrochromic devices
PT104482A (pt) * 2009-04-01 2010-10-01 Univ Nova De Lisboa Método de fabrico e criação de transístores de filme fino electrocrómicos de estrutura lateral ou vertical utilizando substratos vitrocerâmicos, poliméricos, metálicos ou de papel celulósico natural, sintético ou misto funcionalizados ou não funciona
KR101655245B1 (ko) * 2010-03-23 2016-09-07 삼성전자 주식회사 전기 변색 물질 및 이를 포함하는 전기 변색 소자
MX2012012573A (es) * 2010-04-30 2013-04-05 Soladigm Inc Dispositivos electrocromicos.
US9759975B2 (en) 2010-04-30 2017-09-12 View, Inc. Electrochromic devices
WO2011137104A1 (en) * 2010-04-30 2011-11-03 Soladigm, Inc. Electrochromic devices
TWI411118B (zh) * 2010-05-24 2013-10-01 Ind Tech Res Inst 可調變太陽光電電變色元件及模組
DE102010027070A1 (de) 2010-07-13 2012-01-19 Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen Gas-Sensor und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung
US10802371B2 (en) 2011-12-12 2020-10-13 View, Inc. Thin-film devices and fabrication
US12061402B2 (en) 2011-12-12 2024-08-13 View, Inc. Narrow pre-deposition laser deletion
WO2014017656A1 (en) * 2012-07-23 2014-01-30 Ricoh Company, Ltd. An electrochromic device and a method for manufacturing an electrochromic device
CN102965096B (zh) * 2012-11-21 2015-03-04 中国科学技术大学 一种紫精化合物电致变色材料及其电致变色器件
KR102063776B1 (ko) * 2012-12-17 2020-01-09 엘지이노텍 주식회사 전기변색 디스플레이 장치 및 그 제조 방법
US9013778B2 (en) 2013-03-06 2015-04-21 Sage Electrochromics, Inc. Laser cuts to reduce electrical leakage
JP6171637B2 (ja) * 2013-07-08 2017-08-02 株式会社リコー エレクトロクロミック調光レンズ、エレクトロクロミック調光眼鏡、及びそれらの製造方法
US9152001B2 (en) * 2013-07-25 2015-10-06 Sage Electrochromics, Inc. Electrochromic devices having improved structure for reducing current leakage across lower transparent conductor layers
US20150153622A1 (en) 2013-12-03 2015-06-04 Sage Electrochromics, Inc. Methods for producing lower electrical isolation in electrochromic films
KR102208249B1 (ko) * 2013-12-27 2021-01-26 엘지디스플레이 주식회사 유기전계발광 표시장치 및 그 제조 방법
US9297998B2 (en) * 2014-03-28 2016-03-29 Amazon Technologies, Inc. Electrode of an electrowetting device
US11891327B2 (en) 2014-05-02 2024-02-06 View, Inc. Fabrication of low defectivity electrochromic devices
EP3677962B1 (en) 2014-09-05 2021-11-10 View, Inc. Integrated deposition system and method for fabricating an electrochromic stack
US9864250B2 (en) 2014-11-14 2018-01-09 Heliotrope Technologies, Inc. Post-temperable nanocrystal electrochromic devices
US9726594B2 (en) * 2014-11-18 2017-08-08 Baker Hughes Incorporated Electrochemical sensor for monitoring under-deposit corrosion
WO2016154064A1 (en) 2015-03-20 2016-09-29 View, Inc. Faster switching low-defect electrochromic windows
WO2018039080A1 (en) 2016-08-22 2018-03-01 View, Inc. Electromagnetic-shielding electrochromic windows
KR20180048818A (ko) * 2015-09-02 2018-05-10 클리어잉크 디스플레이스, 인코포레이티드 쌍안정성이 강화된 전반사 이미지 디스플레이
CN105093770A (zh) * 2015-09-28 2015-11-25 张健敏 能调节透光率的显示屏外壳及其制作方法
JP2020508491A (ja) 2017-02-27 2020-03-19 セイジ・エレクトロクロミクス，インコーポレイテッド 基板および透明導電層を含む電気デバイスおよびその形成プロセス
KR102078403B1 (ko) * 2017-04-27 2020-04-07 주식회사 엘지화학 전기변색소자
US11608428B2 (en) * 2017-06-28 2023-03-21 The Texas A&M University System Thermochromic compositions, thermochromic substrates, and related methods of making
US10732476B2 (en) 2018-05-14 2020-08-04 Nokia Solutions And Networks Oy Electrochromic cell
CN109881198B (zh) * 2019-04-10 2020-04-17 浙江大学 二氧化锡/五氧化二钒核壳结构的多色电致变色薄膜的制备方法
CN110669076B (zh) * 2019-09-27 2020-07-07 中国科学院化学研究所 一种双钌金属配合物及其在近红外电致变色薄膜中的应用
CN115039016A (zh) 2020-01-31 2022-09-09 微芯片技术股份有限公司 使用电致变色元件的平视显示器
CN112909194B (zh) * 2021-01-29 2023-02-28 Tcl华星光电技术有限公司 透明显示面板

Family Cites Families (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4193670A (en) * 1977-11-08 1980-03-18 American Cyanamid Company Electrochromic devices having protective interlayers
JPS6320976Y2 (xx) * 1978-07-07 1988-06-10
JPS6084531A (ja) * 1983-10-17 1985-05-13 Hitachi Maxell Ltd エレクトロクロミツク表示素子
US4645308A (en) * 1984-12-21 1987-02-24 The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Energy Low voltage solid-state lateral coloration electrochromic device
CN1018874B (zh) * 1985-08-07 1992-10-28 加利福尼亚大学 电致变色显示器
JP2704887B2 (ja) * 1988-08-22 1998-01-26 キヤノン株式会社 エレクトロクロミック素子
US5189549A (en) * 1990-02-26 1993-02-23 Molecular Displays, Inc. Electrochromic, electroluminescent and electrochemiluminescent displays
JPH04318525A (ja) * 1991-04-17 1992-11-10 Nikon Corp 反射型エレクトロクロミック素子
JPH07133341A (ja) * 1993-11-09 1995-05-23 Ykk Kk 電解重合膜の製造方法
JP4024858B2 (ja) * 1996-03-15 2007-12-19 エコール ポリテクニーク フェデラル ドゥ ローザンヌ エレクトロクロモフォリック化合物及び感光性化合物
DE19622600C2 (de) * 1996-06-05 2001-08-02 Fraunhofer Ges Forschung Elektrochrome Einheit
US5923457A (en) * 1997-04-02 1999-07-13 Gentex Corporation Electro-optic device including a low sheet resistance, high transmission transparent electrode
US6094292A (en) * 1997-10-15 2000-07-25 Trustees Of Tufts College Electrochromic window with high reflectivity modulation
KR20010102154A (ko) * 1999-02-18 2001-11-15 오오자와 슈지로 전기착색 소자
US7012600B2 (en) * 1999-04-30 2006-03-14 E Ink Corporation Methods for driving bistable electro-optic displays, and apparatus for use therein
EP1079397A1 (en) * 1999-08-23 2001-02-28 Agfa-Gevaert N.V. Method of making an electroconductive pattern on a support
US20020017108A1 (en) 1999-11-30 2002-02-14 Schooley Frank W. Portable marine air conditioner and dehumidifier
JP2001209078A (ja) * 2000-01-26 2001-08-03 Nippon Mitsubishi Oil Corp エレクトロクロミック素子
JP2001264823A (ja) * 2000-03-21 2001-09-26 Sharp Corp エレクトロクロミック表示装置
JPWO2002039180A1 (ja) * 2000-11-10 2004-03-18 株式会社村上開明堂 固体型エレクトロクロミック素子及びその素子を用いたミラー装置並びにｃｒｔディスプレイ
AU2002250304A1 (en) * 2001-03-13 2002-09-24 E Ink Corporation Apparatus for displaying drawings
EP1412811A2 (en) 2001-03-19 2004-04-28 Aveso, Inc. Electrochromic display device and compositions useful in making such devices
EP1244168A1 (en) * 2001-03-20 2002-09-25 Francois Sugnaux Mesoporous network electrode for electrochemical cell
US7230597B2 (en) * 2001-07-13 2007-06-12 Tpo Hong Kong Holding Limited Active matrix array devices

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA2509771A1 (en) 2004-08-12
KR20050105178A (ko) 2005-11-03
AU2004208241B2 (en) 2009-06-11
AU2004208241A1 (en) 2004-08-12
ATE426187T1 (de) 2009-04-15
DE602004020114D1 (de) 2009-04-30
JP4589915B2 (ja) 2010-12-01
DE602004001508D1 (de) 2006-08-24
US20060132885A1 (en) 2006-06-22
DK1593000T3 (da) 2006-10-30
DE602004001508T2 (de) 2007-02-15
KR100980796B1 (ko) 2010-09-10
CN1739057A (zh) 2006-02-22
JP2006520481A (ja) 2006-09-07
EP1593000B1 (en) 2006-07-12
WO2004068231A1 (en) 2004-08-12
EP1708016A3 (en) 2007-10-31
EP1708016B1 (en) 2009-03-18
CN100462830C (zh) 2009-02-18
ATE333108T1 (de) 2006-08-15
EP1593000A1 (en) 2005-11-09
TW200417280A (en) 2004-09-01
US7460289B2 (en) 2008-12-02
EP1708016A2 (en) 2006-10-04

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
HK1085274A1 (en) Electrochromic display device
TWI263183B (en) Display apparatus
ATE445174T1 (de) Elektrochrome anzeigenvorrichtung
WO2005010598A3 (en) Electro-optic displays
WO2007001429A3 (en) Stacked layer electrode for organic electronic devices
TWI370913B (en) Noncrystal transparent conductive membrane, sputtering target material for the conductive membrane, noncrystal transparent electrode substrate, its production, and color filter for liquid crystal display
AU2001236652A1 (en) Touch screen panel with integral wiring traces
WO2005035130A3 (en) Reversible electrodeposition devices and associated electrochemical media
HK1138382A1 (en) Liquid crystal display
TW200638097A (en) Liquid crystal display device
TW200520620A (en) Display device
TW200719015A (en) Liquid crystal display panel and manufacturing method therof and liquid crystal display device incorporating the same
TW200730982A (en) Liquid crystal display element
EP0855615A3 (en) Electrochromic device
KR20070098566A (ko) 정전 척
EP1587126A4 (en) PLASMA SCOREBOARD
JP2002258774A (ja) 電子機器
TW200638087A (en) Liquid crystal display panel
TW200602729A (en) Liquid crystal display and its manufacturing method
TW200618020A (en) Plasma display panel, and manufacturing method thereof
WO2006072796A3 (en) Electroluminescent displays
KR102122817B1 (ko) 메탈 메쉬를 이용한 투명 디스플레이
EP1445786A3 (en) Gas discharge panel and its production method
WO2003107390A3 (en) LIGHTING ELEMENT HAVING A LUMINESCENT SURFACE
TW200636810A (en) Silicon spring electrode and anisotropic conductive sheet

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PC Patent ceased (i.e. patent has lapsed due to the failure to pay the renewal fee)

Effective date: 20120130