HK1000424A1 - Hard carbon coating-clad base material - Google Patents

Hard carbon coating-clad base material

Info

Publication number
HK1000424A1
HK1000424A1 HK97102002A HK97102002A HK1000424A1 HK 1000424 A1 HK1000424 A1 HK 1000424A1 HK 97102002 A HK97102002 A HK 97102002A HK 97102002 A HK97102002 A HK 97102002A HK 1000424 A1 HK1000424 A1 HK 1000424A1
Authority
HK
Hong Kong
Prior art keywords
base material
hard carbon
carbon coating
clad base
clad
Prior art date
Application number
HK97102002A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Naoi Koichi
Original Assignee
Citizen Watch Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from JP1992092187U external-priority patent/JP2576042Y2/ja
Priority claimed from JP1993061587U external-priority patent/JP2599428Y2/ja
Application filed by Citizen Watch Co Ltd filed Critical Citizen Watch Co Ltd
Publication of HK1000424A1 publication Critical patent/HK1000424A1/xx

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
    • C23C28/32—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
    • C23C28/321—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer with at least one metal alloy layer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
    • C23C28/32—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
    • C23C28/322—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer only coatings of metal elements only
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
    • C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
    • C23C28/343—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with at least one DLC or an amorphous carbon based layer, the layer being doped or not
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12535—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.] with additional, spatially distinct nonmetal component
    • Y10T428/12625—Free carbon containing component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12674—Ge- or Si-base component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12806—Refractory [Group IVB, VB, or VIB] metal-base component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12806—Refractory [Group IVB, VB, or VIB] metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12812—Diverse refractory group metal-base components: alternative to or next to each other
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12806—Refractory [Group IVB, VB, or VIB] metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12826—Group VIB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12847—Cr-base component
    • Y10T428/12854—Next to Co-, Fe-, or Ni-base component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12875—Platinum group metal-base component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12903—Cu-base component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12903—Cu-base component
    • Y10T428/1291—Next to Co-, Cu-, or Ni-base component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12937—Co- or Ni-base component next to Fe-base component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12944—Ni-base component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12951—Fe-base component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/30—Self-sustaining carbon mass or layer with impregnant or other layer

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
  • Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
HK97102002A 1992-12-22 1997-10-22 Hard carbon coating-clad base material HK1000424A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP1992092187U JP2576042Y2 (ja) 1992-01-31 1992-12-22 カーボン硬質被膜を有する基材
JP1993061587U JP2599428Y2 (ja) 1993-11-16 1993-11-16 カーボン硬質被膜を有する基材

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
HK1000424A1 true HK1000424A1 (en) 1998-03-20

Family

ID=26402635

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
HK97102002A HK1000424A1 (en) 1992-12-22 1997-10-22 Hard carbon coating-clad base material

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (3) US5607779A (xx)
EP (1) EP0605179B1 (xx)
CN (1) CN1048292C (xx)
DE (1) DE69310334T2 (xx)
HK (1) HK1000424A1 (xx)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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EP0605179B1 (en) * 1992-12-22 1997-05-02 Citizen Watch Co. Ltd. Hard carbon coating-clad base material
GB9419328D0 (en) * 1994-09-24 1994-11-09 Sprayform Tools & Dies Ltd Method for controlling the internal stresses in spray deposited articles
EP1067210A3 (en) * 1996-09-06 2002-11-13 Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. Method for providing a hard carbon film on a substrate and electric shaver blade
RU2158840C2 (ru) * 1999-01-21 2000-11-10 Открытое акционерное общество "НПО Энергомаш им. акад. В.П. Глушко" Корпус камеры жидкостного ракетного двигателя
JP4560964B2 (ja) * 2000-02-25 2010-10-13 住友電気工業株式会社 非晶質炭素被覆部材
US20020098376A1 (en) * 2000-10-20 2002-07-25 Morris Harry C. Friction guard blade and a method of production thereof
CN101580928B (zh) * 2003-02-26 2012-07-18 住友电气工业株式会社 无定形碳膜及其制备方法以及无定形碳膜涂敷的材料
US7771822B2 (en) * 2004-07-09 2010-08-10 Oerlikon Trading Ag, Trubbach Conductive material comprising an Me-DLC hard material coating
US20060280946A1 (en) * 2005-05-20 2006-12-14 United Technologies Corporation Metal-containing diamond-like-carbon coating compositions
ATE452218T1 (de) * 2005-09-10 2010-01-15 Schaeffler Kg VERSCHLEIßFESTE BESCHICHTUNG UND VERFAHREN ZUR HERSTELLUNG DERSELBEN
DE102007022453B4 (de) * 2007-05-10 2020-02-06 Thyssenkrupp Steel Europe Ag Mehrschichtiges Verbundteil und aus diesem hergestelltes Bauteil
CN101831651B (zh) * 2010-05-25 2012-01-04 晏双利 一种硬质合金刀具镀膜方法及刀具
CN102452842A (zh) * 2010-10-29 2012-05-16 鸿富锦精密工业（深圳）有限公司 碳钢与碳化硅陶瓷的连接方法及制得的连接件
CN102485698B (zh) * 2010-12-02 2015-03-11 鸿富锦精密工业（深圳）有限公司 黄铜与碳化硅陶瓷的连接方法及其连接件
JP5521130B1 (ja) * 2012-08-30 2014-06-11 パナソニック株式会社 電子部品パッケージおよびその製造方法
WO2014038128A1 (ja) 2012-09-05 2014-03-13 パナソニック株式会社 半導体装置およびその製造方法
CN104603932A (zh) 2012-12-21 2015-05-06 松下知识产权经营株式会社 电子部件封装件及其制造方法
JP5624697B1 (ja) * 2012-12-21 2014-11-12 パナソニック株式会社 電子部品パッケージおよびその製造方法
WO2014097642A1 (ja) 2012-12-21 2014-06-26 パナソニック株式会社 電子部品パッケージおよびその製造方法
WO2014097645A1 (ja) * 2012-12-21 2014-06-26 パナソニック株式会社 電子部品パッケージおよびその製造方法

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US3125805A (en) * 1964-03-24 Cladding ferrous-base alloys with titanium
US1792082A (en) * 1926-01-13 1931-02-10 Chemical Treat Company Inc Metallic coating and process of producing the same
US2908966A (en) * 1955-01-26 1959-10-20 Horizons Inc Titanium or zirconium clad steel
US3795494A (en) * 1972-03-20 1974-03-05 Nat Res Corp Erosion resistant wares composed predominantly of chromium bearing steel
AT375303B (de) * 1979-09-28 1984-07-25 Nippon Musical Instruments Mfg Material auf ti-basis fuer brillengestelle sowie verfahren zu dessen herstellung
US4358922A (en) * 1980-04-10 1982-11-16 Surface Technology, Inc. Metallic articles having dual layers of electroless metal coatings incorporating particulate matter
US4605343A (en) * 1984-09-20 1986-08-12 General Electric Company Sintered polycrystalline diamond compact construction with integral heat sink
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JPH0660404B2 (ja) * 1985-11-15 1994-08-10 シチズン時計株式会社 カ−ボン硬質膜を被覆した金属部材
JP2628595B2 (ja) * 1987-04-18 1997-07-09 住友電気工業株式会社 硬質ダイヤモンド状カーボン膜を密着良く形成する方法
DE3734768A1 (de) * 1987-10-14 1989-05-03 Battelle Institut E V Armaturteil zum einsatz in einem schwefelsauren medium, das auch abrasiv wirkende feststoffteilchen enthaelt und verfahren zur herstellung eines solchen armaturteiles
JPH02149673A (ja) * 1988-11-29 1990-06-08 Citizen Watch Co Ltd カーボン硬質膜を被覆した部材
DE4134133A1 (de) * 1991-10-15 1993-04-22 Castolin Sa Verfahren zum beschichten metallischer oberflaechen und dessen verwendung
EP0605179B1 (en) * 1992-12-22 1997-05-02 Citizen Watch Co. Ltd. Hard carbon coating-clad base material
JP2574934Y2 (ja) * 1993-03-02 1998-06-18 シチズン時計株式会社 編機用部品

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN1091477A (zh) 1994-08-31
EP0605179A1 (en) 1994-07-06
EP0605179B1 (en) 1997-05-02
US6074766A (en) 2000-06-13
DE69310334T2 (de) 1997-08-14
DE69310334D1 (de) 1997-06-05
US5607779A (en) 1997-03-04
US6180263B1 (en) 2001-01-30
CN1048292C (zh) 2000-01-12

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Effective date: 20111221