GB1254120A - Methods of dividing substrates - Google Patents
Methods of dividing substratesInfo
- Publication number
- GB1254120A GB1254120A GB59316/68A GB5931668A GB1254120A GB 1254120 A GB1254120 A GB 1254120A GB 59316/68 A GB59316/68 A GB 59316/68A GB 5931668 A GB5931668 A GB 5931668A GB 1254120 A GB1254120 A GB 1254120A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- substrate
- fracture
- carriage
- localized
- dec
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 title abstract 13
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000000644 propagated effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/67—Apparatus specially adapted for handling semiconductor or electric solid state devices during manufacture or treatment thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for handling wafers during manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or electric solid state devices or components ; Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere
- H01L21/67005—Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere
- H01L21/67011—Apparatus for manufacture or treatment
- H01L21/67092—Apparatus for mechanical treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/0006—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring taking account of the properties of the material involved
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/352—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring for surface treatment
- B23K26/359—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring for surface treatment by providing a line or line pattern, e.g. a dotted break initiation line
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/36—Removing material
- B23K26/40—Removing material taking account of the properties of the material involved
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B33/00—Severing cooled glass
- C03B33/09—Severing cooled glass by thermal shock
- C03B33/091—Severing cooled glass by thermal shock using at least one focussed radiation beam, e.g. laser beam
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/26—Bombardment with radiation
- H01L21/263—Bombardment with radiation with high-energy radiation
- H01L21/268—Bombardment with radiation with high-energy radiation using electromagnetic radiation, e.g. laser radiation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
- H05K3/0011—Working of insulating substrates or insulating layers
- H05K3/0017—Etching of the substrate by chemical or physical means
- H05K3/0026—Etching of the substrate by chemical or physical means by laser ablation
- H05K3/0029—Etching of the substrate by chemical or physical means by laser ablation of inorganic insulating material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N97/00—Electric solid-state thin-film or thick-film devices, not otherwise provided for
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
- B23K2101/36—Electric or electronic devices
- B23K2101/40—Semiconductor devices
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/50—Inorganic material, e.g. metals, not provided for in B23K2103/02 – B23K2103/26
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/50—Inorganic material, e.g. metals, not provided for in B23K2103/02 – B23K2103/26
- B23K2103/52—Ceramics
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/50—Inorganic material, e.g. metals, not provided for in B23K2103/02 – B23K2103/26
- B23K2103/56—Inorganic material, e.g. metals, not provided for in B23K2103/02 – B23K2103/26 semiconducting
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Laser Beam Processing (AREA)
- Re-Forming, After-Treatment, Cutting And Transporting Of Glass Products (AREA)
- Processing Of Stones Or Stones Resemblance Materials (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US69188367A | 1967-12-19 | 1967-12-19 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB1254120A true GB1254120A (en) | 1971-11-17 |
Family
ID=24778354
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB59316/68A Expired GB1254120A (en) | 1967-12-19 | 1968-12-13 | Methods of dividing substrates |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3629545A (enExample) |
| BE (1) | BE725595A (enExample) |
| DE (1) | DE1815129A1 (enExample) |
| FR (1) | FR1598452A (enExample) |
| GB (1) | GB1254120A (enExample) |
| NL (1) | NL157455B (enExample) |
| SE (1) | SE350921B (enExample) |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4401876A (en) | 1980-05-20 | 1983-08-30 | Martin Cooper | Working gemstones |
| US5932119A (en) * | 1996-01-05 | 1999-08-03 | Lazare Kaplan International, Inc. | Laser marking system |
| US8269138B2 (en) | 2009-05-21 | 2012-09-18 | Corning Incorporated | Method for separating a sheet of brittle material |
| EP1349817B2 (fr) † | 2001-01-12 | 2013-01-16 | Saint-Gobain Glass France | Procede de decoupe des bords d'un ruban continu de verre et le dispositif de mise en oeuvre ce procede |
| US8426767B2 (en) | 2009-08-31 | 2013-04-23 | Corning Incorporated | Methods for laser scribing and breaking thin glass |
| US8584490B2 (en) | 2011-02-18 | 2013-11-19 | Corning Incorporated | Laser cutting method |
| US9034458B2 (en) | 2011-05-27 | 2015-05-19 | Corning Incorporated | Edge-protected product and finishing method |
| CN109732198A (zh) * | 2019-01-31 | 2019-05-10 | 华中科技大学 | 一种硬脆材料双光束热裂加工装置及方法 |
Families Citing this family (51)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3828159A (en) * | 1970-01-19 | 1974-08-06 | Hughes Aircraft Co | Laser cutting surface |
| US3610871A (en) * | 1970-02-19 | 1971-10-05 | Western Electric Co | Initiation of a controlled fracture |
| US4020317A (en) * | 1971-12-10 | 1977-04-26 | New Mexico Tech Research Foundation | Method of mining rock with an electron beam |
| US4328411A (en) * | 1980-04-28 | 1982-05-04 | General Electric Company | Cutting amorphous metal by crystallization with a laser or electron beam |
| FR2557732B1 (fr) * | 1983-12-28 | 1986-04-11 | Lefevre Rene | Procede de realisation de dispositifs piezoelectriques miniatures utilisant un usinage par laser et dispositifs obtenus par ce procede |
| NL8800334A (nl) * | 1988-02-11 | 1989-09-01 | Philips Nv | Werkwijze voor het in tweeen delen van een voorwerp vervaardigd van een bros materiaal in het bijzonder een ringkern van ferromagnetisch materiaal voor een afbuigeenheid voor een beeldbuis en afbuigeenheid voor een beeldbuis voorzien van een ringkern gedeeld volgens zulk een werkwijze. |
| BG46808A1 (en) * | 1988-05-27 | 1990-03-15 | Univ Plovdivski | Device for laser engraving |
| US5132505A (en) * | 1990-03-21 | 1992-07-21 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Method of cleaving a brittle plate and device for carrying out the method |
| RU2024441C1 (ru) * | 1992-04-02 | 1994-12-15 | Владимир Степанович Кондратенко | Способ резки неметаллических материалов |
| US5387776A (en) * | 1993-05-11 | 1995-02-07 | General Electric Company | Method of separation of pieces from super hard material by partial laser cut and pressure cleavage |
| US5871134A (en) * | 1994-12-27 | 1999-02-16 | Asahi Glass Company Ltd. | Method and apparatus for breaking and cutting a glass ribbon |
| KR970008386A (ko) * | 1995-07-07 | 1997-02-24 | 하라 세이지 | 기판의 할단(割斷)방법 및 그 할단장치 |
| US5641416A (en) * | 1995-10-25 | 1997-06-24 | Micron Display Technology, Inc. | Method for particulate-free energy beam cutting of a wafer of die assemblies |
| JPH10128567A (ja) * | 1996-10-30 | 1998-05-19 | Nec Kansai Ltd | レーザ割断方法 |
| US6413839B1 (en) * | 1998-10-23 | 2002-07-02 | Emcore Corporation | Semiconductor device separation using a patterned laser projection |
| US6259058B1 (en) | 1998-12-01 | 2001-07-10 | Accudyne Display And Semiconductor Systems, Inc. | Apparatus for separating non-metallic substrates |
| US6252197B1 (en) | 1998-12-01 | 2001-06-26 | Accudyne Display And Semiconductor Systems, Inc. | Method and apparatus for separating non-metallic substrates utilizing a supplemental mechanical force applicator |
| US6420678B1 (en) | 1998-12-01 | 2002-07-16 | Brian L. Hoekstra | Method for separating non-metallic substrates |
| WO2001032571A1 (en) * | 1999-11-01 | 2001-05-10 | P.T.G. Precision Technology Center Llc | Laser driven glass cut-initiation |
| CN1413136A (zh) | 1999-11-24 | 2003-04-23 | 应用光子学公司 | 非金属材料的分离方法和装置 |
| JP4659300B2 (ja) | 2000-09-13 | 2011-03-30 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | レーザ加工方法及び半導体チップの製造方法 |
| TWI326626B (en) * | 2002-03-12 | 2010-07-01 | Hamamatsu Photonics Kk | Laser processing method |
| EP1498216B1 (en) * | 2002-03-12 | 2010-12-29 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Method of cutting processed object |
| CN101335235B (zh) | 2002-03-12 | 2010-10-13 | 浜松光子学株式会社 | 基板的分割方法 |
| US6919531B2 (en) * | 2002-03-25 | 2005-07-19 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. | Methods for producing glass substrates for use in biopolymeric microarrays |
| TWI520269B (zh) | 2002-12-03 | 2016-02-01 | 濱松赫德尼古斯股份有限公司 | Cutting method of semiconductor substrate |
| TWI248244B (en) * | 2003-02-19 | 2006-01-21 | J P Sercel Associates Inc | System and method for cutting using a variable astigmatic focal beam spot |
| FR2852250B1 (fr) | 2003-03-11 | 2009-07-24 | Jean Luc Jouvin | Fourreau de protection pour canule, un ensemble d'injection comportant un tel fourreau et aiguille equipee d'un tel fourreau |
| WO2004080643A1 (ja) | 2003-03-12 | 2004-09-23 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | レーザ加工方法 |
| EP2324950B1 (en) * | 2003-07-18 | 2013-11-06 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Semiconductor substrate to be cut with treated and minute cavity region, and method of cutting such substrate |
| JP4563097B2 (ja) * | 2003-09-10 | 2010-10-13 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | 半導体基板の切断方法 |
| JP4509578B2 (ja) * | 2004-01-09 | 2010-07-21 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | レーザ加工方法及びレーザ加工装置 |
| JP4601965B2 (ja) | 2004-01-09 | 2010-12-22 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | レーザ加工方法及びレーザ加工装置 |
| JP4598407B2 (ja) | 2004-01-09 | 2010-12-15 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | レーザ加工方法及びレーザ加工装置 |
| KR101043674B1 (ko) * | 2004-05-11 | 2011-06-23 | 엘지디스플레이 주식회사 | 스크라이빙 장치 및 방법 |
| US7087463B2 (en) * | 2004-08-04 | 2006-08-08 | Gelcore, Llc | Laser separation of encapsulated submount |
| US20090078370A1 (en) * | 2004-08-31 | 2009-03-26 | Vladislav Sklyarevich | Method of separating non-metallic material using microwave radiation |
| JP2006108428A (ja) * | 2004-10-06 | 2006-04-20 | Disco Abrasive Syst Ltd | ウェーハの分割方法 |
| US20080236199A1 (en) * | 2005-07-28 | 2008-10-02 | Vladislav Sklyarevich | Method of Separating Non-Metallic Material Using Microwave Radiation |
| SG171947A1 (en) * | 2008-12-05 | 2011-07-28 | Agency Science Tech & Res | A wafer cutting method and a system thereof |
| US8932510B2 (en) * | 2009-08-28 | 2015-01-13 | Corning Incorporated | Methods for laser cutting glass substrates |
| US8946590B2 (en) | 2009-11-30 | 2015-02-03 | Corning Incorporated | Methods for laser scribing and separating glass substrates |
| US20130256286A1 (en) * | 2009-12-07 | 2013-10-03 | Ipg Microsystems Llc | Laser processing using an astigmatic elongated beam spot and using ultrashort pulses and/or longer wavelengths |
| US20110132885A1 (en) * | 2009-12-07 | 2011-06-09 | J.P. Sercel Associates, Inc. | Laser machining and scribing systems and methods |
| TWI513670B (zh) | 2010-08-31 | 2015-12-21 | Corning Inc | 分離強化玻璃基板之方法 |
| JP2012089709A (ja) * | 2010-10-20 | 2012-05-10 | Disco Abrasive Syst Ltd | ワークの分割方法 |
| US9938180B2 (en) | 2012-06-05 | 2018-04-10 | Corning Incorporated | Methods of cutting glass using a laser |
| US9610653B2 (en) | 2012-09-21 | 2017-04-04 | Electro Scientific Industries, Inc. | Method and apparatus for separation of workpieces and articles produced thereby |
| DE102012111698A1 (de) * | 2012-12-03 | 2014-03-20 | Solarworld Innovations Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Bearbeiten mindestens eines kristallinen Silizium-Wafers oder eines Solarzellen-Wafers |
| EP3050890A1 (de) | 2015-01-27 | 2016-08-03 | LANXESS Deutschland GmbH | Hydroxylgruppen-haltige Poly(alkylenphosphate) |
| CN111844478B (zh) * | 2020-06-29 | 2022-03-18 | 深圳市鸿昇自动化设备有限公司 | 一种手机屏幕切割加工设备及手机屏幕切割加工方法 |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL299821A (enExample) * | 1962-10-31 | 1900-01-01 | ||
| US3293652A (en) * | 1964-02-20 | 1966-12-20 | Ibm | Selective piercing of sheet material |
| US3369101A (en) * | 1964-04-30 | 1968-02-13 | United Aircraft Corp | Laser micro-processer |
| US3410979A (en) * | 1964-05-28 | 1968-11-12 | Burroughs Corp | Method and apparatus for drilling holes by means of a focused laser beam |
| DE1244346B (de) * | 1964-10-19 | 1967-07-13 | Menzel Gerhard Glasbearbeitung | Verfahren zum Schneiden von Glas |
-
1967
- 1967-12-19 US US691883A patent/US3629545A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1968
- 1968-12-11 SE SE16935/68A patent/SE350921B/xx unknown
- 1968-12-13 GB GB59316/68A patent/GB1254120A/en not_active Expired
- 1968-12-16 FR FR1598452D patent/FR1598452A/fr not_active Expired
- 1968-12-16 NL NL6818043.A patent/NL157455B/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1968-12-17 BE BE725595D patent/BE725595A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1968-12-17 DE DE19681815129 patent/DE1815129A1/de active Pending
Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4401876A (en) | 1980-05-20 | 1983-08-30 | Martin Cooper | Working gemstones |
| US5932119A (en) * | 1996-01-05 | 1999-08-03 | Lazare Kaplan International, Inc. | Laser marking system |
| US6211484B1 (en) | 1996-01-05 | 2001-04-03 | Lazare Kaplan International, Inc. | Laser making system and certificate for a gemstone |
| US6476351B1 (en) | 1996-01-05 | 2002-11-05 | Lazare Kaplan International, Inc. | Laser marking system |
| EP2216126A2 (en) | 1996-01-05 | 2010-08-11 | Lazare Kaplan International Inc. | Laser marking system for gemstones and method of authenticating marking |
| EP1349817B2 (fr) † | 2001-01-12 | 2013-01-16 | Saint-Gobain Glass France | Procede de decoupe des bords d'un ruban continu de verre et le dispositif de mise en oeuvre ce procede |
| US8269138B2 (en) | 2009-05-21 | 2012-09-18 | Corning Incorporated | Method for separating a sheet of brittle material |
| US8426767B2 (en) | 2009-08-31 | 2013-04-23 | Corning Incorporated | Methods for laser scribing and breaking thin glass |
| US8584490B2 (en) | 2011-02-18 | 2013-11-19 | Corning Incorporated | Laser cutting method |
| US9034458B2 (en) | 2011-05-27 | 2015-05-19 | Corning Incorporated | Edge-protected product and finishing method |
| CN109732198A (zh) * | 2019-01-31 | 2019-05-10 | 华中科技大学 | 一种硬脆材料双光束热裂加工装置及方法 |
| CN109732198B (zh) * | 2019-01-31 | 2020-05-19 | 华中科技大学 | 一种硬脆材料双光束热裂加工装置及方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NL6818043A (enExample) | 1969-06-23 |
| US3629545A (en) | 1971-12-21 |
| NL157455B (nl) | 1978-07-17 |
| FR1598452A (enExample) | 1970-07-06 |
| SE350921B (enExample) | 1972-11-13 |
| BE725595A (enExample) | 1969-05-29 |
| DE1815129A1 (de) | 1969-08-14 |
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