FR2535763A1 - System of precast blocks for the construction industry. - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a construction system. This system includes, in particular, H-shaped precast blocks, especially H1-H5, made, for example, from light insulating concrete, which are joined end-to-end in order to form superposed beds, whose empty spaces are filled up by T-shaped filling blocks, such as T1-T4, made from expanded synthetic material, the horizontal joints being filled with mortar. The construction system according to the invention enables, with the aid of a small number of types of precast blocks, walls to be erected which have very good thermal insulation.

Description

 The present invention relates to a construction system, comprising different types of prefabricated blocks.

 Various construction systems of this kind are already known, of which the prefabricated blocks of the various types are generally made of heavy concrete. These blocks, particularly heavy, are difficult to handle on construction sites in most cases, the assembly of the different blocks results from the filling of the horizontal and vertical joints, for example with mortar, which is an expensive operation in labor. 'artwork.

 The construction system according to the present invention is of the type indicated initially, and it does not have any of the drawbacks which have just been indicated. It is characterized in that it comprises R-shaped blocks, preferably made of light insulating concrete, each consisting essentially of two parallel wings, joined, preferably in their central region, by a bridge, the height of which is less than that of the wings, but the upper face of which is situated substantially in the same plane as that of the said wings.

 The H-shaped blocks according to the present invention are preferably made of light insulating concrete of the type described in the French patent application which the applicant filed on April 22, 1982 under NO 82 06957. As a result of their shape and As a material, these blocks are much lighter than blocks of known type, and they can therefore be handled much more easily on construction sites. The use of insulating concrete makes it possible to produce walls having a low thermal conductivity even at the level of the deck of each block.

 In a preferred embodiment of the construction system according to the present invention, this comprises filling blocks, preferably of expanded synthetic material, each having the shape of a T, and dimensioned so as to allow filling of the voids subsisting in superimposed beds of H-blocks, brought together by their neighboring ends; the blocks in H of each bed can title shifted for example by the deri-length of a block compared to those of the immediately upper and / or lower bed.

The use of I-shaped filling blocks, made of an insulating material, brings, in the implementation of the construction system according to the present invention, many additional advantages
Not skilfully, they reduce the transverse thermal conductivity of the wall, which they consequently improve the thermal insulation properties; but in addition, by their arrangement in the voids of the various H-shaped blocks, the filling blocks eliminate the thermal bridges that may exist at the level of the horizontal joints of the wall constituted by H-shaped blocks.

 According to another advantageous characteristic of the construction system according to the present invention, the first and the second end of each of the wings of each H-shaped block are shaped to allow the casing of the first end of a block in the second end d 'another block. This arrangement eliminates the need to fill the vertical joints of butted blocks, in particular with mortar, which provides a significant saving, in particular of labor.

 According to another advantageous characteristic of the construction system according to the present invention, the lower faces of the wings of each H-shaped block have chamfers, turned towards the inside of the block, in the direction of its median bridge. Thanks to this arrangement, it becomes possible to fill, at each horizontal joint of a wall constructed with H-blocks according to the present invention, a larger quantity of mortar, the part of which comes into contact with the internal chamfer. corresponding, forms, after drying, a kind of wedge-shaped wedge, which improves the resistance of the wall to transverse forces. If further, according to another characteristic of the invention, each filling block in the form of g has a height one little greater than the difference in height between the wings and the bridge of each block in H, the bars of the filling blocks in T of a lower bed of blocks in g automatically ensure the centering and positioning of the blocks of the immediately higher bed and a uniform thickness of the horizontal joints between the two bunk beds. According to another characteristic of the construction system according to the present invention, filling blocks stacked in different li ts of blocks in H can be cut, for example along their median plane of symmetry, so as to delimit vertical channels, which can be used for example for the passage of metal reinforcements, or else for the casting of solid concrete reinforcements, possibly reinforced, constituting load-bearing posts. This particularly advantageous arrangement obviously results from the fact that each of the U-shaped filling blocks can be easily cut along its median plane of symmetry, into two half-blocks, the prefabrication of half-blocks being of course also possible.

 By way of example, an embodiment of the invention has been described below and illustrated diagrammatically in the accompanying drawing.

 Figure n is a bottom view, in perspective, of a precast block of colloidal concrete according to the present invention.

 FIG. 2 is a bottom view, in plan, of the block of FIG. 1.

 Figure 3 is an end view of the block of Figure 1, in the direction of arrow III.

 Figure 4 is an elevational view of a T-shaped filling block according to the present invention.

 FIG. 5 is a view, in section along the line V-V of FIG. 6, of a wall constructed with blocks in H according to FIGS. 1 to 3 and blocks in m according to FIG. 4.

 Figure 6 is a sectional view along line VI-VI of Figure 5.

 Figure 7 is a plan view of a special corner block according to the present invention.

 FIG. 8 is a view in the direction of the arrow VIII in FIG. 7.

 Figure 9 is a plan view of a special block, separable into two elements, according to the present invention.

 Figure 10 is a plan view of another special block according to the present invention.

 Figure 11 illustrates in perspective the construction of a residential wall with the different elements of Figures 1 to 10.

 In FIGS. 1 to 3 of the appended drawing, K has designated a prefabricated block, made of light insulating concrete, forming part of the construction system according to the present invention. This block K consists essentially of two parallel wings a and b, which are joined in their middle by a bridge 2; in the embodiment under consideration, this bridge has a substantially parallelepiped shape, and its height h (FIG. 3) is less by a determined quantity, d, than the height, (h + d), of each of the two wings a and b, the upper faces of the bridge p and of the two wings a and b being however in the same plane (designated appeared in FIGS. 3 and 6).

 In the embodiment considered, the main dimensions of the block E are substantially equal to the quotients of its length, L, by various powers of 2; it can be seen in particular in FIGS. 2 and 3 that the cross section of the block E is inscribed in a square of county equal to L / 2; the width of the bridge p is also equal to L / 4. Each of the wings a and b has a thickness of L / 8, so that the length of the bridge E, that is to say the interval between the two wings a and b, is equal to L / 4. This particular dimension facilitates the assembly of the blocks as will be explained later.

One can choose for example L = 500 mm.

 On the other hand, as visible in FIGS. 1 and 2, the right and left ends of each of the wings a and b of the block H are shaped to allow the nesting of the Malt, left end (in FIG. 1), in the female end, right, of an identical block.

In the embodiment considered, this possibility of fitting is obtained at the end. malta, by external grooves, Re, and at the female end, by internal grooves, Ri, the dimensions of which are adapted to one another; other complementary forms, t nestable, could be provided at the two ends of each block E.

 On the other hand, the lower faces of the wings a and b have chamfers ch (Figures 1 and 3), which are turned towards the inside of the block H, in the direction of its median bridge, p.

In FIG. 4, a T-shaped filling block has been designated by T, which is made of expanded synthetic material, for example of expanded polystyrene or of expanded polyurethane
Figures 5 and 6 illustrate the construction of a wall using blocks H according to Figures 1 to 3 and filling blocks T according to Figure 4.

 The partial views of FIGS. 5 and 6 correspond to two superimposed beds, each formed by blocks H, the abutting ends of which are fitted into each other; we see for example, in the partial view of Figure 5, that the lower bed comprises three blocks HI, B2, H3, the male ends (left in Figure 5) and female (right) of the block H2 being respectively nested in the corresponding ends of the blocks HI and H3, that is to say in the female end, right, of the block H1, and in the malta end, left, of the block H3. When a lower bed of blocks H has thus been formed by fitting together its various elements, before making the upper bed which will be described later, the gaps remaining in the lower bed are filled by means of filling blocks such as TI and T2 , which are appropriately dimensioned so that, in particular, the ends facing one another, cî of the bar of the block TI and c2 of the bar of the block T2, rest respectively on the upper face of the bridge p2 of the block H2, so that the ends of said bars, cl and c2, come into practically contact with each other substantially at the level of the vertical median plane of the bridge p2 of block H2; the blocks such as TI and T2 are dimensioned so that the lateral faces, dl and d2, of their respective median parts are located a short distance from the corresponding faces of the bridge p2 of the block H2. The mortar m is then deposited on the wings a and b of the blocks of the lower bed, then the blocks, such as R4 and H5, are laid from the immediately upper bed. As can be seen in FIGS. 5 and 6, the height of the bar of each of the blocks such as TI and T2, that is to say in particular the height of their ends ci and c2 (FIG. 5), is slightly greater than the difference in height, d (Figures I and 3), between the wings a and b of each block H, on the one hand, and its bridge p, on the other hand.

When laying the blocks, such as R4 and H5, of the upper bed, the mortar is crushed until the bridges p4 and p5 of the blocks such as H4 and H5 come to rest by their lower faces on the upper faces of the blocks filling, such as TI and T2. It can be seen in FIG. 6 that a mortar joint m, uniform thickness, e, is formed between the two bunk beds of blocks, on the external faces of the wall, but also a continuous strip of greater height, in the space delimited upwards by the chamfers ch of the lower faces of the wings of the blocks of the upper bed, such as H4. The continuous strip of mortar, m, taking support from the chamfers ch contributes to the transverse resistance of the wall. In known manner, the blocks H4 and
H5 of the immediately upper bed are placed so that they are offset by the half-length of a block with respect to those of the immediately lower bed, H1 to R3.

The construction of the wall is continued by first filling the voids remaining in the second bed using filling blocks, such as T3 and T4, then depositing mortar and a third bed of blocks H, filling in again the voids using filling blocks T, and repeating these successive operations until the wall has reached the desired height.

FIG. 5 clearly shows that, if the superimposed filling blocks, such as T2 and T4, as well as the other filling blocks which surmount them, are cut along one of the planes indicated in dashed lines in FIG. 4, that is to say at the third or half of their length, there is formation, in the wall, of a vertical channel which can extend over its entire height.

Such a channel can, for example, be used to pass metal reinforcements through it or to pour a heavy concrete load-bearing post there.
The corner block, Ha, according to the present invention, which is shown in Figures 7 and 8, differs essentially from the block H of Figures 1 to 3 in that its bridge 2 is extended by a part pi which, with a transverse partition, cl, joining two of the homologous ends of the wings a and b, delimits a channel element K, for example of square section
It is understood that the superposition of corner blocks of this kind, for example over the entire height of the construction, makes it possible to delimit there a vertical channel, formed by the superposition of the channel elements K of the different blocks Ha, this channel can be used for casting a corner post in solid concrete, possibly reinforced, or for the passage of ira metal post.

 FIG. 9 shows a particular type of R-shaped block, according to the present invention, Xs which presents, towards the middle of its bridge, a transverse rupture initiator, r, making it possible to separate the block Hs into two half-elements of neighboring dimensions, but whose half-wings have, for the right half-element, female casing forms, Ri and, for the left half-element, casing forms Re mules. On the other hand, the wings of the block Hs have no chamfer, and its bridge 2 extends over the entire height of the block.

The block Hi according to the present invention, which is shown in FIG. 10, is a solid block having interlocking shapes respectively,
Re, on the left, and females, Ri, on the right. By inserting such a Hi block in a bed formed by blocks of the types described above, a wall of any length can be produced.

 The various blocks according to the present invention, X, Ha, Rs and Hi, which have been described previously, are preferably made of insulating concrete, and in particular of lightweight concrete, of the type described in the French patent application that the Applicant has filed. on April 22, 1982 under number 82.06957. Such blocks have the advantage of being other light, and therefore easy to handle, and able to be easily cut or sawn so as to adjust them on site if necessary.

Figure II is intended to illustrate the respective instructions for use of the various elements of the construction system according to the present invention, which have been previously described. Bulle shows different wall elements, connected to each other at right angles, and having openings such as P, for a door, and F, for a window. Most bunk beds are formed by assemblies of blocks H (Figures 1 to 3 ) and of filling blocks, g (figure 4). In the case, on the other hand, of the three blocks R6 to H8 intended to form the lower border of window F, it was necessary to remove the upper bars s of the filling blocks T'1 and T'2, which is a very easy operation since the expanded synthetic materials can be easily cut or sawn. At the level of the re-entrant angle close to the opening of the door P, blocks of the type Ha (Figure 7), superimposed and offset alternately by 90 degrees from one bed to the next, so that the square openings, K, of the various superimposed Ha blocks define a vertical channel, which extends over the entire height of the wall, and into which a concrete post can be poured, for example n possibly armed On the left-hand side of FIG. 11, we can see different intermediate blocks of the Hi type, which are inserted for example between two blocks H or else between a block H and a half-block Hs / 2; such half-blocks, Hs / 2, are used for example in every second bed, to form the uprights of the slot opening
F and, those of door P. The crowning of the building is also formed by half-blocks Hs / 2 which are posed for example with their two wings, a and b, (figure 9) turned upwards, in order to serve as lintel formwork.

 A wall constructed using the system according to the present invention can have excellent thermal insulation, corresponding for example to a value of the Kp coefficient close to 0.28. The concrete blocks, in particular in the form of a K, of the construction system according to the present invention, can form, thanks to the arrangements described above, a kind of formwork for the casting of a support structure, formed for example by vertical posts and horizontal crosspieces, in particular heavy concrete, possibly reinforced. In the case where the different blocks forming this formwork are made of lightweight concrete, having very good thermal insulation properties, these are the blocks themselves, and the filling blocks in T-shape, which ensures thermal insulation not only of the entire construction, but also of its supporting structure, and particularly of the metallic elements thereof.

Thermal insulation can be further improved by using an insulating mortar. In the case of a wall consisting essentially of blocks according to the present invention, made of light insulating concrete, the following additional advantages are obtained: the interior and exterior facings, as well as the joinery, can be fixed directly on the apparent surfaces of the blocks.

 the present invention is not limited to the embodiment described above. It encompasses all of its variants. The number of types of blocks of different shapes is not limited. Certain elongated blocks may have several transverse fracture initiators, regularly spaced. That other place made of an expanded synthetic material, each T-shaped filling block could be made of a more hard material, also having good thermal insulation properties, but also able to give the wall good sound insulation. the had chamfers ch with which the lower faces of the wings of the blocks R described above are provided are optional.

Claims (11)

 1. Construction system, comprising different types of prefabricated blocks, characterized in that it comprises blocks (H) in the form of H, each consisting essentially of two parallel wings (a, b), joined together, preferably in their area median, by a bridge (p), whose height (h) is less than that (h + d) of the wings (a, b), but whose upper face is located substantially in the same plane () as those of said wings (a, b).  2. Construction system according to claim 1, characterized in that the main dimensions of each H-shaped block (H) are substantially equal to the quotients of its length (L) by various powers of 2.  3. Construction system according to which conch of claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the first and the second end of each of the wings (a, b) of each block (H) in R are shaped to allow the fitting the first end of a block (H) into the second end of another block (H).  4. Construction system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the lower faces of the wings of each block (H3 H-shaped have chamfers (ch) facing the inside of the block (H) , towards its bridge (p) O  5. Construction system according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that it comprises filling blocks (g) each having the shape of a T, and dimensioned so as to allow filling the gaps subsisting in superimposed beds of H-shaped blocks (H), brought together by their neighboring ends.  6. Construction system according to claim 5, characterized in that the bar of each filling block (T) in the form of g has a thickness slightly greater than the difference (d) in height between the wings (a, b) and the bridge (p) of each block (H), so as to define, between the bunk beds, horizontal joints (e), which can be re-read your example with mortar (m).  7. Construction system according to any one of claims 5 and 6, characterized in that the filling blocks (T) superimposed in different block beds (H) are cut so as to delimit vertical channels.  8. Construction system according to any conch of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the first ends of the wings of some of the H-shaped blocks are joined by a transverse partition (cl) smooth, delimiting, with a part (p1) adapted from the bridge (p) to the same block, a channel element (E).  9. Construction system according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that some of the H-blocks have a primer of transverse rupture (r) towards the middle of their bridge (p).  10. Construction system according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the blocks (H) in the form of H are made of light insulating concrete.  11. Construction system according to any one of claims 5 to 10, characterized in that the T-shaped filling blocks (T) are made of an expanded synthetic material.