EP0180667B1 - Preassembled modules and their use in a building construction - Google Patents

Abstract

There is described a prefabricated module comprising a three-dimensional armature formed by welded wires, and flat elements from light and/or heat-insulating material, retained on either side of the armature to form at least one continuous panel. One and the same module may be used either for bearing structures extending vertically, or for bearing structures extending horizontally, and having retaining means for the armatures.

Description

The present invention relates to prefabricated modules for use in erecting constructions, comprising flat elements of light material and a three-dimensional structure formed by a plurality of welded steel wire trellises which extend along a longitudinal direction and are welded to a series of transverse wires, the trellis being arranged one opposite the other and each comprising parallel longitudinal wires and distance wires which are welded to the longitudinal wires and form, together with the connection wires distance, empty support locations for the flat elements, said support locations comprising a first row and a second row of support locations, an intermediate empty space being defined between the two rows of support locations, a first group of flat elements being provided to be inserted in the first row in order to form a first panel on one side of the three-dimensional structure, a second group of flat elements being provided to be inserted in the second row on the other side of the three-dimensional structure to form a second panel and the intermediate empty space being used as formwork space between the first panel and the second panel for a concrete pour containing reinforcing iron bars.

Prefabricated modules of this type are described in EP-A-0 061 100, in which the intermediate space between the two panels is used as a lost formwork space which can be filled directly with a concrete pour for a structure of 'vertical support. Resistance to tensile and shear forces is ensured by a reinforcement structure of iron bars embedded in the concrete pour. However, there is no provision for a well-defined position of the iron bars inside the structure. This can result in the risk that iron bars may touch the panels and be improperly embedded in the concrete pour. The module used for a horizontal structure is widely different from the module used for the vertical support structure and it requires the positioning of special reinforcements or iron bars of special preassembled structures in a three-dimensional wire structure different from the structure used for the vertical support module. This increases the cost of material and the time to erect the construction. However, a wire structure and flat elements intended for the vertical structure cannot be used for the horizontal structure because the vertical module with two rows of support locations for the flat elements does not provide any formwork space for a horizontal concrete casting and for positioning reinforcing iron bars.

The technical problem of the present invention is to obtain light and relatively inexpensive prefabricated modules which can be used equally for support structures, either of a vertical structure or of a horizontal structure, and which allow the quick and easy formation of a reinforcement, in particular in the horizontal structure.

This problem is solved by the prefabricated modules of the invention which are characterized in that the longitudinal wires and the distance wires provide another row of support locations in the intermediate space, a third group of elements. dishes that can be inserted in the other row of support locations, instead of pouring concrete, in that the longitudinal wires form closely spaced pairs of wires, welded to the spacing wires and spaced apart from one another. the other by a predetermined separation distance, each of said pairs determining a separation zone such that a row of support locations for the flat elements is alternated with a separation zone inside the three-dimensional structure , and in that the three-dimensional structure can be used for vertical structures as well as for horizontal structures, the desired use of a prefabricated module being de completed by the arrangement of the flat elements in the locations support of the three-dimensional structure. For a horizontal structure, the first group of flat elements entirely occupies the first row of support locations to define a continuous ceiling panel in the lower part of the module while the second group of flat elements and the third group of flat elements partially occupy the second row of support locations and the other row of support locations respectively, to form a row of superimposed flat elements, separated by empty connection spaces which are used as spaces horizontal formwork for concrete pouring ribs together with the ceiling panel. The aforementioned connection spaces are provided for housing horizontal reinforcing iron bars transversely to the longitudinal wires and the longitudinal wires of some of the pairs of wires brought together in the aforementioned connection spaces form stop wires for supporting the iron bars. which are close to the ceiling panel but which are spaced apart from the ceiling panel by the separation distance in order to allow the concrete pour to completely drown said reinforcing iron bar.

The modules according to the invention are of a universal type. In fact, a module intended for the vertical structure can be used in the horizontal structure and, in the latter case, the flat elements can form the formwork space for horizontal concrete casting, while the separation zones avoid contact between the reinforcing iron bars of the concrete pour and the ceiling panel.

• La figure 1 représente une vue schématique en perspective du module selon l'invention;
• La figure 2 représente un détail du module selon la figure 1;
• La figure 3 représente une vue schématique explosée de différents modules selon l'invention;
• Les figures 3a, 3b et 3c sont des vues schématiques en perspective des modules selon la figure 3;
• La figure 4 représente une vue schématique d'une variante des modules selon l'invention;
• La figure 5 est une section d'un module selon la figure 3;
• La figure 6 est une section, selon la ligne VI-VI des modules selon la figure 5;
• La figure 7 est une vue d'un détail du modèle selon la figure 4;
• La figure 8 est une section d'une variante d'un module selon la figure 3;
• La figure 9 est une vue schématique d'une zone de liaison entre deux modules selon la figure 3;
• La figure 10 est une vue schématique d'une autre zone de liaison entre deux modules selon l'invention;
• Les figures 11a - 11h sont des vues en coupe schématiques de modules de différentes épaisseurs;
• La figure 12 est une vue schématique d'un autre exemple d'utilisation du module suivant l'invention,
• La figure 13 est une vue schématique d'un autre exemple d'utilisation du module suivant l'invention;
• La figure 14 est une vue en coupe d'un module selon l'invention, utilisé avec des profilés en double T;
• La figure 15 est une vue en plan schématique du module selon la figure 14;
• La figure 16 est une vue schématique d'ensemble.

Other details and advantages of the invention
Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will emerge clearly from the description which will be given below, by way of nonlimiting example with the aid of the attached drawings in which:

• Figure 1 shows a schematic perspective view of the module according to the invention;
• Figure 2 shows a detail of the module according to Figure 1;
• FIG. 3 represents an exploded schematic view of different modules according to the invention;
• Figures 3a, 3b and 3c are schematic perspective views of the modules according to Figure 3;
• FIG. 4 represents a schematic view of a variant of the modules according to the invention;
• Figure 5 is a section of a module according to Figure 3;
• Figure 6 is a section along line VI-VI of the modules according to Figure 5;
• Figure 7 is a detail view of the model according to Figure 4;
• Figure 8 is a section of a variant of a module according to Figure 3;
• Figure 9 is a schematic view of a connecting area between two modules according to Figure 3;
• FIG. 10 is a schematic view of another connection zone between two modules according to the invention;
• Figures 11a - 11h are schematic sectional views of modules of different thicknesses;
• FIG. 12 is a schematic view of another example of use of the module according to the invention,
• Figure 13 is a schematic view of another example of use of the module according to the invention;
• Figure 14 is a sectional view of a module according to the invention, used with double T profiles;
• Figure 15 is a schematic plan view of the module according to Figure 14;
• Figure 16 is a schematic overview.

The prefabricated module, represented by the reference (10) (Fig. 1 - 2 and 3), comprises a three-dimensional reinforcement (11), formed of welded metal wires, and flat elements (12) made of light and / or heat-insulating material, maintained on each side of the frame (11) so as to produce at least one continuous panel (13). The same module (10) can be used, either for load-bearing structures with vertical development (14), or for load-bearing structures with horizontal development (15).

The frame (11) comprises a series of lattices (16), equal to each other, substantially planar and of rectangular shape elongated in the longitudinal axis (17). The trellises (16) are arranged, one opposite the other, perpendicular to the panel (13) and are held firmly in their respective positions by means of a double series of transverse wires (18). The length of the wires (18) is equal to the length L of the modules themselves.

When the module (10) is assembled in the construction, the axes (17) of the trellises (16) are vertical in the structures (14) and horizontal in structures (15). The transverse wires (18) are, on the other hand, horizontal and parallel to the surface (13), which is vertical in the structure (14) and horizontal in the structure (15).

Each trellis (16) is obtained by welding several pairs of longitudinal wires (4, in Figure 1) (21-1, 22-1, 23-1, 24-1, 23-2, 24-2, 22-2 , 21-2) close to each other and parallel to the axis (17), with spacing wires (25) perpendicular to each other and arranged in a constant pitch.

The two wires (21-1, 21-2) are the outermost wires of the trellis (16) and the distance between them determines the thickness TM of the module (10); the two wires (24-1 and 24-2) are the innermost wires and the wires (22-1, 22-2, 23-1, 23-2) are interior with respect to the wires (21-1, 24 -1, 21-2, 24-2).

The complete reinforcement (11) of the modules (10) and (26) is obtained by welding the transverse wires (18) to the longitudinal wires (21-1, 22-1) so that the corresponding distance wires (25 ) different trellises (16 and 27) can be in the same plane and perpendicular to the planes of the longitudinal wires (21 - 24) and the transverse wires (18). A particularly effective method for producing three-dimensional reinforcements comprising longitudinal wires, distance wires and transverse wires is described in European patent application No. 84870056 filed on 4/4/1984 by SISMO INTERNATIONAL pvba, holder of this request.

The prefabricated modules (10, 26) - (Figures 1, 11a and 11h) normally use expanded polystyrene elements, of the same thickness Tb and width Wb (Fig. 2), independently of the particular use of the module itself. The length Lb of the elements (12) is generally equal to the width L of the module (10 -26). The longitudinal wires (21, 24 and 29) define, with the distance wires (25) simple support locations (70) for a flat element (12) and for two flat elements (12), while the double support locations (71) define separation zones (72), inside the module, and two end zones (73) in the outermost parts. The distance between the locations (70 - 71) and the zones (72 and 73) is equal in each module regardless of the thickness and the use of the module itself.

The interaxis Pl of the longitudinal wires (22-1 and 23-1) and the wires (22-2 and 23-2) (fig. 2) of the simple support locations (70) is substantially equal to the thickness Tb elements (12), plus the diameter of the wires, while the interaxis between the wires (24-1 and 24-2) of the double support locations (70) and between the wires (24-1 and 28-1 ) as well as between the wires (24-2 and 28-2) of the trellis (27) is substantially equal to twice the interaxis Pl.

In addition, the interaxis Ps, between the wires (21-1 and 22-1, 23-1 and 24-1) of two end zones (73) and between the wires (21-2 and 22-2, 23- 2 and 24-2, 28-1 and 28-2) of the separation zones (72) is equal to 1/4 Pl.

distances entre les fils des zones de séparation (72) et des distances entre les fils des deux zones terminales (73). En utilisant un interaxe PS de 1 cm., on obtient des modules normalisés de 15, 20, 25, 30 et 35 cm., dont les modules de 20, 30 et 35 cm. sont visibles aux figures 2, 11b et 11g. Les autres modules peuvent être facilement obtenus par une combinaison adéquate des emplacements N et M et d'une section des fils de mise à distance (25) des modules de 35 cm.Let N be the number of single support locations (70) and M the number of double locations (71), each module will have a determined thickness equal to the sum of the interaxes of the N single locations, of the M double locations (71) and each module will have a thickness determined by the sum of the interaxes of the N single locations, M double locations, $\text{N + (M-1)}$

distances between the wires of the separation zones (72) and distances between the wires of the two terminal zones (73). By using a PS interaxis of 1 cm., We obtain standardized modules of 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 cm., Including the modules of 20, 30 and 35 cm. are visible in Figures 2, 11b and 11g. The other modules can be easily obtained by a suitable combination of locations N and M and a section of the distance wires (25) of the modules of 35 cm.

et dans laquelle la zone terminale (73) du module de 15 cm. est définie par la zone de séparation (72-1) du treillis (27g).In particular, a 15 cm module is easily obtained using the trellis (27g) (Fig. 11g). by cutting the distance wires (25) adjacent to the separation zone (72-1) to include only a row of single supports (70) and a row of double supports (71) $\text{(N = M = 1)}$

and in which the terminal area (73) of the 15 cm module. is defined by the separation zone (72-1) of the trellis (27g).

. De façon similaire, des modules de 25 et 30 cm. peuvent être obtenus en coupant les fils de mise à distance (25) adjacents aux zones de séparation respectives (72-3 et 72-4).A module 10 (with a thickness of 20 cm.) Is obtained by cutting the distance wires (25) adjacent to the separation zone (72-2), in order to include only two supports (70) and one seat (71) $\text{(N = 2 and M = 1)}$

. Similarly, modules 25 and 30 cm. can be obtained by cutting the distance wires (25) adjacent to the respective separation zones (72-3 and 72-4).

The parts of the lattice that remain after the 15, 20 and 25 cm modules have been cut. can usefully be used to make partitions of various thicknesses in the building. In this way, this simple type of trellis can give rise in substance to all the modules necessary in the building by losing only small pieces of wire (25).

The interaxis Pd between the spacing wires (25) of the trellises (16 and 27) is substantially equal to four times the interaxis Pl minus two wire diameters and equal to the width Wb of the elements (12).

Figures 11a and 11h show that it is possible to arrange the elements (12) in different places of the trellis. In addition, the space delimited between the elements (12) can be freely used as a reinforcement for one or more concrete flows of different thicknesses, or as an empty chamber. Advantageously, the separation zone (72), between two contiguous insulating layers, can be used as an anti-condensation zone.

After having formed the reinforcements (11), each element (12) is inserted, according to the destination of the module (16, 26), between the distance wires (25), and this in the locations (70) between the longitudinal wires (22 and 23) and, in pairs, in the locations (71) between the wires (24-1 and 24-2) of the trellis (16), or even between the wires (24-1 and 28-1) and between the wires (24-2 and 28-2) trellises (27). The insertion of the elements (12) between the wires of the frame is facilitated by the flexibility of the steel wires and of the light material from which the elements (12) are formed.

dans les modules (10) et par un espace $\text{I 2 = 4Pl + 3PS}$

dans le module (26) (Fig. 4).In the vertical structures (14), the elements (12) occupy only the space delimited by the two pairs of longitudinal wires (22-1, 23-1 and 22-2, 23-2) of each succession of trellis (16 and 26). The elements (12) are arranged side by side and superimposed in the thickness direction Tb making, in addition to the vertical panel (13), a second continuous and vertical panel (30), separated from the panel (13) by a space $\text{I 1 = 2Pl + 2PS}$

in the modules (10) and by a space $\text{I}$$\text{2 = 4Pl + 3PS}$

in the module (26) (Fig. 4).

The spaces I 1 and I 2 can be used as lost formwork for a reinforced concrete pour (32). The pairs of wires (24-1, 24-2 and 28-1, 28-2) are embedded in the casting and favor the positioning of the horizontal concrete reinforcing bars (31) of a reinforcement for a concrete casting (32) , while at the same time preventing the concrete bars (31) from approaching the concrete bars (12) and thus being deprived of the concrete covering.

The modules (10, 26) are assembled together by means of small horizontal scales (35) also made of welded steel wires. The small scales (35) are provided with transverse wires (36), with distance spacing (I 1) and with distance spacing wires (37) having a pitch equal to half the pitch of the trellis (16, 27).

The small scales (35) are inserted under a slight constraint, in the spaces (I 1) of the trellis (16) between the wires (24-1 and 24-2) or, in pairs, between the spaces of the trellis (27) , between the longitudinal wires (24-1, 28-1 and 24-2, 28-2).

The aim of the small scales (35) is to align exactly several modules (10, 26) and to constitute precise positioning elements for vertical concrete irons (33) of the reinforcement of the reinforced concrete (32).

In earthquake-resistant or particularly stressed structures, small ladders (35) can be made with transverse wires (36) dimensioned so as to withstand the forces perpendicular to the panel (13), thus relieving the function of concrete irons (31).

The longitudinal wires (30) of the small ladders (35), abutting against the wires (24-1 and 24-2) of the trellises (16 and 27) ensure that the concrete irons (33) are at a distance like panels (13 and 30) to allow the concrete irons (33) to be well surrounded by the concrete pouring, thus guaranteeing the best grip of the concrete with its reinforcement. The distance wires (37) also ensure the correct vertical positioning of the concrete irons (33).

In structures (15) of horizontal type, the elements (12) (Fig. 5 and 6) continuously occupy only the space between the wires (22-1 and 23-1) of the lower part of the trellis according to the Figure 3, so as to form the only panel (13).

The space between the other wires is partially occupied by a group (48) of elements (12) superimposed according to their side of greater dimension Wb. The groups (48) are separated by longitudinal interconnection spaces (41) which are used as formwork for the pouring of concrete (32).

Alternatively, instead of using superimposed elements (12), the formwork for concrete pouring can be delimited by thin insulating elements (63) resting on the distance wires (25) next to the spaces d 'interconnection (41) in the support spaces (71), thereby saving a remarkable amount of insulation.

et est pourvue de nervures inférieures (43) de largeur égale à Wb ou à des multiples de Wb et qui occupent les espaces d'interconnection (41).The concrete pour (32) spreads over the tallest elements (12) and covers the longitudinal wires (21-2) and the transverse wires (18). This part forms an upper ceiling (42) of thickness $\text{Tp + Ps}$

and is provided with lower ribs (43) of width equal to Wb or multiples of Wb and which occupy the interconnection spaces (41).

In the ribs (43) of the concrete casting are embedded steel sections, for example of high grip bars (44), which are held by stop wires (24-1). The number and the section of the bars (44) are calculated so as to withstand the tensile forces in the lower part of the structure (15). If necessary, other parts of the bars (44) will bear on the wires (21-1) to consolidate the ceiling, in order to resist the tensile stresses of the upper parts of the construction.

In ceilings which require a transverse reinforcement, in addition to the longtudinal reinforcement, the elements (12) (Fig. 8) have a length Lr less than the length Lg of the ceiling and are arranged in superposition so as to define isolated parts. (47) protruding from the lower panel (13) and which delimit, in addition to the longitudinal spaces (41), also the transverse spaces (45) also intended to receive steel bars (46) and a concrete pour which will constitute the transverse ribs of the ceiling (42).

Alternatively, it is possible, instead of using bars (44), to use profiles of another shape. The use of a double T profile (71) has been found to be particularly advantageous (Fig. 19).

The number of sections (49) is calculated so that these sections resist all stresses on the entire ceiling.

In a module whose Pl is 4 cm., A standard UNI 725-726 profile has been advantageously used, the section of which has a height of 80 mm. and a width of 42 mm. The profile is introduced into the location (71) in the direction of its smallest dimension to avoid all obstacles due to possible alignment errors of the different trellises.

The profile is then turned 90 degrees, until it is in the position according to fig. 14.

The flexibility of the wires (24-1 and 23-2) makes it possible to obtain the space necessary for such a rotation. Even in this case, the necessary span is obtained by the cotouage of the modules and an adequate length of the profile (75).

The reinforcing profiles, and in particular the double-T profiles, allow the pre-assembly of the ceiling or of a wall at work, that is to say before their placement and the possible pouring of concrete.

For this purpose, the various modules (10, 26) (Fig. 15), intended to form ceilings, are supported on a reference plane.

The profiles (75) are inserted into the spaces (71) of the adjoining modules and their length is chosen so as to allow the ends of the profiles to protrude from the modules by a length substantially equal to the thickness of the vertical structure with which the ceiling must be assembled.

In the interconnection spaces between the groups (48) a concrete pour (76) is made, so as to cover the wires (24-1), the base and part of the profile (75).

The concrete layer (76) is further vibrated to ensure good penetration of the concrete into the area between the base of the profile (75) and the panel (13). The pre-assembly of the other ceilings can be carried out using the previously assembled ceiling as a support base with the help of an appropriate leveling surface, supported by wires (18) from the ceiling located below.

The implementation of the pre-assembled ceiling will be carried out after the setting time of the concrete pour (76). This ceiling is light due to the limited thickness of the reinforced concrete used and it is self-supporting thanks to the beams of which it is a part.

It can therefore be easily transported and can be widely used in the construction of houses, even in difficult access areas.

In addition, because of its remarkable resistance, the implementation of this ceiling does not require complex scaffolding since it suffices to have a few small support beams and some corresponding supports.

After the installation of the preassembled ceiling, the ceiling itself can be completed with an additional concrete pour (77) superimposed on the pour (76). As an alternative to pouring concrete, it is possible to use material for light filling, such as cellular cement, etc.

This kind of ceiling is of reduced thickness and low specific weight. The diagram in fig. 14 refers to a thick insulated ceiling of the order of 15 cm., particularly advantageous for covering large industrial structures.

In ceilings of greater thickness, which use the modules (26) according to fig. 4, are inserted two sections (75) superimposed in the corresponding support spaces (71).

The pre-assembly can also be obtained using different types of profiles, for example with tubular profiles of circular, rectangular section, or other shapes, capable of withstanding all the stresses to which the structure is subjected.

These tubular profiles allow the realization of conduits for electric cables, for pipes of hydraulic installations or air conditioning.

The connection between the structures (15) and the structures (14) is carried out by using connection modules (50) (Fig. 3 and 9), comprising a limited number (three or four) of lattices (16, 26) arranged in the crossover zone between the two structures, so that the trellises (16, 26) are arranged horizontally and the wires (18) are arranged vertically. The modules (50) are of similar structure to the modules (10 and 26), but the elements (12) are arranged vertically (four), their length being equal to the thickness of the structure (15) and occupying only the area the more exterior of the module, so as to constitute a formwork element retaining the concrete pour (32).

The connection between the modules (10, 26) and the modules (50) is carried out in a very simple manner with folded U-shaped bars (55) which hold the modules together.

In the horizontal structure (15) using trellis (27h) (Fig. 11h) the panel (13) can be used as a ceiling. In this case, the double support (71) remains empty and can be used to allow the passage of electric cables, hydraulic equipment or air ducts. In addition, parts of the panel (13) and the support wires can be cut to allow the supports (71) to receive lighting equipment.

In a particular embodiment, given purely by way of example, the steel wires are zinc-plated against oxidation and have a diameter of 2.2 mm. The width Wb of the elements (12) is 154 mm., The thickness Tb is 38 mm., The distance between the trellises (16 and 27) is 98 mm. and the pitch of the transverse wires (18) is 78 mm. The horizontal structures (15), derived from the modules (10), have a ceiling (42) in which Tp is 5 cm., For a total thickness of 25 cm., So as to achieve spans reaching 6 m.

The ceilings executed using modules (26), on the other hand, have an upper ceiling with a thickness Tp2 equal to 6 cm. for a total thickness of the ceiling equal to 35 cm., so as to achieve spans up to 10 m.

Either in vertical structures (14) or in horizontal structures (15), the terminal space (73) between the wires (21-1 and 22-2) and the panel (13) is filled with a coating, the space between the panel (30) and the wires (21-1 and 22- 2) of the vertical structure (14) is treated in the same way.

Two or more modules (10, 26) of a structure (14) (Fig. 1) can be easily assembled by their end edge by inserting one or more small ladders (35) in the spaces (I 1), in view to achieve a good alignment of the modules.

The wires (21-1, 21-2) which are present on the edges of the modules are assembled by means of a ring (49) or of several metal rings wound between the pairs of wires (21), in the crossing zone transverse wires (18) for example.

plus le diamètre du fil de mise à distance et égal à la distance entre deux fils de mise à distance (25).The width of the elements (12) is $\text{Wb = 4Tb}$

plus the diameter of the distance wire and equal to the distance between two distance wires (25).

These dimensions are particularly advantageous in the modules (60) (Fig. 10) having a trellis structure (16) equal to that of the modules (50). The trellis (60) provide ends of elements (12) inserted between the wires (22 and 23) to form a side (61). One of the faces of dimension Wb is also brought into contact with a trellis (16). Due to the dimensioning explained above of the trellis (16) and the elements (12 and 62), the edges of the bar (62), of thickness Tb, will be in contact and slightly forced between the transverse wires (18) and the side (61).

The module (60) finds a useful use in the assembly between two structures (14) arranged at 90 degrees between them. In this case, the side (61) of the module (60) is brought into alignment with the panel (13) of a module (10). The panel (13) of the other module (14) is brought into alignment with the element (62). The assembly between the modules is completed by an element (65) of square section, on the side Tb inserted in the corner area opposite the angle occupied by the side (61) and the element (62). The actual assembly is done by using spirals of junction between the different terminal wires, the possible extension of the concrete irons (33) and by means of a concrete pour (32).

The module (60) can also be assembled with a horizontal structure (15) (Fig. 12). In this case, the ends of the elements (12) are aligned with the ceiling panel (13) and the side (62) defines a lateral shoulder for the pouring of concrete (32). This allows an easy realization of balconies, hanging gardens, etc ... and other structures of the species.

In the case where it is not possible to use the pre-assembly of the ceiling, the provisional support of the horizontal structures (15), before the pouring of the concrete, can be carried out in the traditional way, by means of horizontal shuttering elements and vertical props. The frames (11) and the elements (12) in any case offer good resistance to the passage of the concrete pour, as well as to its weight. In addition, the presence of spaces between the elements (12) supported by the wires (22-1 and 23-1) does not cause any problem with the compactness of the concrete, after it has set.

The particular arrangement of the trellis (16) in the horizontal structures (15) and the use of the modules (50 and 60) make it possible to produce spans of variable dimensions, by using equal modules and of small width, without it being it is necessary to use special structural elements such as small props and the like, made to measure. Fig. 13 shows the use of a module (10) with double insulation in an inclined structure used, for example, to make roofs. In this case, the concrete is poured into the empty spaces between the two panels through a hole (80) made in an element (12) of the panel which constitutes the upper insulation of the roof.

Fig. 16 represents the use of modules which use trellis (27 h) which present five simple spaces (70) and a double space, according to the diagram of FIG. 11 b. This allows simultaneous nesting zones between the concrete columns (83) and the horizontal beams (84) in a vertical structure (14). The walls of the structure are made using two panels (85 and 86) formed of elements (12) retained in the spaces (70).

The formwork for the beam (84) is made laterally by two panels (85 and 86), and below, by three simple elements (12) and two other elements (12) which create a series of spaces (70 and 71 ) interposed between the panels (85 and 86). The formwork of the column (83) is, in turn, obtained by pieces of elements (12) whose ends are aligned along two lattices and which define two holding surfaces (90 and 91) for the pouring of concrete. The beam (84) and the column (83) can be completed by reinforcing profiles in the form of bars or by using another kind of steel profile in accordance with the design data of the reinforced concrete.

A structure of the type shown in Fig. 16 can give rise to several columns (83) and the beam (84) can extend downwards and be equipped with additional supports for the irons (41, 44). The parts between the columns (83) and the beam (84) can be used to define the openings for the doors by cutting the desired holes in the panels (85 and 86) and the wires of the frame (11).

Claims (14)

1. Prefabricated modules (10,26) to be utilized for erecting building structures, comprising flat elements (12) of light material and a threedimensional structure (11) formed by a plurality of lattices (16, 27) of welded steel wires which extend along a longitudinal direction and are welded to a series of transverse wires (18), these lattices being disposed facing one another and each comprising parallel longitudinal wires (21-24) and distancing wires (25) welded to the longitudinal wires which define conjointly with the distancing wires, empty supporting places for the flat elements, these supporting places comprising a first row and a second two of supporting places (70), an intermediary empty space and a first group of flat elements being provided to be inserted in the first row with a view to forming a first panel (13) of a side of the threedimensional structure, a second group of flat elements being provided to be inserted in the second row of the other side of the threedimensional structure with a view to forming a second panel (30) and the above said intermediary empty space being utilized as shuttering space between the first panel and the second panel for a concrete casting (32) containing iron reinforcement bars, characterised in that:
   
   the longitudinal wires and the distancing wires form another row of supporting places (70, 71) in the said intermediary space (11, 12) and a third group of flat elements (12) may be inserted in the other row of supporting places instead of the concrete casting,
   
   in that the longitudinal wires (24-1, 24-2) forming pairs of wires brought together welded to the distancing wires spaced one from another by a predetermined distance of separation (Ps), each of these pairs determining an area of separation (72) such that one row of supporting places (70, 71) for the flat elements (12) is in alternation with an area of separation (72) inside the threedimensional structure (11),
   
   in that the threedimensional structure (11) may be utilized for vertical structures (14) as well as for horizontal structures (15), the utilization sought of a prefabricated module being determined by the arrangement of the flat elements (12) in the supporting places (70, 71) of the threedimensional structure,
   
   in that for a horizontal structure (14) the first group of flat elements (12) occupies completely the first row of supporting places to form a continuous ceiling panel (13) in the lower part of the module whilst the second group of flat elements and the third group of flat elements partly occupy the second row of supporting elements and the other row of supporting places respectively to form a row (48) of superposed flat elements separated by empty connection spaces (41) which are utilized as horizontal shuttering spaces for ribs (43) of concrete casting (32) conjointly with the ceiling panel,
   
   in that the said connection spaces (41) are provided for lodging horizontal iron reinforcement bars (44) transversely to the longitudinal wires (21-24) and
   
   in that the longitudinal wires of certain pairs of wires brought together form in the said connection spaces (41), catch wires to support the iron bars (44) which are situated close to the ceiling panel (13) but are spaced from the ceiling panel by the separation distance (Ps) to permit the concrete casting (32) to embed completely the iron reinforcement bar (31).
2. Prefabricated modules according to claim 1, characterised in that the flat elements (12) all have rectangular sections of identical predetermined thickness (Tb) and width (Wb), the first row and the second row of supporting places each determining a single row of supporting places (70) provided to support single rows of flat elements (12) along their width (Tb) and in that the other row of supporting places determine a row of double supporting places (71) arranged to permit each double supporting place to receive two flat elements (12) joined to one another along their width direction.
3. Prefabricated modules according to claim 2, characterised in that the distance (Pl) between axes of two longitudinal wires which form each a supporting place is a whole multiple of the separation distance (Ps) between axes of two longitudinal wires in each of the pairs of wires brought together which form the separation area (72).
4. Prefabricated modules according to claim 3, in which two pairs of longitudinal wires (21-1, 22-1; 21-2, 22-2) form two end areas (73) outside the module, the wires situated more outside (21-1; 21-2) being spaced by a distance which forms the thickness (TM) of the module (10, 26), characterised in that the distance between the axis of the longitudinal wires in the end areas is equal to the predetrermined separation distance (Ps) in that the thickness of the modules (10, 26) is only defined by a number "M" of single rows of supporting places and by a number "N" of double supporting places and in that the number of separation areas (72) is equal to $\text{"N + M - 1"}$

   

   where "N" and "M" are whole numbers to realize modules of standardized thickness according to the values of the numbers "N" and "M".
5. Prefabricated modules according to one of the claims 3 and 4, characterised in that the whole module is four.
6. Prefabricated modules according to claim 5, characterised in that the separation distance is 1cm and in that the modules have different standardized thickness of 5cm one from the other between 15cm and 35cm.
7. Prefabricated modules according to any one of the claims 2 to 6, characterised in that the predetermined width (Wb) of each flat element (12) is equal to four times the thickness (Tb), the distance between the axes of the longitudinal wires in the row of single supporting places being equal to the thickness (Tb) of the flat element (12) plus a wire diameter and the spacing between two separation wires (25) being equal to the predetermined width (Wb) of the flat element.
8. Prefabricated modules according to any one of the claims 2 to 7, characterised in that the iron reinforcement bars have a transverse section in double T form (75) and in that the row of double supporting places provide for two positioning wires (24-1, 24-2) of two of the said pairs of wire brought together in order that they may be spaced by the double T transverse section (75) by a distance equal to the height of a predetermined section of standardized type and in that the positioning wires secure the iron reinforcement bars in a predetermined position in the connection spaces (41) formed by the row (48) of superposed flat elements.
9. Prefabricated modules according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the width of the modules is determined by the length of the transverse wires (18), the ribs (43) of concrete casting being in relative position parallel to the transverse wires, the horizontal structure having a bearing surface which is longer than the length of the transverse wires (18) and in that the horizontal structure is obtained by arrangement side by side of a large number of modules (10) interconnected by iron reinforcement bars (44) presenting a length corresponding to the bearing surface of the horizontal structure and held by the positioning wires of two or several of the said modules.
10. Prefabricated modules according to claim 9, characterised in that the iron reinforcement bars are preassembled with the plurality of modules by embedding the iron reinforcement bars over a limited thickness.
11. Prefabricated modules according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the separation areas (72) are provided to cause a displacement of two adjacent rows of flat elements with respect to the other of the predetermined separation distance in a vertical structure (14).
12. Prefabricated modules according to any one of the preceding claims with a view to its use in a vertical structure (14), characterised in that the shuttering space between the first panel (13) and the second panel (30) lodges a wire ladder (35, Figure 1) for the spacing of vertical iron bars (33) in a concrete casting no matter which of the longitudinal wires of the said pairs of wires drawn together being in the shuttering space between the first panel and the second panel and forming catch wires and in that the said ladder is held by two catch wires to determine in a precise manner the position of the vertical iron reinforcement bars in the concrete casting.
13. Prefabricated modules according to any one of the claims 2 to 7 for their use as a joining structure (50) between a vertical structure (14) and a horizontal structure (15), characterised in that the joining structure (50) comprises a limited number (three or four) of lattices (16) arranged in a transverse area between the vertical and horizontal structures (14, 13) and in that no matter which of the flat elements is inserted in the joining module to be positioned in an outer area of the joining structure (50) with a view to holding the concrete casting.
14. Prefabricated modules according to any one of the preceding claims for their use in a vertical structure (14), characterised by another group of flat elements filling partly the said other row of supporting places between the first panel and the second panel with a view to determining a shape for a horizontal concrete beam (84) and a concrete column (83).

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