FR3133866A3 - Method of constructing a wooden frame house - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a method of constructing a wooden frame dwelling (9), comprising: -providing a floor (4); -providing constructive elements (1) comprising: -first and second joists (11, 12) having a length of between 2400 and 3500 mm, projecting longitudinally with a length of between 45 and 75mm relative to the crosspieces (13, 14);-the joining of a first rail (81) on the floor (4); -the placement of a first constructive element (1) so that the first beam (81) is positioned between projecting parts; -the placement of a spacer (92) against the first constructive element (1); -the placement of a second constructive element (1) in contact with the spacer (92) and so that the first smooth (81) is positioned between projecting parts;-the placement of a second smooth (82) between d other projecting parts of the first and second joists. Figure to be published with the abstract: Fig. 1

Description

Method of constructing a wooden frame house

The invention relates to the construction of wooden frame dwellings, and in particular to the methods of constructing such wooden frame dwellings using modular construction elements transported to the site to carry out the assembly of partitions, floors or roof supports. .

The advantages of wooden frame homes are numerous, particularly due to their lightweight construction and a very reduced carbon footprint compared to concrete structures. Furthermore, such homes are intrinsically better suited to have good energy performance.

A certain number of sellers of wooden frame houses assemble a certain number of constructive elements in the factory to manufacture sections, typically vertical partitions, floors or roof supports. These prefabricated sections are then transported to the housing site to be assembled together. The advantage of such an assembly is that the assembly time on site is quite short and the site is therefore not very sensitive to bad weather, due to the prior manufacturing of the sections in the factory.

Even if such a method of construction is favored compared to an assembly of elementary constructive elements on the site, it also presents a certain number of disadvantages. Factory-made panels mostly contain voids. Thus, transporting such sections to the site is not very economical or ecological since it requires mobilizing a lot of means of transport.

There is a significant need for construction processes that make it possible to significantly reduce the cost price of a wooden frame dwelling, in particular to enable the distribution of such dwellings for social housing.

The invention aims to resolve one or more of these drawbacks. The invention thus relates to a process

construction of a wooden frame dwelling, including:
-the provision of a floor;
-the supply of constructive elements each including:
-first and second wooden joists positioned parallel to a longitudinal direction, having a length of between 2400 and 3500 mm, spaced at a distance of between 170 and 440 mm in a transverse direction, and each having a substantially rectangular cross section with a width of between 80 and 110mm in a transverse direction and a thickness of between 40 and 60mm in a thickness direction;
-first and second wooden sleepers extending perpendicular to the first and second joists and between the first and second joists, the first and second wooden sleepers being secured to the first and second joists, the first sleeper being positioned at the level of a first end of the first and second joists, the second crosspiece being positioned at a second end of the first and second joists, the first and second joists projecting longitudinally relative to the first crosspiece with a length of between 45 and 75mm , the first and second joists projecting longitudinally from the second crosspiece with a length of between 45 and 75mm;
-securing a first rail to the floor;
-the placement of a first of said constructive elements so that the first rail is positioned between the projecting parts of the first and second joists at the level of the first end of this first constructive element;
-the placement of a spacer against the first of said constructive elements;
-the placement of a second of said constructive elements in contact with the spacer and so that the first rail is positioned between the projecting parts of the first and second joists at the level of the first end of this second constructive element;
-the placement of a second rail between the projecting parts of the first and second joists at the level of the second end of the first and second constructive elements.

The invention also relates to the following variants. Those skilled in the art will understand that each of the characteristics of the following variants can be combined independently with the above characteristics, without constituting an intermediate generalization.

According to a variant, the method further comprises a step of joining the first and second constructive elements to the second rail.

According to another variant, the first rail secured to the floor has a width at least equal to 95% of the distance between the projecting parts of the first and second joists at the level of the first end of the first and second constructive elements.

According to yet another variant, the first rail secured to the floor has a thickness of between 80 and 95% of the projecting length of the first and second joists at the level of the first end of the first and second constructive elements.

According to yet another variant, the method comprises the provision of third and fourth constructive elements identical to the first and second constructive elements and supporting the floor, the first and second constructive elements being positioned perpendicular and vertical respectively to the third and fourth constructive elements.

According to a variant, the method comprises the placement of insulation between the first and second constructive elements.

According to another variant, said first and second rails each comprise two parallel battens of the same thickness.

Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will emerge clearly from the description given below, for information only and in no way limiting, with reference to the appended drawings, in which:

is a side view of the wooden components of an example of a constructive element suitable for implementing a method according to one embodiment of the invention;

is a front cross-sectional view of the constructive element of the , at the level of a crossing;

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And

are schematic representations in top view of the building at different intermediate stages of its construction process according to one embodiment of the invention;

is a side view of a constructive element put in place at the end of the step illustrated in ;

is a side view of a vertical partition after the placement of insulation between constructive elements:

is an exploded schematic view of an example of a building structure that can be obtained by a construction method according to the invention;

is a schematic representation of an assembly of constructive elements according to the aligned.

There is a side view of the wooden components of a constructive element 1 adapted for the implementation of a construction method according to one embodiment of the invention. There is a front cross-sectional view of the constructive element 1 of the , at a crossing. A system of axes is illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. The X direction corresponds to a longitudinal direction, the Y direction corresponds to a transverse direction, and the Z direction corresponds to a thickness direction.

Constructive element 1 is intended for a wooden frame dwelling. The constructive element 1 comprises wooden joists 11 and 12 positioned parallel to the longitudinal direction. These joists 11 and 12 have a length of between 2400 and 3500 mm. For most uses, joists 11 and 12 advantageously have a length of between 2400 and 2800 mm. Furthermore, these joists 11 and 12 are spaced at a distance of between 170 and 440 mm in a transverse direction, in order to give significant inertia to the constructive element 1 facing bending around the Y axis. For the most part, the joists 11 and 12 are advantageously spaced at a distance of between 220 and 300 mm. The joists 11 and 12 each have a substantially rectangular cross section with a width of between 80 and 110mm in the transverse direction Y and a thickness of between 40 and 60mm in the thickness direction Z. Such dimensions allow both to benefit of significant rigidity in the face of bending around the Y axis, and of having a reduced thickness to be able to transport a large number of constructive elements 1 in a single load. Advantageously, the cross section of the joists 11 and 12 is substantially rectangular with a width of between 90 and 100 mm and a thickness of between 40 and 50 mm.

The constructive element 1 further comprises wooden sleepers 13 and 14. The sleepers 13 and 14 extend perpendicular to the joists 11 and 12 and between these joists. The crosspiece 13 is positioned at the level of a first end of the joists 11 and 12, the crosspiece 14 being positioned at the level of a second end of the joists 11 and 12. The crosspieces 13 and 14 allow most of the forces to be transferred according to direction Y between joists 11 and 12.

The constructive element 1 further comprises metal connectors 2 securing the crosspieces 13 and 14 to the joists 11 and 12. The metal connectors 2 have a structure known per se, with crampons penetrating into respective wooden components, among the joists 11 and 12, sleepers 13 and 14.

Such a constructive element 1, due to its dimensions, can be used indifferently in a building to support a floor or be included in a vertical partition. The length of such a constructive element 1 is in fact sufficient to benefit from a good ceiling height dimensioned by use in a vertical partition, and sufficient to provide a floor support span. Such a constructive element 1, due to the spacing between the joists 11 and 12 and the cross section of these joists 11 and 12, has significant rigidity to limit its bending around the axis Y. Such a constructive element allows in addition to limiting the number of references to ensure the assembly of a habitat.

Furthermore, due to its substantially rectangular outline and the reduced thickness of its joists, a set of such constructive elements 1 can be stored compactly and occupy a reduced volume, making it possible to reduce the energy consumption necessary for its transport.

The joists 11 and 12 project longitudinally from the crosspiece 13 with a length of between 45 and 75mm. The joists 11 and 12 thus respectively comprise projecting parts 111 and 121 at a first longitudinal end. A space 181 is thus provided between these projecting parts 111 and 121 of the joists 11 and 12. Likewise, the joists 11 and 12 project longitudinally relative to the crosspiece 14 with a length of between 45 and 75mm. The joists 11 and 12 also respectively comprise projecting parts 112 and 122 at a second longitudinal end. A space 182 is thus provided between these projecting parts of the joists 11 and 12. The usefulness of these projecting parts and the spaces 181 and 182 of the joists 11 and 12 will be detailed later.

The constructive element 1 further advantageously comprises at least two wooden spacers 15 and 16 arranged between the joists 11 and 12. In the example illustrated, the constructive element 1 comprises three wooden spacers 15, 16 and 17 successively, in the longitudinal direction. We can also envisage that the constructive element 1 comprises four wooden spacers successively in the longitudinal direction. The spacers 15 and 16 are inclined at an angle of between 10 and 25° relative to the longitudinal direction. Furthermore, the inclinations of the spacers 15 and 16 are opposite with respect to the longitudinal direction. Thus, opposing shear forces can easily be transmitted between the joists 11 and 12.

Advantageously, the spacers 15 to 17 can have the same cross section as the joists 11 and 12. The spacers 15 to 17 can each have a substantially rectangular cross section with a width of between 80 and 110 mm and a thickness of between 40 and 60 mm. .

The spacers 15 and 16 each have an end having a face extending longitudinally and a face extending transversely. The transversely extending faces of the spacers 15 and 16 are pressed against each other. Thus, the spacers 15 and 16 can transmit longitudinal forces to each other.

There is a schematic top view of a dwelling 9 under construction, at an intermediate stage. For the sake of simplification, we only illustrate a floor 4, intended to form a room or a platform of the dwelling 9. The dwelling 9 can, however, include several adjacent floors 4. The floor 4 provided rests on a supporting structure not illustrated. The structure supporting the floor 4 can be attached to different structural elements fixed in the ground, such as concrete stringers or piles, in a manner known per se. The supporting structure may include constructive elements 1 as detailed previously (typically positioned parallel to one side of the floor 4). For the sake of simplification, floor 4 illustrated is rectangular. The floor 4 can for example comprise in a manner known per se a vapor barrier layer, a layer of OSB and a layer of parquet superimposed.

As illustrated in , lower rails 81 are secured to the floor 4 at the locations where it is desired to form vertical partitions. A respective rail 81 is thus positioned parallel to each side of the floor 4. The rails 81 are here calibrated boards placed flat against the floor 4 and having two parallel edges. The rails 81 can each be replaced by two rails spaced apart from each other, the external edges of which are parallel. Each rail 81 is offset from its respective edge of the floor 4. Thus, part of the floor 4 is exposed on either side of each rail 81.

To the posts 91 are formed at each corner of the floor 4, corresponding to the intersections between the rails 81. Each post 91 is here advantageously formed by the assembly of four constructive elements 1 as described with reference to Figures 1 and 2. The joists 11 and 12 of each of the constructive elements 1 of a post 91 are positioned parallel. The constructive elements 1 of a post are also positioned so that each of these constructive elements 1 forms one side of a rectangle of the post 91 in top view, as illustrated in Figure 1. . Each post 91 is secured to the floor 4. The constructive elements 1 of a post can be secured together by any appropriate means, for example by using metal brackets.

The posts 91 can also be formed before joining the rails 81 to the floor 4. The constructive elements 1 of the posts 91 can then be used to position the rails 81 relative to the floor 4.

There illustrates building 9 after a first phase of assembly of a vertical partition. We first provide a set of constructive elements 1 as illustrated with reference to Figures 1 and 2. We place here at least one wedge or spacer 92 calibrated parallel with a smooth 81 (in the example illustrated, we placed wedges 92 on either side of a smooth 81). This wedge 92 is here placed in contact with a post 91. A constructive element 311 is placed in contact with this wedge 92, and this constructive element 311 is placed so that the corresponding rail 81 is positioned between the projecting parts of its joists 11 and 12 at its lower end. The smooth 81 is thus positioned in the space 181 of the constructive element 311. The constructive element 311 is thus straddled on either side of the smooth 81, as shown in Figure . The lower part of the constructive element 311 is thus spaced from the post 91 by a calibrated distance and its transverse position is well defined by the rail 81.

As illustrated in , more constructive elements 311 of a vertical partition are placed along a rail 81. For the installation of each new constructive element 311, a wedge or spacer 92 is positioned against the lower end of the constructive element 311 previous, then we place this new constructive element 311 astride the rail 81 and in contact with this wedge 92. We can thus position a multitude of constructive elements with a calibrated offset along the rail 81, and so that the joists 11 and 12 of these constructive elements 311 are aligned along the rail 81 to form support points for vertical walls delimiting the vertical partitions. Each of the elements 311 can be secured to the rail 81, for example by metal brackets. It is also possible for the wedges or spacers 92 to be integrated into the beams 81, for example by providing notches in these beams 81 to insert the protruding parts of the joists 11 and 12. The lengths of the joists 11 and 12 are particularly well suited to provide good ceiling height for the formed vertical partition.

As illustrated in , an upper rail 82 is placed between the projecting parts of the joists 11 and 12 of the different constructive elements 311, as illustrated in . The rail 82 is thus positioned in the space 182 of each constructive element 311. It is thus possible to align the joists 11 and 12 of the different constructive elements 311 at the level of their upper end. Each constructive element 311 can be fixed to the rail 82.

The smooth 82 can also be positioned beforehand, before the placement of the constructive elements 311, in order to allow immediate good alignment of these constructive elements 311 at their upper and lower ends. The rail 82 can for example be fixed to the upper part of two uprights 91. In such a case, it can be provided that the upper part of each constructive element 311 is fixed to the rail 82 before installing the next constructive element 311.

Shims or spacers 92 can also be interposed between the upper parts of the constructive elements 311.

Advantageously, the structure can be reinforced by joining the constructive elements 311 to one or more constructive elements 361. As illustrated in , a constructive element 361 is positioned flat above the constructive elements 311. The joists 11 and 12 of this constructive element 311 are positioned perpendicular to the joists 11 and 12 of the constructive elements 311.

The assembly of the other vertical walls of building 9 can be continued as detailed previously, using more constructive elements 311.

It can be seen that such an assembly method using the constructive elements 1 according to the invention makes it possible to form the vertical partitions directly on the construction site, due to the very high modularity linked to the use of the same constructive elements. In particular, the use of beams 81 and 82 allows very rapid setting of the constructive elements 311, guaranteeing reduced assembly time. With reduced assembly time, the risk of disruptions linked to bad weather is particularly reduced. Due to the simplicity of assembly and the standardization of construction elements 1, the need for labor is reduced and makes it possible to reduce the cost of construction to adapt to the social housing market.

There illustrates in front view a vertical partition in the absence of a cladding wall. Between the constructive elements 311, insulating filling elements 7 are advantageously interposed. Due to the relatively large width between external faces of the joists 11 and 12 of the different constructive elements 311, the thickness of the insulating filling elements 7 can be relatively large, in order to increase the thermal performance of the building 9. The spaces between the constructive elements 311 are therefore advantageously used to place thermal insulation 7 between them.

Specific constructive elements may be used in intermediate positions between the constructive elements 311, to delimit openings, using shorter constructive elements, on which a frame is attached delimiting the location of an opening.

Advantageously, the constructive elements 311 are positioned vertically and perpendicular to respective constructive elements supporting the floor 4. This may in particular be the case for the structural elements of the vertical partitions positioned perpendicular to the constructive elements supporting the floor 4. This ensures a better transmission of vertical forces.

Advantageously, the rail 81 secured to the floor 4 has a width at least equal to 95% of the distance between the projecting parts of the first and second joists 11 and 12 at the level of the lower end of the constructive elements 311. This guarantees a optimal positioning of the constructive elements 311 according to their transverse direction. Similarly, the beam 82 has a width at least equal to 95% of the distance between the projecting parts of the first and second joists 11 and 12 at the level of the upper end of the constructive elements 311.

Advantageously, the rail 81 secured to the floor 4 has a thickness of between 80 and 95% of the projecting length of the joists 11 and 12 of the constructive elements 311 at their lower end. This possibly allows the crosspieces 13 to be wedged relative to the beam 81. Similarly, the beam 82 secured to the floor 4 has a thickness of between 80 and 95% of the projecting length of the joists 11 and 12 of the constructive elements. 311 at their upper end. This possibly makes it possible to wedge the crosspieces 14 relative to the rail 82.

There is an exploded side schematic representation of a building 9, including a set of constructive elements identical to those of Figures 1 and 2. In the example of the a set of constructive elements 321 are positioned horizontally, spaced and parallel to each other. Another set of constructive elements 322 are positioned horizontally, spaced and parallel to each other. These constructive elements 321 and 322 support the floor 4.

The constructive elements 321 are fixed on the periphery to a beam system, for example via brackets. The beam system advantageously includes constructive elements 331, positioned perpendicular to the constructive elements 321. Several constructive elements 331 can be superimposed and fixed mutually to increase the rigidity of the beam system. In the middle part of the floor 4, the constructive elements 321 and the constructive elements 322 are fixed to another beam system, for example via brackets. This other beam system advantageously includes constructive elements 332, positioned perpendicular to the constructive elements 321 and 322. Several constructive elements 332 can be superimposed and fixed mutually to increase the rigidity of this other beam system. The constructive elements 322 are fixed on the periphery to an additional beam system, for example via brackets. The additional beam system advantageously includes constructive elements 333, positioned perpendicular to the constructive elements 322. Several constructive elements 333 can be superimposed and fixed mutually to increase the rigidity of the additional beam system. Thus, the beam systems can be formed using the same constructive elements as the constructive elements 321 and 322.

There also illustrates several vertical partitions positioned above the floor 4. A vertical partition comprises in particular an external wall 51, an internal wall 52, and a set of constructive elements 311. The elements 311 are positioned vertically, spaced apart and parallel to each other others. As detailed previously, to increase the rigidity of the vertical partition, the upper end of the constructive elements 311 is advantageously fixed to constructive elements 361 arranged horizontally and perpendicular to the constructive elements 311. The constructive elements 311 and 312 are here identical to the constructive elements 321 and 322.

Another vertical partition comprises in particular an external wall 53, an internal wall 54, and a set of constructive elements 312. The elements 312 are positioned vertically, spaced apart and parallel to each other. To increase the rigidity of the vertical partition, the upper end of the constructive elements 312 is advantageously fixed to constructive elements 362 arranged horizontally and perpendicular to the constructive elements 312.

The walls 51 and 53 may include OSB facings and/or extruded material facings. The walls 52 and 54 may include a layer of vapor barrier and a layer of plasterboard, typically interposing metal mounting frames.

To obtain a building structure 9 as illustrated in , we advantageously place a set of constructive elements 341 positioned horizontally, spaced and parallel to each other. The constructive elements 341 are advantageously identical to the constructive elements 311. Another set of constructive elements 342 is placed horizontally, spaced and parallel to each other. These constructive elements 341 and 342 serve as attachments for a ceiling 6 extending between the walls 52 and 54. The constructive elements 341 and 352 can be fixed by brackets to the constructive elements 311 or 361, or 312 and 362 respectively. Advantageously, the constructive elements 341 are positioned perpendicularly and above constructive elements 311. The constructive elements 311 are positioned vertically of the constructive elements 341. Similarly, the constructive elements 342 are positioned perpendicularly and above constructive elements 312. The constructive elements 312 are positioned vertically of the constructive elements 342. This ensures better transmission of vertical forces. Facings can be positioned in continuity with the walls 51 and 53 to protect the ends of the constructive elements 341 and 342.

The elements 341 are fixed at the periphery to a beam system, for example via brackets. The beam system advantageously includes constructive elements 351, positioned perpendicular to the constructive elements 341. Several constructive elements 351 can be superimposed and fixed mutually to increase the rigidity of the beam system. In the middle part of the ceiling, the elements 341 and the elements 342 are fixed to another beam system, for example via brackets. This other beam system advantageously includes constructive elements 352, positioned perpendicular to the constructive elements 341 and 342. Several constructive elements 352 can be superimposed and fixed mutually to increase the rigidity of this other beam system. The elements 342 are fixed on the periphery to an additional beam system, for example via brackets. The additional beam system advantageously includes constructive elements 353, positioned perpendicular to the constructive elements 342. Several constructive elements 353 can be superimposed and fixed mutually to increase the rigidity of the additional beam system. Thus, beam systems can be formed using the same constructive elements as elements 341 and 342.

We can then form a roof supported on the constructive elements 341 and 342. The roof is not illustrated here and can be formed in a manner known per se.

In a building 9 having a framework based on constructive elements according to the invention, the constructive elements 311 can be positioned parallel to each other with a spacing of between 450 and 650mm, preferably between 500 and 625mm. Similarly, the constructive elements 321 or 322 supporting the floor 4 can be positioned parallel to each other with a spacing of between 450 and 650mm, preferably between 500 and 625mm. Similarly, the constructive elements 341 or 342 intended to support the roof can be positioned parallel to each other with a spacing of between 450 and 650mm, preferably between 500 and 625mm.

There is a schematic representation of an assembly of constructive elements 1 according to the aligned. Such an assembly makes it possible to multiply the span of a beam element formed of several constructive elements 1. The joists 11 of the constructive elements 1 are aligned and secured by metal connectors 2. The joists 12 of the constructive elements 1 are also aligned and secured by metal connectors 2. The association of two constructive elements 1 thus assembled can for example replace the constructive elements 321, 322 and 332 in the example of the .

Claims (7)

Method of constructing a wooden frame dwelling (9), comprising:
-the provision of a floor (4);
-the supply of constructive elements (1) each comprising:
-first and second wooden joists (11, 12) positioned parallel to a longitudinal direction, having a length of between 2400 and 3500 mm, spaced at a distance of between 170 and 440 mm in a transverse direction, and each having a substantially rectangular cross section with a width of between 80 and 110mm in a transverse direction and a thickness of between 40 and 60mm in a thickness direction;
-first and second wooden sleepers (13, 14) extending perpendicular to the first and second joists (11, 12) and between the first and second joists, the first and second wooden sleepers being secured to the first and second joists ( 11, 12), the first crosspiece being positioned at a first end of the first and second joists, the second crosspiece being positioned at a second end of the first and second joists, the first and second joists (11, 12) ) being projecting longitudinally relative to the first crosspiece (13) with a length of between 45 and 75mm, the first and second joists (11, 12) being projecting longitudinally relative to the second crosspiece (14) of a length between 45 and 75mm;
-securing a first rail (81) to the floor (4);
-the placement of a first of said constructive elements (1) so that the first rail (81) is positioned between the projecting parts of the first and second joists at the level of the first end of this first constructive element;
-the placement of a spacer (92) against the first of said constructive elements (1);
-the placement of a second of said constructive elements (1) in contact with the spacer (92) and so that the first rail (81) is positioned between the projecting parts of the first and second joists at the level of the first end of this second constructive element (1);
-the placement of a second rail (82) between the projecting parts of the first and second joists at the level of the second end of the first and second constructive elements (1, 2). Method of constructing a wooden frame dwelling (9) according to claim 1, further comprising a step of joining the first and second constructive elements (1, 2) to the second rail (82). Method of constructing a wooden frame dwelling (9) according to claim 1 or 2, in which the first beam (81) secured to the floor has a width at least equal to 95% of the distance between the projecting parts of the first and second joists at the level of the first end of the first and second constructive elements (1, 2). Method of constructing a wooden frame dwelling (9) according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the first beam (81) secured to the floor has a thickness of between 80 and 95% of the projecting length of the first and second joists (11, 12) at the level of the first end of the first and second constructive elements. Method of constructing a wooden frame dwelling (9) according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising the provision of third and fourth constructive elements identical to the first and second constructive elements and supporting the floor (4), the first and second constructive elements being positioned perpendicular and vertical respectively to the third and fourth constructive elements. Method of constructing a wooden frame dwelling (9) according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising the placement of insulation (7) between the first and second constructive elements (1). Method of constructing a wooden frame dwelling (9) according to any one of the preceding claims, in which said first and second beams each comprise two parallel battens of the same thickness.