EP2061936B1 - Building, in particular a dwelling, and method of erecting it - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to a building, particularly for use as a private home or office. It also relates to a mounting method. The invention relates more specifically to buildings classified as light homes for simplified construction and fast.

The invention preferably relates to buildings having a basic structure mainly of wood but which can also be formed from metal beams.

The document FR-A-992 318 discloses a building according to the preamble of claim 1. The problems encountered by these buildings are of several kinds.

First of all, these buildings often do not have the same robustness as that obtained during the construction of a traditional dwelling with materials that are not only heavier but also more time consuming (cement, concrete block, scrap metal). ...).

Another problem arises in the realization of the fact of the number of people necessary for the assembly of the structure and the impact of the cost of labor required by the very nature of the assemblies necessary for the cohesion of the construction.

The bracing of the whole and therefore the resistance to rigorous weather is also a concern for these light homes. For this purpose, it is often necessary beforehand to mount the four walls, then the roof, so that the whole is self-supporting and properly braced. The load of the frame and roof is reported on all the walls. The strength of the structure depends essentially on the quality of the connection of the walls to the ground, the walls between them and the connection between the walls and the various elements constituting the frame and the roof.

Thus, during severe meteorological constraints, for example by very strong winds in tropical latitudes, the roof and its frame are mainly stressed and especially the junctions on the walls with, in extreme cases, a roof blown independently of the walls. During earthquakes or simply land movement, it is then the walls that are mainly stressed in addition to undergoing the lift of the roof with the risk of a roof crushing the walls as soon as their bracing is no longer properly insured. .

The present invention proposes to solve all of these problems through the use of a structure assembled from modular elements easily transportable and through an assembly allowing the realization of a self-supporting structure, braced and rendering, of more, totally solidary structure of the walls of that of the frame and therefore the roof.

This structure thus assembled, fixed to the ground, receives, in a second time, prefabricated panels ensuring the cladding of the walls by providing the necessary acoustic and thermal insulation to the building.

In addition, many of these elements can be pre-assembled in the workshop, the assembly, in situ, of the building is fast, can be achieved by a small team, the extreme one person and therefore a reduced cost.

The invention provides a solidarity bracing of all the components of the structure of the walls of that of the frame. The rigidity imparted to the whole building is similar to that obtained in the case of a traditional dwelling.

The building of the invention uses mainly to solve this problem poles, facade frames and sprocket, purlins, rafters and preferably fixing shoes.

According to the invention, the easy and effective bracing is obtained by placing the rafters and or purlins above the posts, between the frames which are themselves attached to the posts.

The invention therefore relates to a building according to claim 1.

The invention also relates to a method of mounting a building according to claim 8.

• Figure 1 : est représentée une vue générale de l'édifice de l'invention.
• Figure 2 : est représentée une vue de pignon de la structure de l'invention munie d'une panne faîtière.
• Figures 3 et 4 : sont représentées, respectivement de profil et en coupe, des vues de l'assemblage par des tiges et des écrous, des cadres et des poteaux.

The invention will be better understood on reading the description which follows and on examining the figures which accompany it. These are presented only as an indication and in no way limitative of the invention.

• Figure 1 is represented a general view of the building of the invention.
• Figure 2 is shown a pinion view of the structure of the invention provided with a ridge tip.
• Figures 3 and 4 are shown, respectively in profile and in section, views of the assembly by rods and nuts, frames and poles.

The figure 1 shows a building according to the invention. This building has posts 1 between which are frames of facade 2. Rafters 3 suspended from a ridge 4 failure are placed on the posts 1.

A front frame 2 comprises a lower upright 5, an upper upright 6 and possibly intermediate crosspieces 7. These intermediate rails 7 are placed at regular intervals between each of the two vertical uprights 8 of the front frame 2. The assembly of the crosspieces 7 on the uprights is realized, for example, according to the tenons and mortise technique. The sleepers 7 are intended to stiffen and contraband the frames 2 front, but also the frames on the gable of the building.

A chevron 3 is fixed according to different techniques: on the fault 4 ridge, or directly by interlocking or resting on a lierne 4.1 or nested in a metal support fixed and screwed against the fault 4 ridge.

This chevron end attached to the ridge tip is tapered to give the rafters 3 a slope that will be that of the roof.

Thus, it is according to this same angle of cut that a top 9 of a post 1 receiving the second end of the chevron 3 will also be beveled so that its top 9 receives in support the underside of the rafter 3 while conferring the slope desired roof.

The beveling of the top 9 of a facade post can also be done beforehand in the workshop, from the slope given to the roof cover.

A front frame 2 is fixed, along its two vertical uprights 8, between two facade posts. Thus the width (Ip) corresponding to the section of the post 1 along an axis parallel to the chevron and perpendicular to the ridge tip corresponds, along the same axis, to the width (Ic) corresponding to a vertical amount of the frame 2 front. However, it is possible, according to a variant, to have a width (Ic) of the vertical upright 8 of the frame 2 less than that (Ip) of the column, for example, in order to reserve a portion serving to absorb the width of a cladding and thus to reveal, in the form of half-timbering, the facade of a visible post. But according to another variant, this vertical upright 8 of the frame 2 may have a width greater than that (Ip) of the post.

A post 1, although resting on the ground, is held preferably fixedly by a shoe 10, for example metal, itself firmly pegged in the ground or in the floor of the building. This makes it possible to easily erect each post 1 before it is itself attached to a frame 2. A shoe 10 for fixing also avoids direct contact of the post with the ground and therefore to avoid any rise of humidity.

In the same way the frames 2 of the facades as well as pinion frames 12 do not rest directly on the ground but on a piece 11 of wood also interposed between two posts 1 of frontage or between two studs 14 pinion.

This piece 11 has a thickness (e) substantially equal to that of the fixing shoe 10 of a post and is similarly screwed and pegged to the ground. The width of this part 11 is substantially identical to that of the posts 1 and 14. This part 11 is also intended to prevent any rise of moisture on the structure of the frame 2 in particular by its lower amount but also to absorb, in part, the possible constraints of the ground.

Each chevron 3 bears on a post 1, a vertical upright 8 of a front frame 2 is fixed along the lateral part of the same post 1. On the second lateral part of the post 1 opposite the first and also parallel to the longitudinal axis of the chevron 3, is fixed a vertical upright 8 of a second frame 2 front. The surfaces respectively 6.1 and 8.1 of the top of the upper upright 6 and the top of the upright 8 of each frame is then isoplan with the top 3.1 of the chevron. The chevron 3 is then held laterally between the two uprights 8.

On the figure 2 appears the top of a pinion of the building of the invention. In this figure, two pinion frames 12 have one of their upright respectively mounted on one of the two faces of a central pole 13 on which the ridge 4 fault. The plane of these faces is oriented along the longitudinal axis of the ridge tip. The second vertical upright (8) of each of the two frames (12) of the gears is fixed respectively to a pinion pole 14.

The upper amount 15 of each of the two pinion frames 12 has a slope identical to that given to the structure of the roof. This amount has a plane defined by its length and width oriented towards the ground and a plane along its length and its thickness parallel to the pinion. The width (Im) of this upright 15 is identical to the width (Ic) of a vertical upright 8 of pinion frame 12 and preferably to the width of the plane of the pinion pole 14 perpendicular to the plane of the pinion.

The intersection of the vertical upright 8 of a pinion frame 12 and its upper amount 15 placed and fixed against the flank of the ridge tip 4, is die, preferably, at the top of the same fault ridge 4. Thus the entire height H of the ridge purlin resting on the central pole 13 is completely framed and held laterally between two vertical uprights 8 each belonging to a frame 12 of pinion.

It may be envisaged in a variant of the invention that this upper end of a pinion frame 12 does not die at the top of the ridge tip but, for example, two-thirds to maintain a sufficient space to place it there. thickness of prefabricated panels providing the final roof coverage. We can also, thanks to this space, to envisage the pose an additional chevron 3 covering the entire top of a pinion, namely the top of the upper uprights 15 frames and the top of the studs 14 pinion. This additional chevron then increases the rigidity of the pinion.

According to the invention, the width of the central pole 13 located in the plane of the pinion is identical to the thickness (e) of the ridge 4 failure. According to a variant similar to that given for the frames 2 of facades, it is possible to provide a width (Ic) of the vertical upright 8 of a pinion frame smaller than the width of a pinion post 14, a width lying in a perpendicular plane in the plane of the pinion and on which is fixed the pinion frame 12.

Thus, we reserve a space corresponding to a thickness of a possible covering panel of the frames of the pinion leaving then appear, once laid, the width of a pinion post 14 located in the plane of the pinion, such as a stud on the pinion. In this case, the surface of the trim panel is substantially flush with the apparent surface of the pole 14 located on the outside gable side of the building.

The planes respectively corresponding above an upper upright 15 and vertical upright 8 of gable frame 12, above 3.1 of a chevron 3 and at the top 14.1 of a gable stud 14 are isoplans and inclined according to the slope given to the roof.

In this way, prefabricated panels are fixed, for example screwed from above or fixed by fixing tabs from below, on the rafters 3 and other upper uprights 6 and 15 respectively of frame 2 and 12 to form the roof. The gable frames and facade are pre-assembled and comprise two vertical uprights 8, a horizontal lower upright 5 and an upper amount 6.15. Between the two vertical uprights 8 are asssembles horizontal raverses 7. These sleepers 7 are intended to improve the rigidity of the frame.

The posts 1, 13 and 14 are intended to fully transmit the load of the roof on the ground, by supporting the weight of the purlins 4, rafters 3 or other supporting elements constituting the frame.

The structure of the building does not require foundations. The posts are first erected and then fixed to metal hooves 10, themselves firmly secured to the floor or floor. These posts 1,13 and 14 are, in at first, thanks to the hooves 10, simply erected all around the periphery of the building according to, in a simplified example, two gables and two facades. However, buildings with more than two gables or facades can be designed.

The positioning of a pole relative to another takes into account both the gap that is desired to give between two rafters 3 for the posts 1 present on a facade or the gap between two failures 4 for the posts 14 present on a pinion but also the size of the frames 2 and 12 placed respectively between two posts 1 and two posts 14.

The size of these frames 2 and 12 depend on the rigidity that we wish to give them according to the section of their uprights 8, horizontal 5 and their possible cross 7. They also depends on the dimensions that we wish to grant the openings provided within these frames 2 and 12 to place doors and windows.

If the simplicity and speed of assembly depend essentially on elements such as prefabricated frames of gables 12 and facades 2, the robustness of the building and its bracing are ensured thanks to the idea of resting, both the 4 and ridge failure 4 or intermediate and 3 chevrons on the posts 1.13 and 14 and maintain each of these elements laterally between two vertical uprights 8 each belonging to a frame 2,12 set on both sides d a post 1,13 and 14.

The two pinion frames 12 surrounding the ridge 4 failure are thus integral with each other and the pole pinion 13. In the same way, on each side of the two sides of the roof, between the second and the third pinion pole 14 is also fixed a second pinion frame 12 also having a higher amount 6 in alignment with the slope given to the first sprocket frame. In doing so, the second pinion post 14 and all the following have their top surface 14.1 beveled and oriented along the roof slope.

In the same way, the rods 16 bolted all along a pole 1,13 and 14 make solid the uprights 8 erected on each side of this pole. Thus are assembled the two gables of the building supporting the ridge 4 fault.

By doing the same 4 intermediate faults can be placed between the ridge 4 faults and a facade to provide lift for rafters 3 longer and thus avoid a buckling effect on a roof slope.

For these purposes, each intermediate failure 4 takes place on a post 14 of non-beveled pinion. The top of the intermediate tip is then beveled according to the slope given to the roof.

Preferably in order to increase the rigidity of a pinion frame or facade but also of the entire structure of the building, high, low and intermediate crosspieces are placed between the two uprights 8 of a frame 2 and 12 of so that once the structure of the facades and gables made, one or more lines of sleepers form substantially at the same height at the periphery of the building. A line can be interrupted by the presence of a door-type opening or windows.

The structure of the building thus designed makes it possible to obtain a self-supporting and self-winding structure ensuring a very high rigidity of the whole.

However, the assembly is simple and fast since all the walls (gables and facades) defining the building are assembled before laying and fixing the fault 4 ridge and the very first chevron 3.

The frames 2 and 12 are simply raised by placing them on their base on the ground and thus allows easy handling and simplified placement when they are fixed along the poles of the construction of the building.

Finally, on the walls of the building, is affixed a cladding according to the characteristics that we want to give the house. This cladding takes place on the various frames and is screwed, both on the profile of the four uprights and sleepers.

Since the structure is self-supporting, prefabricated panel cladding does not support the load corresponding to the structure and its roof.

Prefabricated panels, depending on their size, sometimes require additional layout. These panels have a sandwich structure with a first layer of about 13 mm of agglomerate followed by an insulator such as polyurethane or polystyrene or rock wool to ensure thermal insulation and sound. Finally, a third layer of about 13 mm also composed of agglomerate closes the same panel. The frame can also receive in a traditional way a layout for tiles or slates.

Depending on the size of the building and therefore the height of the pinion frames, the sleepers are preferably placed at identical distances from each other.

The fixing of the four amounts forming a frame 2 and 12 as well as the possible fixing of the crosspieces on the two vertical uprights 8 can be done in a traditional way with, for example, screws but also, and preferably, in the form of tenons and mortises .

This last possibility, in addition to offering a high rigidity to the frame, moreover makes it possible to absorb possible stresses more easily without the presence of hard points inside the wood that can weaken an element.

It may be noted that for relatively modest structures, the simple fact of separating the metal shoes 10 from the ground allows the whole of the structure, the respective structures of the roof and the walls are completely integral, to be moved from a place to another, on big trucks for example.

The figures 3 and 4 represent an assembly method used to connect the vertical uprights of the frames to the posts as well as to the rafters 3 and purlins 4.

It uses for this purpose rods 16 with bolts of a section, as an indication, about 8 to 12 mm. The bolts may have round or square heads, screwed on either side of the parts to be assembled, the associated rods 16 passing through each of these same parts.

The bolted rods 16 pass through each of the uprights 8 belonging to a pinion frame 12 and through the tip 4. The following are placed all along the pole 14, through the pole and the two uprights 8 belonging to each with a separate pinion frame 12.

In the same way, at the top of a front frame 2, a first rod 16 passes right through the vertical post 8 of the same front frame, the chevron 3 resting on the post 1 receiving the frame 2 and finally the second vertical upright 8 of a second frame 2 placed on the other side side of post 1 and chevron 3.

The bolts then screwed on each side of the rod 16, against the face of each vertical upright 8 facing the inside of the frame 2, encloses the sandwich assembly.

The structure of the roof structure is thus totally integral with the structure of the walls of the building both with respect to vertical stresses, for example a very strong wind with a risk of a roof that flies away, that horizontal stresses for example a soil shear effect.

The method of attachment is the same for the rods 16 placed below the first rod exception because they do not cross the chevron 3 resting on the pole.

As an indication, the space between two bolts along a vertical upright 8 is about 20 to 30 cm.

Preferably, where the head of the bolt of a rod 16 is supported on a vertical upright 8, the upright 8 is chamfered so that the bolt does not have relief on the surface of the same amount 8.

In the same way, a bolt placed on a corner post, ie at the intersection of a face and a pinion, also has two chamfers in its thickness to receive the bolts of the rods 16 allowing fix the vertical upright 8 of a frame 2 of a facade on one side and that of a frame 12 pinion of the other.

On the figure 4 , appears the profile 17 of the cladding coming to apply to both the surfaces of the columns on the front side and sprocket side as well as on the front and sprocket frames.

These cladding are fixed for example by means of screws through posts 1.13 and 14 and uprights 8 of the frames. This cladding consists of chipboard panels or sandwich panels as described above. These panels to receive along the walls of the building coatings such as, for example, a plaster or paint.

The floor of the building consists of a floor covering, for example a tiled floor or a calepinage covered with wooden slats.

A simple cement screed cast on the ground and the dimensions of the base of the structure on which the metal shoes and supports 11 at the base of the frames 2 and 12 are directly fastened. also to herself.

The door or window frames take place directly between the uprights 8 while removing the sleepers 7.

According to a preferred embodiment, the material used for the construction of frames, purlins and rafters is wood with exotic species of the teak, jatoba and takama type or species of fir-type treated heathland class 4.

Alternatively, these elements can be made from metal elements such as locksmith tubes and assembled, for example, with screws and nuts.

• ériger successivement des poteaux de pignon 14 et de façade 1, chacun fixé au sol par un sabot 10,
  • adosser et à fixer, sur les poteaux 1, des cadres de pignon 12 et des cadres de façade 2,
  • poser une panne 4 faîtière sur deux poteaux centraux 13 des pignons et entre deux montants verticaux 8 de cadres 12 de pignon,
  • poser les chevrons 3 contre la panne 4 faîtière, au dessus d'un poteau de façade 1 et entre des montants verticaux 8 de cadres 2 de façade.

The assembly process of the structure of the building consists, in order, of:

• erecting successively sprocket 14 and facade 1 posts, each fixed to the ground by a shoe 10,
  • backing and fixing, on the posts 1, pinion frames 12 and facade frames 2,
  • posit a ridge 4 fault on two central posts 13 of the pinions and between two vertical uprights 8 of gable frames 12,
  • put the rafters 3 against the ridge 4 fault, above a facade post 1 and between vertical uprights 8 of frames 2 facade.

Preferably, the laying of the first posts 1 and 14 and respectively the first frames 2 and 12 are at an angle of the building for better stability and from the lowest to highest frames so as to simplify the laying and fixing of these.

Claims (8)

1. A building having, in preference over a floor, walls comprised of one or several frames (2, 12) linked on both sides to columns (1, 13, 14) and a roof formed by a structure comprising one or several purlins (4) and or rafters (3), characterised in that one rafter (3) sits on a column (1, 13, 14) which has a summit (9) bevelled according to a slope of the roof, the said rafters (3) being held in place laterally between two vertical (8) members, fixed on the column (1, 13, 14) and each belonging to a frame (2, 12), said frame (2, 12) comprising two vertical members (8), a lower (5) horizontal member, an upper (6) member and intermediate horizontal cross beams (7), the upper (6) member of a frame (2, 12) following an angle identical to the roof slope.
2. A building according to claim 1 characterised in that a purlin (4) sits on a column and is held in place laterally between two vertical (8) members, fixed on the column (1, 13, 14) and belonging to a frame (2, 12), said frame comprising two vertical (8) members, a lower (5) horizontal member, an upper (6) member and horizontal intermediate cross beams (7), the upper (6) member of a frame (2, 12) following an angle identical to the roof slope.
3. A building according to one of claims 1 to 2 characterised in that the width of a side corresponding to the section of a central (13) gable column is identical to the thickness (e) of a ridge (4) purlin.
4. A building according to one of claims 1 to 3 characterised in that the width (ec) of a rafter (3) is identical to a side corresponding with the section of a façade column (1).
5. A building according to one of claims 1 to 4 characterised in that a part corresponding with the height respectively of a purlin or a rafter is all or partially inserted between two vertical (8) members each belonging respectively to a gable frame (12) or a façade frame (2).
6. A building according to one of claims 1 to 5 characterised in that a column (1,13,14) is fixed to the ground by a fixing shoe (10).
7. A building according to one of claims 1 to 6 characterised in that the surfaces represented by a gable column (1) upperside, by a rafter (3.1) upperside, a vertical (8) member and by an upper (6, 15) member of a frame (2, 12) are flush.
8. A method for assembling a building having, in preference over a floor, walls comprising of one or several frames (2, 12) linked on both sides to columns (1, 13, 14), a roof formed by a structure comprising one or several purlins (4) and rafters (3), characterised in that, in this order:

   - the gable (13,14) and façade (1), columns are erected one after another, each one fixed to the ground by a fixing shoe (10),

   - the gable (12) and façade (2) frames are put together and fixed to the columns (1, 13, 14),

   - a ridge (4) purlin is placed on two central (13) columns of the gables and between two gable frame (12) vertical (8) members,

   - the rafters (3) are placed against the ridge (4) purlin, above a façade (1) column and between the vertical (8) members of facade frames (2).

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