EP0549501B1 - Stackable construction element, with unnoticeable joint - Google Patents

Stackable construction element, with unnoticeable joint Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0549501B1
EP0549501B1 EP92460036A EP92460036A EP0549501B1 EP 0549501 B1 EP0549501 B1 EP 0549501B1 EP 92460036 A EP92460036 A EP 92460036A EP 92460036 A EP92460036 A EP 92460036A EP 0549501 B1 EP0549501 B1 EP 0549501B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
block
platform
blocks
construction
block according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP92460036A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0549501A1 (en
Inventor
Didier Quazzo
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Guenee Sa Conseil D'aministratio Ets
Quazzo Didier
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Guenee Sa Conseil D'aministration Ets
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Publication of EP0549501A1 publication Critical patent/EP0549501A1/en
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
    • E04B2/14—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element
    • E04B2/16—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element using elements having specially-designed means for stabilising the position
    • E04B2/18—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element using elements having specially-designed means for stabilising the position by interlocking of projections or inserts with indentations, e.g. of tongues, grooves, dovetails
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
    • E04B2/42—Walls having cavities between, as well as in, the elements; Walls of elements each consisting of two or more parts, kept in distance by means of spacers, at least one of the parts having cavities
    • E04B2/44—Walls having cavities between, as well as in, the elements; Walls of elements each consisting of two or more parts, kept in distance by means of spacers, at least one of the parts having cavities using elements having specially-designed means for stabilising the position; Spacers for cavity walls
    • E04B2/46—Walls having cavities between, as well as in, the elements; Walls of elements each consisting of two or more parts, kept in distance by means of spacers, at least one of the parts having cavities using elements having specially-designed means for stabilising the position; Spacers for cavity walls by interlocking of projections or inserts with indentations, e.g. of tongues, grooves, dovetails
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
    • E04B2002/0202—Details of connections
    • E04B2002/0204—Non-undercut connections, e.g. tongue and groove connections
    • E04B2002/0208—Non-undercut connections, e.g. tongue and groove connections of trapezoidal shape

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a stackable building block, with an invisible laying joint, for example a concrete block.
  • Traditional building blocks used to erect a wall, for example for the construction of a house, have the general shape of a rectangular parallelepiped with or without internal cells delimited by partitions.
  • the blocks of the same row that is to say located at the same level, are placed end to end with intercalation between their end faces of a curable binder, in general mortar.
  • the rows are stacked on top of each other, with a block offset in the longitudinal direction, which generally corresponds to a half block length.
  • a binder such as a mortar is interposed between the rows.
  • each block is therefore surrounded by a binder, both on its end faces (ends) and on its upper and lower faces.
  • This binder therefore forms visible joints which, in certain cases, can alter the aesthetics of the construction.
  • the joint also constitutes a bridge between the external and internal faces of the wall, allowing the passage of moisture by capillary action.
  • the manufacture of the wall requires qualified masonry personnel, and the time required for construction is relatively long, not only because of the time taken by the placement of the mortar, the setting of the block, that is to say to say its exact positioning according to the three spatial directions, but also of that necessary by the finishing of the joints.
  • Another advantage of such a construction lies in the fact that the surface appearance of the construction, with no visible joint, is significantly improved compared to traditional constructions.
  • the construction is less exposed to the problems mentioned above of cracking and uncontrolled physicochemical reactions since, apart from the constituent material of the block (with the exception, if necessary, of means of centering hidden inside the block) no other material is not used.
  • the chimney stacks not used to receive posts constitute inside the wall of the ducts ensuring a air circulation which is interesting to reduce the nuisance caused by humidity.
  • a dry assembly block of the breeze block type, having a length of 45 cm, which lends itself well to handling both on a pallet and manually.
  • This block is intended to be offset from those of the underlying row by a distance corresponding to one third of its length, that is to say 15 cm.
  • the width of the block is therefore 15 cm.
  • the slenderness of a construction that is to say its height between floors, cannot exceed twenty times its width. In the present case, the slenderness is therefore limited to 3 m, while it would often be desirable to obtain a greater height between floors, for example 4 m.
  • This example therefore shows a drawback of the block modularity principle.
  • the aim of the present invention is to propose a building block, for example a concrete block, which retains the advantages of the traditional technique of laying, with binder, and of the technique with mechanical interlocking, without visible joint, this without taking up the disadvantages.
  • a first objective of the invention is therefore to eliminate the modular nature of the block.
  • Another objective is to preserve the monolithic character of the constructed wall.
  • Another objective is to allow construction that does not necessarily require specialized personnel, while limiting the time necessary for construction.
  • Another objective finally of the invention is to preserve the aesthetic properties of the constructed wall, without visible joints.
  • the mutual spacing of said platform and the lower end of the tongue-shaped element being slightly less than the height of the block, so that when the block is placed on a row of underlying blocks, the platforms have been covered with a layer of binder, the end part of the tongue-shaped element is inserted therein, but without bearing on the platform (s) under - adjacent (s).
  • the central bonding by binder being obtained by means of a tongue, that is to say by means of a projecting element, which sinks into the mass of binder before it sets, so that in this zone a rigid connection, mechanically resistant, and ensuring the monolithic nature of the construction, while being assured that the direct mutual contact of the blocks is made exclusively by the edges of the side walls.
  • the blocks shown in the drawings are concrete blocks made by molding. These are hollow blocks of generally rectangular parallelepiped shape. They have for example a length of 50 cm, a width of 20 cm and a height of 20 cm.
  • the block 1 shown in Figures 1 to 5 comprises two side walls 3 arranged vertically.
  • the block 1 is symmetrical with respect to a longitudinal vertical plane Q.
  • the central part 2 is formed by an upper part 20 in the form of a platform (facing face) and by two vertical partitions 21 parallel to the walls 3, that is to say extending longitudinally, parallel to the plane Q.
  • the partitions 21 form tabs, or legs, directed downwards, the end faces of which are arranged horizontally, are referenced 210.
  • the transverse partitions 4 delimit, between each partition 21 and the corresponding wall 3, a series of three identical cells 41 which open freely downwards.
  • openings 40 which border on each of its sides the platform 20.
  • the latter has a width substantially greater than that of the two tongues 21, so that the openings 40 are slits which are less wide than the cells 41.
  • Between the two legs 21 is provided a similar partitioning which delimits cells 23.
  • the platform 20 has a longitudinal groove 200, extending from one end to the other of the platform.
  • the section of this groove is identical to that of the openings 40, which allows the same profiles to be used in the molds for their manufacture.
  • the distance - seen in the direction of the height of the block - which separates the upper face of the platform 20 from the lower edges 210 of the tongues or lugs 21 is slightly less than the height H of the block.
  • the face 20 is in the same plane as the upper edges 30 of the walls 3.
  • the edges 210 are higher, that is to say set back at the inside the block, with respect to the plane P containing the lower edges 31 of the walls 3.
  • the difference d between H and h is for example 15 mm.
  • the edges 30 and 31 of the side walls 3 have a significantly better flatness and surface condition than those of the rest of the block.
  • it may be provided, after demoulding of the block, a machining performing a surface rectification of the edges 30 and 31, for example using a grinding device.
  • this correction is such that the tolerance tolerated for each point of the edges remains within the limit of 1.5 mm relative to a reference surface.
  • the end faces of the block 1, or abutments have interlocking profiles of a type known per se. These profiles have contours which, seen from above, have raised parts - or males - 5 and recessed parts - or females - 6. Thus, the male and female profiles 5a, respectively 6a of one of the ends are complementary to the female profiles 6b and, respectively, male 5b of the other abutment, so that it is possible to fit end to end a series of concrete blocks 1 of the same row. Profiles 1, as is well known, have a shaped contour general of V which realizes a centering at the same time as the nesting.
  • FIG. 6 schematically illustrates the end-to-end assembly, and dry, of three blocks.
  • the ends of the blocks are shaped so as to form between the interlocking profiles of the half-openings; after joining the two blocks, these form openings with closed outline 7, opening both upwards and downwards, and authorizing the pouring of a binder, for example a cement or a mortar.
  • a binder for example a cement or a mortar.
  • Figures 4 and 5 show how a block is placed on an underlying row of blocks, and fixed to it by means of a binder.
  • the operator deposits on the platforms 20 blocks of the row already placed a layer of binder 8, such as mortar.
  • a layer of binder 8 such as mortar.
  • the mortar is deposited on a foundation plinth, for example on a concrete screed.
  • the block is placed on this row, with a longitudinal offset, for example corresponding to a half-length of concrete block, the block therefore coming astride two concrete blocks.
  • the operator places the block 1 in alignment with the underlying block, directly above it, so that it comes to bear by the lower edges 31 of its side walls 3 on the upper edges 30 of the side walls of the underlying concrete blocks.
  • the projecting elements 21 in the form of tongues penetrate, through their lower part, inside the binder layer 8, and are therefore coated therein. If necessary, the excess binder on the platform 20 is removed laterally; this is not a problem, this excess being able to flow freely via the openings 40 in the cells 41, as is symbolized by the arrows G in FIG. 5.
  • connection is further improved thanks to the presence of the groove 200, which increases the resistance of the mortar joint to lateral forces.
  • This groove can also be used if necessary for the installation of a reinforcing iron.
  • the wall is perfectly free of joints, it retains a monolithic character thanks to the continuous connection between the rows ensured by the presence of binder 8. All the drawbacks linked to the non-monolithic character of constructions using blocks dry interlocking are therefore eliminated, in particular those relating to air or water vapor permeability, and poor acoustic insulation.
  • the construction has improved sound insulation characteristics insofar as the compact central part of the wall will form a barrier at certain sound frequencies, while on either side of this central part , the walls 3 supported cantilevered by the transverse partitions 4 constitute vibrating elements capable of absorbing certain sounds whose frequency corresponds to their resonant frequency.
  • the blocks communicate with each other by the cells 41 and the openings 40.
  • FIG. 7 the stack of concrete blocks represented corresponds to a house wall whose roof very schematically and partially represented is designated T ; the exterior and interior spaces of the house are referenced E and I.
  • the building blocks of the upper row of the wall could for this have a particular structure: platform extending over the entire width of the block (to receive the poured concrete floor), and channels provided in the partitioning to ensure communication of air knives from side to side of the central tabs.
  • the openings 40 which border the central platform of the block are used if necessary to convey the excess mortar and to evacuate it inside the recesses 41.
  • these openings also border the bearing surfaces blocks between them (support edges 30, 31), moisture likely to penetrate between these surfaces, especially on the outside of the wall, also flows inside these cavities, without being able to reach the other side .
  • the mortar constituting the joints serves as a bridge and by capillary action transfers moisture from one face to the other of the wall.
  • the block 1 ′ of FIG. 8 is quite similar to that which has just been described, with the difference that it does not comprise two elements in the form of tongues which are embedded by its lower part in the binders placed on the underlying block, but a single element 21 'in the form of a tongue.
  • the lower face 210 ′ of this tongue is set back relative to the lower edges 31 ′ of the side walls 3 ′ of the block.
  • the central part 2 is connected to the side walls 3 'by partitions 4' which delimit, as in the previous example, cells 41 '. These communicate with the edges of the platform 20 ′ by openings 40 ′ allowing the evacuation of the surplus of binder.
  • the block 1 '' has a central part also provided with two elements 21 '' in the form of tongues.
  • the platform 20 '' which is set back, that is to say offset downwards, by a distance e relative to the plane containing the upper edges 30 ".
  • the ends 210 "of the tongues are in the same plane P as the lower edge 31 '' of the side walls 3 ''.
  • FIG. 10 represents a block according to the invention, but made up of two parts 1A and 1B separated by a zone 101 of less resistance.
  • This zone includes a groove 100 containing the transverse vertical plane S of the block.
  • One end, in this case the one designated 1b in Figure 10 has a nesting profile identical to that of the standard block.
  • the other about la has only small vertical notches 6c.
  • this butt can be used as the end face of the wall. If necessary, it can nevertheless be used to serve to position the elements projecting from a standard block abutment.
  • the block shown in Figure 11 is a corner block, which can also be split into two parts if necessary.
  • One of the two parts is crossed from top to bottom by an opening 9 of square shape.
  • Blocks of this type are intended to be stacked, with 90 ° offset from one row to another, at the corner of a building, that is to say at the intersection of two walls.
  • the openings 9 are superimposed, forming a vertical chimney of square section in which it is possible to pour a corner post, for example of concrete.
  • the part 1D of the element which has this opening 9 is advantageously provided on its three faces with a pair of notches 6c similar to those of the block of FIG.
  • the block structure according to the invention can also be implemented for the production of a facing wall thanks to the quality of the joints obtained.
  • the invention is not limited to a block constituted by a concrete block. It can be extended to other materials and other applications, for example to terracotta bricks used for the production of an interior partition in a dwelling.
  • the binder used for the internal connection of the blocks may be plaster.
  • a block consisting of a concrete block it has a width of 20 cm, a height of 20 cm and a length of 40 cm; the central part has two longitudinal partitions (tabs) separated by a recess of relatively large width, for example of the order of 8 cm. Their thickness is of the order of 2 cm.
  • the central tabs are connected by four transverse partitions, namely two end partitions and two central partitions, the mutual spacing of which corresponds to the mutual spacing of the end partitions of two neighboring blocks nested one inside the other.
  • each transverse partition comes to be positioned perfectly in line with a transverse partition of the adjoining layer, which further increases the mechanical strength of the together.
  • the block is breakable in the middle, the separation being made transversely between the two central transverse partitions.
  • the air knobs mentioned above are very far apart from each other, so that there is no communication in the transverse direction between the two air spaces via the vertical seal, when such a seal is provided. We can thus obtain a perfect seal of the central part.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Finishing Walls (AREA)
  • Revetment (AREA)
  • Fencing (AREA)
  • Special Chairs (AREA)
  • Invalid Beds And Related Equipment (AREA)

Abstract

The block has the general shape of a hollow rectangular parallelepiped comprising two vertical side walls (3) and a central part (2) connected to the walls (3) by transverse divisions (4); this central part (2) comprises, in its upper part, a horizontal platform (20) and in its lower part tongue-shaped units (21) capable of being inserted by their free ends into a binder (8), such as mortar, placed on the platform of the block below, without coming into contact with this platform, the bearing of the two courses of blocks being achieved by the edges (30, 31) of the side walls (3) without exposed joints. Construction of walls. <IMAGE>

Description

La présente invention concerne un bloc de construction empilable, à joint de pose non apparent, par exemple un parpaing en béton moulé.The present invention relates to a stackable building block, with an invisible laying joint, for example a concrete block.

Les blocs de construction traditionnels, servant à ériger un mur, par exemple pour la construction d'une maison, ont la forme générale d'un parallélépipède rectangle comportant ou non des alvéoles internes délimités par des cloisons.Traditional building blocks, used to erect a wall, for example for the construction of a house, have the general shape of a rectangular parallelepiped with or without internal cells delimited by partitions.

Les blocs d'une même rangée, c'est-à-dire situés à un même niveau, sont placés bout à bout avec intercalation entre leurs faces d'extrémité d'un liant durcissable, en général du mortier. Les rangées sont empilées les unes sur les autres, avec un décalage des blocs dans le sens longitudinal, qui correspond généralement à une demi-longueur de bloc. De manière similaire, un liant tel qu'un mortier est intercalé entre les rangées.The blocks of the same row, that is to say located at the same level, are placed end to end with intercalation between their end faces of a curable binder, in general mortar. The rows are stacked on top of each other, with a block offset in the longitudinal direction, which generally corresponds to a half block length. Similarly, a binder such as a mortar is interposed between the rows.

Après construction, chaque bloc se trouve donc entouré de liant, aussi bien sur ses faces d'extrémités (abouts) que sur ses faces supérieure et inférieure.After construction, each block is therefore surrounded by a binder, both on its end faces (ends) and on its upper and lower faces.

Ce liant forme donc des joints apparents qui, dans certains cas, peuvent altérer l'esthétique de la construction.This binder therefore forms visible joints which, in certain cases, can alter the aesthetics of the construction.

De plus, du fait que les matériaux utilisés pour le bloc et pour le joint sont de nature différente, il peut se poser des problèmes liés à leur différence de comportement chimique et/ou mécanique, susceptible notamment d'entraîner un fissurage de la construction, dû à des écarts de dilatation, ou à l'apparition d'efflorescences (cloques) due à des réactions chimiques entre les différents matériaux. Le joint constitue aussi un pontage entre les faces externe et interne du mur, permettant le passage de l'humidité par capillarité.In addition, because the materials used for the block and for the joint are different in nature, problems may arise due to their difference in chemical and / or mechanical behavior, likely in particular to cause cracking of the construction, due to differences in expansion, or the appearance of efflorescence (blisters) due to chemical reactions between the different materials. The joint also constitutes a bridge between the external and internal faces of the wall, allowing the passage of moisture by capillary action.

Les défauts qui viennent d'être mentionnés sont encore aggravés dans certains cas du fait que la composition du mortier mis en oeuvre est réalisée sur place par les maçons, et mal contrôlée et de composition variable.The defects which have just been mentioned are further aggravated in certain cases by the fact that the composition of the mortar used is produced on site by the masons, and poorly controlled and of variable composition.

Enfin, la fabrication du mur requiert un personnel qualifié en maçonnerie, et le temps nécessaire à la construction est relativement long, non seulement à cause du temps pris par la mise en place du mortier, le calage du bloc, c'est-à-dire son positionnement exact selon les trois directions spatiales, mais aussi de celui nécessité par la finition des joints.Finally, the manufacture of the wall requires qualified masonry personnel, and the time required for construction is relatively long, not only because of the time taken by the placement of the mortar, the setting of the block, that is to say to say its exact positioning according to the three spatial directions, but also of that necessary by the finishing of the joints.

Pour éviter ces inconvénients, il a été proposé des blocs de construction s'assemblant exclusivement à sec. Ces blocs comportent des abouts qui sont pourvus d'éléments d'assemblage mâle-femelle permettant leur jonction bout à bout à sec, c'est-à-dire sans intercalation de liant. Leur liaison entre rangées s'effectue grâce à des moyens de positionnement en direction latérale tels que des plots de centrage, des clavettes et/ou un système de nervures coopérant avec des feuillures. Des blocs de ce type sont décrits par exemple dans les documents de brevets EP-B-0 190 070, FR-A-1 274 931, FR-A-2 354 425 et GB-A-985 914.To avoid these drawbacks, building blocks which are assembled exclusively in the dry state have been proposed. These blocks have end pieces which are provided with male-female assembly elements allowing their dry end-to-end junction, that is to say without binder intercalation. Their connection between rows is effected by means of positioning in the lateral direction such as centering studs, keys and / or a system of ribs cooperating with rebates. Blocks of this type are described, for example, in patent documents EP-B-0 190 070, FR-A-1 274 931, FR-A-2 354 425 and GB-A-985 914.

Le principal avantage de ce genre de bloc est que la construction d'un mur est très rapide. De plus, elle peut se faire à l'aide d'une main d'oeuvre non spécialisée dans le domaine de la maçonnerie. Il en résulte par conséquent un gain très sensible sur le plan du prix de revient de la construction.The main advantage of this kind of block is that the construction of a wall is very fast. In addition, it can be done using a workforce not specialized in the field of masonry. This therefore results in a very significant gain in terms of the cost price of construction.

Un autre avantage d'une telle construction réside dans le fait que l'aspect de surface de la construction, sans joint apparent, est nettement amélioré par rapport aux constructions traditionnelles. La construction est moins exposée aux problèmes évoqués plus haut de fissurations et de réactions physico-chimiques incontrôlées puisque, outre le matériau constitutif du bloc (à l'exception le cas échéant de moyens de centrage cachés à l'intérieur du bloc) aucun autre matériau n'est utilisé.Another advantage of such a construction lies in the fact that the surface appearance of the construction, with no visible joint, is significantly improved compared to traditional constructions. The construction is less exposed to the problems mentioned above of cracking and uncontrolled physicochemical reactions since, apart from the constituent material of the block (with the exception, if necessary, of means of centering hidden inside the block) no other material is not used.

Dans ce type de bloc sont généralement ménagés des alvéoles qui débouchent à la fois vers le haut et vers le bas, et qui, après érection du mur, se trouvent superposés à des alvéoles similaires des autres rangées, constituant ainsi des cheminées verticales dans lesquelles il est possible de couler à certains intervalles des poteaux de renforcement.In this type of block are generally formed cells which open at the same time upwards and downwards, and which, after erection of the wall, are superimposed on similar cells of the other rows, thus constituting vertical chimneys in which reinforcement posts can be poured at certain intervals.

Les cheminées d'alvéoles non utilisées pour recevoir des poteaux constituent à l'intérieur du mur des conduits assurant une circulation d'air qui est intéressante pour diminuer les nuisances dues à l'humidité.The chimney stacks not used to receive posts constitute inside the wall of the ducts ensuring a air circulation which is interesting to reduce the nuisance caused by humidity.

Malheureusement, ce genre de bloc de construction présente aussi des inconvénients.Unfortunately, this kind of building block also has drawbacks.

Le principal inconvénient résulte du caractère modulaire du bloc. En effet, le décalage dans le sens de la longueur des blocs constitutifs de deux rangées superposées (qui correspond aussi à l'écartement des alvéoles prévus dans le bloc) doit nécessairement être égal à la largeur du bloc pour permettre un assemblage à l'angle de deux murs perpendiculaires. Il est donc nécessaire de trouver un compromis entre la longueur et la largeur du bloc, qui doit répondre au mieux aux différentes exigences rencontrées par rapport aux règlements en vigueur dans la construction et au contraintes liées à la manutention du bloc.The main drawback results from the modular nature of the block. Indeed, the offset in the direction of the length of the building blocks of two superimposed rows (which also corresponds to the spacing of the cells provided in the block) must necessarily be equal to the width of the block to allow assembly at the angle of two perpendicular walls. It is therefore necessary to find a compromise between the length and width of the block, which must best meet the different requirements encountered in relation to the regulations in force in construction and the constraints linked to the handling of the block.

C'est ainsi par exemple qu'on connait un bloc à assemblage à sec, du genre parpaing, ayant une longueur de 45 cm, qui se prête bien à une manutention aussi bien sur palette que manuelle. Ce parpaing est destiné à être décalé par rapport à ceux de la rangée sous-jacente d'une distance correspondant à un tiers de sa longueur, c'est-à-dire de 15 cm. La largeur du bloc est par conséquent de 15 cm. Or, d'après la réglementation, l'élancement d'une construction, c'est-à-dire sa hauteur entre planchers, ne peut pas excéder vingt fois sa largeur. Dans le cas présent, l'élancement se trouve donc limité à 3 m, alors qu'il serait souvent souhaitable d'obtenir une hauteur entre planchers plus grande, par exemple de 4 m.Thus, for example, there is a dry assembly block, of the breeze block type, having a length of 45 cm, which lends itself well to handling both on a pallet and manually. This block is intended to be offset from those of the underlying row by a distance corresponding to one third of its length, that is to say 15 cm. The width of the block is therefore 15 cm. However, according to the regulations, the slenderness of a construction, that is to say its height between floors, cannot exceed twenty times its width. In the present case, the slenderness is therefore limited to 3 m, while it would often be desirable to obtain a greater height between floors, for example 4 m.

Cet exemple montre donc un inconvénient du principe de modularité du bloc.This example therefore shows a drawback of the block modularity principle.

Un autre inconvénient découlant de cette modularité est que l'architecture de la construction n'est pas libre sur le plan dimensionnel, chaque tronçon de mur devant obligatoirement correspondre à un multiple du module. Ceci peut être très gênant dans certains cas, par exemple si une ouverture dans le mur ou un poteau de soutien doit être placé préférentiellement à un endroit bien précis, incompatible avec l'assemblage des blocs.Another drawback arising from this modularity is that the architecture of the construction is not free on the dimensional level, each section of wall having to necessarily correspond to a multiple of the module. This can be very annoying in some cases, for example if an opening in the wall or a support post should preferably be placed in a very specific location, incompatible with the assembly of the blocks.

Un autre inconvénient du procédé d'assemblage à sec est que le mur réalisé n'a pas un caractère monolithique. Il n'y pas en effet de barrière matérielle entre les deux faces du mur. Il y a donc un risque de passage de l'air et de la vapeur d'eau dans les interstices entre les blocs. L'isolation phonique n'est pas très bonne. Il est souvent nécessaire de rapporter un matériau d'étanchéité, par exemple par application d'enduits extérieurs.Another drawback of the dry assembly process is that the wall produced does not have a monolithic character. There is indeed no material barrier between the two faces of the wall. There is therefore a risk of passage of air and water vapor in the interstices between the blocks. The sound insulation is not very good. It is often necessary to add a sealing material, for example by applying exterior plasters.

Enfin, le principe d'assemblage à sec fait naître des réticences d'ordre psychologique auprès du public. Même si on lui démontre que les qualités de résistance mécanique sont équivalentes, voire supérieures, à celles d'une construction traditionnelle, le client potentiel est peu enclin à adopter une telle construction.Finally, the principle of dry assembly gives rise to reluctance of a psychological nature among the public. Even if it is shown that the mechanical strength qualities are equivalent to, or even superior to, those of a traditional construction, the potential client is reluctant to adopt such a construction.

C'est pourquoi le but de la présente invention est de proposer un bloc de construction, par exemple un parpaing, qui conserve les avantages de la technique traditionnelle de pose, avec liant, et de la technique à emboîtement mécanique, sans joint apparent, ceci sans en reprendre les inconvénients.This is why the aim of the present invention is to propose a building block, for example a concrete block, which retains the advantages of the traditional technique of laying, with binder, and of the technique with mechanical interlocking, without visible joint, this without taking up the disadvantages.

Un premier objectif de l'invention est donc d'éliminer le caractère modulaire du bloc.A first objective of the invention is therefore to eliminate the modular nature of the block.

Un autre objectif est de conserver le caractère monolithique du mur construit.Another objective is to preserve the monolithic character of the constructed wall.

Un autre objectif est de permettre une construction ne faisant pas appel obligatoirement à un personnel spécialisé, tout en limitant le temps nécessaire à la construction.Another objective is to allow construction that does not necessarily require specialized personnel, while limiting the time necessary for construction.

Un autre objectif enfin de l'invention est de conserver les propriétés d'ordre esthétique du mur construit, sans joints apparents.Another objective finally of the invention is to preserve the aesthetic properties of the constructed wall, without visible joints.

Ces différents résultats sont obtenus, conformément à l'invention, grâce au fait que le bloc de construction comprend deux parois latérales longitudinales, disposées verticalement, ainsi qu'une partie centrale reliée à ces parois latérales par des cloisons transversales qui délimitent des alvéoles, le bloc possédant par ailleurs des abouts qui présentent des profils d'emboîtement complémentaires permettant leur jonction à sec, et que :

  • les parois latérales possèdent des chants inférieur et supérieur permettant un appui à sec des chants lors de l'empilage des blocs ;
  • la partie centrale possède, d'une part, en partie haute, une plate-forme de face de pose sensiblement plane et horizontale qui s'étend sur toute la longueur du bloc et est destinée à recevoir un liant durcissable, par exemple un mortier, et, d'autre part en partie basse, au moins un élément en forme de languette dirigée vers le bas ;
These various results are obtained, in accordance with the invention, thanks to the fact that the building block comprises two longitudinal side walls, arranged vertically, as well as a central part connected to these side walls by transverse partitions which delimit cells, the block also having end pieces which have complementary interlocking profiles allowing their dry junction, and that:
  • the side walls have lower and upper edges allowing dry pressing of the edges when stacking the blocks;
  • the central part has, on the one hand, in the upper part, a substantially flat and horizontal laying face platform which extends over the entire length of the block and is intended to receive a curable binder, for example a mortar, and, on the other hand in the lower part, at least one element in the form of a tongue pointing downwards;

l'écartement mutuel de ladite plate-forme et de l'extrémité inférieure de l'élément en forme de languette étant légèrement inférieur à la hauteur du bloc, de telle sorte que lorsque le bloc est posé sur une rangée de blocs sous-jacents dont les plate-formes ont été garnies d'une couche de liant, la partie d'extrémité de l'élément en forme de languette vient s'y insérer, mais sans prendre appui sur la (ou les) plate-forme(s) sous-jacente(s).the mutual spacing of said platform and the lower end of the tongue-shaped element being slightly less than the height of the block, so that when the block is placed on a row of underlying blocks, the platforms have been covered with a layer of binder, the end part of the tongue-shaped element is inserted therein, but without bearing on the platform (s) under - adjacent (s).

Ainsi, on combine dans la construction, la présence dans la partie centrale des blocs creux d'un joint de type traditionnel avec une pose à sec sur toute la périphérie des blocs, ce qui rend bien sûr les joints non apparents.Thus, in construction, the presence in the central part of the hollow blocks of a traditional type joint is combined with dry laying over the entire periphery of the blocks, which of course makes the joints invisible.

La liaison centrale par liant étant obtenue au moyen d'une languette c'est-à-dire au moyen d'un élément saillant, qui s'enfonce dans la masse de liant avant sa prise, fait qu'on obtient en cette zone une liaison rigide, mécaniquement résistante, et assurant le caractère monolithique de la constuction, tout en étant assuré que le contact mutuel direct des blocs se fasse exclusivement par les chants des parois latérales.The central bonding by binder being obtained by means of a tongue, that is to say by means of a projecting element, which sinks into the mass of binder before it sets, so that in this zone a rigid connection, mechanically resistant, and ensuring the monolithic nature of the construction, while being assured that the direct mutual contact of the blocks is made exclusively by the edges of the side walls.

La languette est une cloison qui, non seulement, réalise la liaison avec le mortier, mais encore constitue un élément mécanique intervenant dans la résistance du bloc (et de la construction).The tongue is a partition which not only makes the connection with the mortar, but also constitutes a mechanical element involved in the resistance of the block (and of the construction).

Par ailleurs, selon un certain nombre de caractéristiques additionnelles préférentielles, mais non limitatives :

  • la plate-forme est bordée latéralement, sur chacun de ses deux côtés, d'ouvertures qui débouchent dans les alvéoles, ce qui permet d'évacuer par ces ouvertures l'excédent éventuel de liant déposé sur la plate-forme ;
  • les chants des parois latérales possèdent une planéité et un état de surface nettement améliorés par rapport au reste du bloc. Le bloc est normalement obtenu par moulage, et après démoulage le bloc est rectifié sur ces chants de manière à obtenir ce bon état de surface ;
  • la plate-forme est sensiblement à fleur des chants supérieurs des parois latérales, tandis que l'extrémité de l'élément en forme de languette se trouve en retrait (à l'intérieur du bloc) par rapport au plan contenant les chants inférieurs des parois latérales ;
  • la partie centrale possède deux éléments en forme de languettes, constitués par des cloisons verticales disposées symétriquement de chaque côté du plan longitudinal et vertical médian du bloc ;
  • la différence entre la hauteur du bloc et l'écartement mutuel de la plate-forme et de l'extrémité inférieure de l'élément (ou des éléments) formant languette est comprise entre 5 et 25 mm, avantageusement de l'ordre de 15 mm ;
  • les abouts du bloc sont conformés de telle sorte qu'après jonction bout à bout de deux blocs adjacents, soit ménagée entre les deux blocs, à l'intérieur des profils d'emboîtement, une ouverture verticale qui autorise la coulée d'un liant ;
  • il peut être prévu un bloc spécial (bloc de coupe) formé de deux parties identiques reliées par une zone de moindre résistance, par exemple traversée par une saignée transversale, permettant de les séparer facilement. La séparation peut ainsi être faite sur le site par l'opérateur, par exemple en frappant à la masse sur le bloc ;
  • il peut être prévu un bloc d'angle destiné à être posé à l'angle de la construction, c'est-à-dire à l'intersection de deux murs perpendiculaires, ce bloc d'angle comportant une ouverture verticale, par exemple de forme générale carrée, qui débouche à la fois vers le haut et vers le bas et qui permet la coulée d'un poteau d'angle.
Furthermore, according to a certain number of additional, but not limiting, additional characteristics:
  • the platform is bordered laterally, on each of its two sides, openings which open into the cells, which allows to evacuate through these openings any excess binder deposited on the platform;
  • the edges of the side walls have a significantly improved flatness and surface condition compared to the rest of the block. The block is normally obtained by molding, and after demolding the block is rectified on these edges so as to obtain this good surface condition;
  • the platform is substantially flush with the upper edges of the side walls, while the end of the tongue-shaped element is set back (inside the block) relative to the plane containing the lower edges of the walls lateral;
  • the central part has two elements in the form of tongues, constituted by vertical partitions arranged symmetrically on each side of the longitudinal and vertical median plane of the block;
  • the difference between the height of the block and the mutual spacing of the platform and the lower end of the element (or elements) forming a tongue is between 5 and 25 mm, advantageously of the order of 15 mm ;
  • the ends of the block are shaped so that after end-to-end joining of two adjacent blocks, there is formed between the two blocks, inside the interlocking profiles, a vertical opening which allows the casting of a binder;
  • a special block (cutting block) can be provided formed of two identical parts connected by a zone of least resistance, for example crossed by a transverse groove, making it possible to separate them easily. The separation can thus be done on site by the operator, for example by striking the ground on the block;
  • there can be provided a corner block intended to be placed at the corner of the construction, that is to say at the intersection of two perpendicular walls, this corner block comprising a vertical opening, for example of general square shape, which opens both upwards and downwards and which allows the casting of a corner post.

D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention apparaîtront de la description et des dessins annexés qui en présentent des modes de réalisation préférentiel.Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will appear from the description and the appended drawings which show preferred embodiments thereof.

Sur ces dessins:

  • la figure 1 représente, en coupe transversale correspondant au plan I-I de la figure 2, un bloc conforme à l'invention ;
  • la figure 1A représente partiellement une variante du bloc, à plate-forme rainurée ;
  • les figures 2 et 3 sont des vues respectivement de dessus et de dessous du même bloc ;
  • les figures 4 et 5 sont des vues similaires à la figure 1 qui illustrent l'assemblage du bloc sur une rangée sous-jacente ;
  • la figure 6 est une vue de dessus schématique montrant l'assemblage bout à bout des blocs ;
  • la figure 7 est une coupe transversale vue dans un plan vertical d'un empilage de blocs, cette vue très schématique étant destinée à illustrer le phénomène de circulation d'air de l'extérieur vers l'intérieur d'une habitation ;
  • les figures 8 et 9 sont des vues similaires à celle de la figure 1 montrant deux variantes possibles du bloc ;
  • les figures 10 et 11 sont des vues de dessous de deux blocs conformes à l'invention, l'un étant formé de deux parties facilement séparables tandis que l'autre est un bloc d'angle.
In these drawings:
  • Figure 1 shows, in cross section corresponding to the plane II of Figure 2, a block according to the invention;
  • FIG. 1A partially shows a variant of the block, with a grooved platform;
  • Figures 2 and 3 are respectively top and bottom views of the same block;
  • Figures 4 and 5 are views similar to Figure 1 which illustrate the assembly of the block on an underlying row;
  • Figure 6 is a schematic top view showing the end-to-end assembly of the blocks;
  • Figure 7 is a cross section seen in a vertical plane of a stack of blocks, this very schematic view being intended to illustrate the phenomenon of air circulation from the outside to the inside of a house;
  • Figures 8 and 9 are views similar to that of Figure 1 showing two possible variants of the block;
  • Figures 10 and 11 are bottom views of two blocks according to the invention, one being formed of two easily separable parts while the other is a corner block.

Les blocs représentés sur les dessins sont des parpaings en béton réalisés par moulage. Ce sont des blocs creux de forme générale parallélépipèdique rectangle. Ils ont par exemple une longueur de 50 cm, une largeur de 20 cm et une hauteur de 20 cm.The blocks shown in the drawings are concrete blocks made by molding. These are hollow blocks of generally rectangular parallelepiped shape. They have for example a length of 50 cm, a width of 20 cm and a height of 20 cm.

Le bloc 1 représenté sur les figures 1 à 5 comprend deux parois latérales 3 disposées verticalement. Des cloisons transversales 4, également verticales, relient les cloisons 3 à une partie centrale 2. Le bloc 1 est symétrique par rapport à un plan vertical longitudinal Q. La partie centrale 2 est formée d'une partie haute 20 en forme de plate-forme (de face de pose) et de deux cloisons verticales 21 parallèles aux parois 3, c'est-à-dire s'étendant longitudinalement, parallèlement au plan Q. Les cloisons 21 forment des languettes, ou pattes, dirigées vers le bas, dont les faces d'extrémités, disposées horizontalement, sont référencées 210. Les cloisons transversales 4 délimitent, entre chaque cloison 21 et la paroi 3 correspondante une série de trois alvéoles identiques 41 qui débouchent librement vers le bas. Elles débouchent également librement vers le haut, par l'intermédiaire d'ouvertures 40 qui bordent sur chacun de ses côtés la plate-forme 20. Cette dernière a une largeur sensiblement plus grande que celle des deux languettes 21, si bien que les ouvertures 40 sont des fentes moins larges que les alvéoles 41. Entre les deux pattes 21 est prévu un cloisonnement similaire qui délimite des alvéoles 23.The block 1 shown in Figures 1 to 5 comprises two side walls 3 arranged vertically. Transversal partitions 4, also vertical, connect the partitions 3 to a central part 2. The block 1 is symmetrical with respect to a longitudinal vertical plane Q. The central part 2 is formed by an upper part 20 in the form of a platform (facing face) and by two vertical partitions 21 parallel to the walls 3, that is to say extending longitudinally, parallel to the plane Q. The partitions 21 form tabs, or legs, directed downwards, the end faces of which are arranged horizontally, are referenced 210. The transverse partitions 4 delimit, between each partition 21 and the corresponding wall 3, a series of three identical cells 41 which open freely downwards. They also open freely upwards, via openings 40 which border on each of its sides the platform 20. The latter has a width substantially greater than that of the two tongues 21, so that the openings 40 are slits which are less wide than the cells 41. Between the two legs 21 is provided a similar partitioning which delimits cells 23.

Dans la variante de la figure 1A, la plate-forme 20 présente une rainure longitudinale 200, s'étendant d'une extrémité à l'autre de la plate-forme. Avantageusement, la section de cette rainure est identique à celle des ouvertures 40, ce qui permet d'utiliser les mêmes profils dans les moules pour leur fabrication.In the variant of FIG. 1A, the platform 20 has a longitudinal groove 200, extending from one end to the other of the platform. Advantageously, the section of this groove is identical to that of the openings 40, which allows the same profiles to be used in the molds for their manufacture.

Selon une caractéristique essentielle de l'invention, la distance - vue suivant la direction de la hauteur du bloc - qui sépare la face supérieure de la plate-forme 20 des chants inférieurs 210 des languettes ou pattes 21 est légèrement inférieur à la hauteur H du bloc.According to an essential characteristic of the invention, the distance - seen in the direction of the height of the block - which separates the upper face of the platform 20 from the lower edges 210 of the tongues or lugs 21 is slightly less than the height H of the block.

Dans l'exemple illustré à la figure 1, la face 20 se trouve dans le même plan que les chants 30 supérieurs des parois 3. En revanche, les chants 210 se trouvent plus haut, c'est-à-dire en retrait à l'intérieur du bloc, par rapport au plan P contenant les chants inférieurs 31 des parois 3. La différence d entre H et h est par exemple de 15 mm.In the example illustrated in FIG. 1, the face 20 is in the same plane as the upper edges 30 of the walls 3. On the other hand, the edges 210 are higher, that is to say set back at the inside the block, with respect to the plane P containing the lower edges 31 of the walls 3. The difference d between H and h is for example 15 mm.

Selon une autre caractéristique intéressante de l'invention, les chants 30 et 31 des parois latérales 3 possèdent une planéité et un état de surface nettement meilleurs que ceux du reste du bloc. A cet effet, il peut être prévu, après démoulage du bloc, un usinage réalisant une rectification de surface des chants 30 et 31, par exemple à l'aide d'un dispositif de meulage. De préférence, cette rectification est telle que l'écart toléré pour chaque point des chants reste dans la limite de 1,5 mm par rapport à une surface de référence.According to another advantageous characteristic of the invention, the edges 30 and 31 of the side walls 3 have a significantly better flatness and surface condition than those of the rest of the block. For this purpose, it may be provided, after demoulding of the block, a machining performing a surface rectification of the edges 30 and 31, for example using a grinding device. Preferably, this correction is such that the tolerance tolerated for each point of the edges remains within the limit of 1.5 mm relative to a reference surface.

Les faces d'extrémité du bloc 1, ou abouts, possèdent des profils d'emboîtement de type connu en soi. Ces profils ont des contours qui, vus de dessus, possèdent des parties en relief - ou mâles - 5 et des parties en retrait - ou femelles - 6. Ainsi, les profils mâles et femelles 5a, respectivement 6a de l'un des abouts sont complémentaires des profils femelles 6b et, respectivement mâles 5b de l'autre about, de sorte qu'il est possible d'emboîter bout à bout une série de parpaings 1 d'une même rangée. Les profils 1, comme cela est bien connu, ont un contour en forme générale de V qui réalise un centrage en même temps que l'emboîtement.The end faces of the block 1, or abutments, have interlocking profiles of a type known per se. These profiles have contours which, seen from above, have raised parts - or males - 5 and recessed parts - or females - 6. Thus, the male and female profiles 5a, respectively 6a of one of the ends are complementary to the female profiles 6b and, respectively, male 5b of the other abutment, so that it is possible to fit end to end a series of concrete blocks 1 of the same row. Profiles 1, as is well known, have a shaped contour general of V which realizes a centering at the same time as the nesting.

La figure 6 illustre schématiquement l'assemblage bout à bout, et à sec, de trois blocs.FIG. 6 schematically illustrates the end-to-end assembly, and dry, of three blocks.

Il est néanmoins possible, de prévoir, au moins à certaines zones du mur, des joints entre deux blocs adjacents.It is nevertheless possible to provide, at least in certain areas of the wall, joints between two adjacent blocks.

Pour cela, comme on le voit clairement sur cette même figure 6, les abouts des blocs sont conformés de manière à ménager entre les profils d'emboîtement des demi-ouvertures ; après accolement des deux blocs, ceux-ci forment des ouvertures à contour fermé 7, débouchant à la fois vers le haut et vers le bas, et autorisant au besoin la coulée d'un liant, par exemple d'un ciment ou d'un mortier.For this, as can be clearly seen in this same FIG. 6, the ends of the blocks are shaped so as to form between the interlocking profiles of the half-openings; after joining the two blocks, these form openings with closed outline 7, opening both upwards and downwards, and authorizing the pouring of a binder, for example a cement or a mortar.

Les figures 4 et 5 montrent de quelle manière un bloc est posé sur une rangée de blocs sous-jacente, et fixé à celle-ci au moyen d'un liant.Figures 4 and 5 show how a block is placed on an underlying row of blocks, and fixed to it by means of a binder.

A l'aide d'une truelle, l'opérateur dépose sur les plate-formes 20 des blocs de la rangée déjà posés une couche de liant 8, tel que du mortier. Bien entendu, si on a affaire à la première rangée, le dépôt de mortier se fait sur un socle de fondation, par exemple sur une chape en béton.Using a trowel, the operator deposits on the platforms 20 blocks of the row already placed a layer of binder 8, such as mortar. Of course, if we are dealing with the first row, the mortar is deposited on a foundation plinth, for example on a concrete screed.

Le bloc est posé sur cette rangée, avec un décalage longitudinal, par exemple correspondant à une demi-longueur de parpaing, le bloc venant par conséquent à cheval sur deux parpaings. L'opérateur place le bloc 1 dans l'alignement du bloc sous-jacent, à l'aplomb de celui-ci, de sorte qu'il vienne en appui par les chants inférieurs 31 de ses parois latérales 3 sur les chants supérieurs 30 des parois latérales des parpaings sous-jacents. Au cours de cette mise en place, les éléments saillants 21 en forme de languettes pénètrent, par leur partie basse, à l'intérieur de la couche de liant 8, et se trouvent donc enrobés dans celui-ci. Le cas échéant, l'excès de liant se trouvant sur la plate-forme 20 se trouve chassé latéralement ; ceci n'est pas gênant, cet excès pouvant s'écouler librement via les ouvertures 40 dans les alvéoles 41, comme cela est symbolisé par les flèches G à la figure 5.The block is placed on this row, with a longitudinal offset, for example corresponding to a half-length of concrete block, the block therefore coming astride two concrete blocks. The operator places the block 1 in alignment with the underlying block, directly above it, so that it comes to bear by the lower edges 31 of its side walls 3 on the upper edges 30 of the side walls of the underlying concrete blocks. During this positioning, the projecting elements 21 in the form of tongues penetrate, through their lower part, inside the binder layer 8, and are therefore coated therein. If necessary, the excess binder on the platform 20 is removed laterally; this is not a problem, this excess being able to flow freely via the openings 40 in the cells 41, as is symbolized by the arrows G in FIG. 5.

Du fait que les extrémités 210 des éléments 21 se trouvent en retrait, d'une distance e, par rapport à la plate-forme 20, il n'y a aucun appui des deux blocs à ce niveau, et on est par conséquent assuré que le bloc supérieur repose sur la rangée inférieure uniquement par les chants des parois 3. Comme ces chants possèdent un bon état de surface, on a donc une liaison parfaite des deux rangées, sans joint apparent, ce qui donne au mur un bon aspect sur le plan esthétique.Because the ends 210 of the elements 21 are set back, from a distance e , relative to the platform 20, there is no support of the two blocks at this level, and it is therefore ensured that the upper block rests on the lower row only by the edges of the walls 3. As these edges have a good surface condition, there is therefore a perfect connection of the two rows, with no visible joint, which gives the wall a good appearance on the plan aesthetic.

En revanche, dans la partie centrale des blocs, on obtient, après prise du liant, un bon accrochage mutuel des blocs, le liant entourant complètement les extrémités libres des languettes 21 et pénétrant dans les alvéoles 23 séparant ces deux languettes.On the other hand, in the central part of the blocks, there is obtained, after setting of the binder, a good mutual attachment of the blocks, the binder completely surrounding the free ends of the tongues 21 and penetrating into the cells 23 separating these two tongues.

Dans le cas du bloc représenté à la figure 1A, la liaison est encore améliorée grâce à la présence de la rainure 200, ce qui augmente la résistance du joint de mortier aux efforts latéraux. Cette rainure peut être utilisée aussi au besoin pour la pose d'un fer d'armature.In the case of the block shown in FIG. 1A, the connection is further improved thanks to the presence of the groove 200, which increases the resistance of the mortar joint to lateral forces. This groove can also be used if necessary for the installation of a reinforcing iron.

Il convient de noter que l'opération de pose peut se faire de manière très simple et très rapide. Il n'y a pas en effet de précaution particulière à prendre lorsque l'on dépose le liant sur la plate-forme 20, puisque ce liant sera invisible après assemblage. Le trop-plein éventuel s'évacue naturellement par les ouvertures 40, sans risque d'atteindre les surfaces de liaison 30 et 31 ; ces dernières sont donc nécessairement propres, à l'abri d'un dépôt de liant.It should be noted that the laying operation can be done very simply and very quickly. There is indeed no particular precaution to take when depositing the binder on the platform 20, since this binder will be invisible after assembly. Any overflow is naturally evacuated through the openings 40, without risk of reaching the connecting surfaces 30 and 31; the latter are therefore necessarily clean, protected from a binder deposit.

Bien que vu de l'extérieur, le mur soit parfaitement dépourvu de joint, il conserve un caractère monolithique grâce à la liaison continue entre les rangées assurée par la présence du liant 8. Tous les inconvénients liés au caractère non monolithique des constructions utilisant des blocs à emboîtement à sec sont donc éliminés, notamment ceux concernant la perméabilité à l'air ou à la vapeur d'eau, et la mauvaise isolation acoustique. A cet égard il convient même de mentionner que la construction possède des caractéristiques d'isolation acoustique améliorées dans la mesure où la partie centrale compacte du mur va former une barrière à certaines fréquences sonores, tandis que de part et d'autre de cette partie centrale, les parois 3 supportées en porte-à-faux par les cloisons transversales 4 constituent des éléments vibrants susceptibles d'absorber certains sons dont la fréquence correspond à leur fréquence de résonnance.Although seen from the outside, the wall is perfectly free of joints, it retains a monolithic character thanks to the continuous connection between the rows ensured by the presence of binder 8. All the drawbacks linked to the non-monolithic character of constructions using blocks dry interlocking are therefore eliminated, in particular those relating to air or water vapor permeability, and poor acoustic insulation. In this regard it should even be mentioned that the construction has improved sound insulation characteristics insofar as the compact central part of the wall will form a barrier at certain sound frequencies, while on either side of this central part , the walls 3 supported cantilevered by the transverse partitions 4 constitute vibrating elements capable of absorbing certain sounds whose frequency corresponds to their resonant frequency.

Il convient également de remarquer que, d'une rangée à l'autre, les blocs communiquent les uns avec les autres par les alvéoles 41 et les ouvertures 40. Ceci est illustré schématiquement à la figure 7. Sur cette figure, l'empilement de parpaings représenté correspond à un mur de maison dont le toit très schématiquement et partiellement représenté est désigné T ; les espaces extérieurs et intérieurs de la maison sont référencés E et I. Si on suppose qu'il est pratiqué à la partie basse du mur, c'est-à-dire par exemple dans les parpaings de la rangée inférieure, des orifices autorisant le passage de l'air dans les parois latérales 3, et que dans la rangée de parpaings supérieurs (partie haute du mur) il est pratiqué des ouvertures autorisant le passage de l'air dans la partie centrale 2, l'air va pouvoir circuler à l'intérieur du mur au travers de l'ensemble des alvéoles, de l'extérieur vers l'intérieur de la maison, comme cela est symbolisé par les flèches F.It should also be noted that, from one row to another, the blocks communicate with each other by the cells 41 and the openings 40. This is illustrated diagrammatically in FIG. 7. In this figure, the stack of concrete blocks represented corresponds to a house wall whose roof very schematically and partially represented is designated T ; the exterior and interior spaces of the house are referenced E and I. If it is assumed that it is practiced at the lower part of the wall, that is to say for example in the breeze blocks of the lower row, orifices allowing the passage of air in the side walls 3, and that in the row of upper blocks (upper part of the wall) there are openings allowing the passage of air in the central part 2, the air will be able to circulate inside the wall through all of the cells, from the outside to the inside of the house, as symbolized by the arrows F.

Or, sous l'action des rayons solaires, il se produit un chauffage et un mouvement de l'air contenu à l'intérieur du mur creux, ceci par l'effet connu sous le nom d'effet pariétodynamique ; grâce à l'arrangement qui vient d'être décrit, il est donc possible de faire circuler cet air en le prélevant à l'extérieur par un système de ventilation mécanique forcée (VMC) traditionnel par exemple, et en le faisant rentrer à l'intérieur de la maison après préchauffage naturel dans le mur, en bénéficiant ainsi de l'effet de "masse thermique" du mur. Ceci est particulièrement intéressant dans l'hypothèse où la maison est isolée intérieurement, c'est-à-dire si les matériaux isolants sont disposés contre la face interne du mur. Il en résulte une économie d'énergie notable pour le chauffage. Un autre avantage de cette circulation d'air est qu'elle réduit considérablement les effets néfastes de l'humidité, les vapeurs d'eau ne stagnant pas à l'intérieur des murs.Now, under the action of the sun's rays, there is a heating and a movement of the air contained inside the hollow wall, this by the effect known as the parietodynamic effect; thanks to the arrangement which has just been described, it is therefore possible to circulate this air by taking it outside by a traditional forced mechanical ventilation system (VMC) for example, and by making it return to the interior of the house after natural preheating in the wall, thus benefiting from the "thermal mass" effect of the wall. This is particularly interesting in the event that the house is insulated internally, that is to say if the insulating materials are arranged against the internal face of the wall. This results in a significant energy saving for heating. Another advantage of this air circulation is that it considerably reduces the harmful effects of humidity, the water vapors not stagnating inside the walls.

Les blocs constitutifs de la rangée supérieure du mur pourraient pour cela avoir une structure particulière : plate-forme s'étendant sur toute la largeur du bloc (pour recevoir le plancher en béton coulé), et canaux prévus dans le cloisonnement pour assurer une communication des lames d'air d'un côté à l'autre des languettes centrales.The building blocks of the upper row of the wall could for this have a particular structure: platform extending over the entire width of the block (to receive the poured concrete floor), and channels provided in the partitioning to ensure communication of air knives from side to side of the central tabs.

Comme déjà dit, les ouvertures 40 qui bordent la plate-forme centrale du bloc servent le cas échéant à acheminer l'excès de mortier et à l'évacuer à l'intérieur des évidements 41. Comme ces ouvertures bordent également les surfaces d'appui des blocs entre eux (chants d'appui 30, 31), l'humidité susceptible de pénétrer entre ces surfaces, notamment du côté extérieur du mur, s'écoule également à l'intérieur de ces cavités, sans pouvoir atteindre l'autre face. A cet égard il est rappelé ici que dans les constructions à joints traditionnels, le mortier constitutif des joints sert au contraire de pont et assure par capilarité un transfert de l'humidité d'une face à l'autre du mur.As already said, the openings 40 which border the central platform of the block are used if necessary to convey the excess mortar and to evacuate it inside the recesses 41. As these openings also border the bearing surfaces blocks between them (support edges 30, 31), moisture likely to penetrate between these surfaces, especially on the outside of the wall, also flows inside these cavities, without being able to reach the other side . In this regard, it is recalled here that in traditional joint constructions, the mortar constituting the joints, on the contrary, serves as a bridge and by capillary action transfers moisture from one face to the other of the wall.

Dans la variante de la figure 8, les éléments équivalents à ceux du bloc déjà décrit ont été affectés des mêmeschiffres de référence, mais avec l'indice "prime" (').In the variant of FIG. 8, the elements equivalent to those of the block already described have been assigned the same reference numbers, but with the index "prime" (').

Le bloc 1' de la figure 8 est tout à fait similaire à celui qui vient d'être décrit, à la différence qu'il comporte non pas deux éléments en forme de languette venant s'inscruster par sa partie basse dans les liants posés sur le bloc sous-jacent, mais un seul élément 21' en forme de languette. Comme dans l'exemple précédent, la face inférieure 210' de cette languette se trouve en retrait par rapport aux chants inférieurs 31' des parois latérales 3'du bloc. La partie centrale 2'est reliée aux parois latérales 3' par des cloisons 4' qui délimitent, comme dans l'exemple précédent, des alvéoles 41'. Ceux-ci communiquent avec les bords de laplate-forme 20'par des ouvertures 40' autorisant l'évacuation du surplus de liant.The block 1 ′ of FIG. 8 is quite similar to that which has just been described, with the difference that it does not comprise two elements in the form of tongues which are embedded by its lower part in the binders placed on the underlying block, but a single element 21 'in the form of a tongue. As in the previous example, the lower face 210 ′ of this tongue is set back relative to the lower edges 31 ′ of the side walls 3 ′ of the block. The central part 2 is connected to the side walls 3 'by partitions 4' which delimit, as in the previous example, cells 41 '. These communicate with the edges of the platform 20 ′ by openings 40 ′ allowing the evacuation of the surplus of binder.

Dans le mode de réalisation de la figure 9, dont les références sont affectées de l'indice "seconde" ("), le bloc 1'' comporte une partie centrale également pourvue de deux éléments 21'' en forme de languettes. Toutefois, selon ce mode de réalisation, c'est la plate-forme 20'' qui est en retrait, c'est-à-dire décalée vers le bas, d'une distance e par rapport au plan contenant les chants supérieurs 30". En revanche, les extrémités 210" des languettes se trouvent dans le même plan P que le chant inférieur 31'' des parois latérales 3''. On retrouve donc ici H - h = e, et lorsque le bloc est posé sur une rangée, les extrémités des languettes 21'' viennent s'incruster dans la masse de liant se trouvant sur la plate-forme sous-jacente, mais sans venir en appui sur celle-ci. L'appui se fait uniquement par les chants latéraux à planéité améliorée.In the embodiment of FIG. 9, the references of which are assigned the index "second"("), the block 1 '' has a central part also provided with two elements 21 '' in the form of tongues. However, according to this embodiment, it is the platform 20 '' which is set back, that is to say offset downwards, by a distance e relative to the plane containing the upper edges 30 ". On the other hand, the ends 210 "of the tongues are in the same plane P as the lower edge 31 '' of the side walls 3 ''. We thus find here H - h = e , and when the block is placed on a row, the ends of the 21 '' tabs are encrusted in the mass of binder located on the underlying platform, but without coming to bear on it. The support is made only by the side edges with improved flatness.

Bien entendu, on ne sortirait pas du cadre de l'invention, en concevant un bloc intermédiaire entre ceux des figures 1 et 9, présentant un décalage de retrait, par exemple sur une distance e/2, à la fois de la plate-forme 20 par rapport au chant supérieur 30 et des faces inférieures de languette 210 par rapport au chant inférieur 31. Ce qui est essentiel, c'est que l'extrémité des languettes ne viennent jamais porter au moment de la pose contre la plate-forme sous-jacente. L'appui doit se faire uniquement au niveau des parois latérales rectifiées.Of course, it would not be departing from the scope of the invention, by designing an intermediate block between those of FIGS. 1 and 9, having a withdrawal offset, for example over a distance e / 2, both from the platform 20 with respect to the upper edge 30 and lower tab faces 210 with respect to the lower edge 31. What is essential is that the ends of the tongues never come to bear when being laid against the platform under - adjacent. The support must only be done at the level of the rectified side walls.

La figure 10 représente un bloc conforme à l'invention, mais constitué de deux parties 1A et 1B séparées par une zone 101 de moindre résistance. Cette zone comprend une saignée 100 contenant le plan vertical transversal S du bloc. De manière bien connue, il est facile de briser le bloc 1, par exemple à l'aide d'une masse, pour scinder le bloc et séparer les parties 1A et 1B. L'un des abouts, en l'occurence celui désigné 1b à lafigure 10, possède un profil d'emboîtement identique à celui du bloc standard. L'autre about la possède seulement des petites entailles verticales 6c. Ainsi, cet about peut être utilisé comme face d'extrémité du mur. Au besoin, il peut être néanmoins utilisé pour servir à positionner les éléments en saillie d'un about de bloc standard.FIG. 10 represents a block according to the invention, but made up of two parts 1A and 1B separated by a zone 101 of less resistance. This zone includes a groove 100 containing the transverse vertical plane S of the block. As is well known, it is easy to break the block 1, for example using a mass, to split the block and separate the parts 1A and 1B. One end, in this case the one designated 1b in Figure 10, has a nesting profile identical to that of the standard block. The other about la has only small vertical notches 6c. Thus, this butt can be used as the end face of the wall. If necessary, it can nevertheless be used to serve to position the elements projecting from a standard block abutment.

Le bloc représenté à la figure 11 est un bloc d'angle, pouvant être également scindé en deux parties si besoin est. L'une des deux parties est traversée de haut en bas par une ouverture 9 de forme carrée. Des blocs de ce type sont destinés à être empilés, avec décalage à 90° d'une rangée à l'autre, à l'angle d'une construction, c'est-à-dire à l'intersection de deux murs. Après empilage, les ouvertures 9 se trouvent superposées, formant une cheminée verticale de section carrée dans laquelle il est possible de couler un poteau d'angle, par exemple en béton. La partie 1D de l'élément qui présente cette ouverture 9 est pourvue avantageusement sur ses trois faces d'une paire d'entailles 6c similaires à celles du bloc de la figure 10 ; ces entailles ne nuisent pas à l'aspect de surface du bloc, et la face correspondante peut donc être utilisée comme face apparente ; au besoin elle peut également servir de jonction avec un about pourvu d'un profil d'emboîtement. La structure de bloc selon l'invention peut être également mise en oeuvre pour la réalisation d'un mur de parement grâce à la qualité des joints obtenus.The block shown in Figure 11 is a corner block, which can also be split into two parts if necessary. One of the two parts is crossed from top to bottom by an opening 9 of square shape. Blocks of this type are intended to be stacked, with 90 ° offset from one row to another, at the corner of a building, that is to say at the intersection of two walls. After stacking, the openings 9 are superimposed, forming a vertical chimney of square section in which it is possible to pour a corner post, for example of concrete. The part 1D of the element which has this opening 9 is advantageously provided on its three faces with a pair of notches 6c similar to those of the block of FIG. 10; these notches do not affect the surface appearance of the block, and the face corresponding can therefore be used as visible face; if necessary it can also serve as a junction with a butt end provided with an interlocking profile. The block structure according to the invention can also be implemented for the production of a facing wall thanks to the quality of the joints obtained.

Il va de soi que l'invention ne se limite pas à un bloc constitué par un parpaing en béton. Il peut être étendu à d'autres matériaux et d'autres applications, par exemple à des briques de terre cuite servant à la réalisation d'une cloison intérieure dans une habitation. Dans ce cas, le liant utilisé pour la liaison intérieure des blocs pourra être du plâtre.It goes without saying that the invention is not limited to a block constituted by a concrete block. It can be extended to other materials and other applications, for example to terracotta bricks used for the production of an interior partition in a dwelling. In this case, the binder used for the internal connection of the blocks may be plaster.

Dans une variante de bloc consistant en un parpaing en béton, celui-ci a une largeur de 20 cm, une hauteur de 20 cm et une longueur de 40 cm ; la partie centrale possède deux cloisons longitudinales (languettes) séparées par un évidement de largeur relativement grande, par exemple de l'ordre de 8 cm. Leur épaisseur est de l'ordre de 2 cm. Ainsi, après pose de ces parpaings, on obtient, rien qu'en partie centrale du mur érigé, une résistance mécanique comparable à celle de parpaings traditionnels. Dans ces conditions, une liaison d'appui parfaite à sec des parois latérales n'est pas indispensable, et une rectification de leurs chants n'est pas nécessaire. Les languettes centrales sont reliées par quatre cloisons transversales, à savoir deux cloisons d'extrémité et deux cloisons centrales dont l'écartement mutuel correspond à l'écartement mutuel des cloisons d'extrémité de deux blocs voisins emboîtés l'un dans l'autre. Ainsi, les blocs de deux couches superposées étant décalés d'une demi-longueur de bloc, chaque cloison transversale vient se positionner parfaitement à l'aplomb d'une cloison transversale de la couche attenante, ce qui augmente encore la résistance mécanique de l'ensemble.In a variant of a block consisting of a concrete block, it has a width of 20 cm, a height of 20 cm and a length of 40 cm; the central part has two longitudinal partitions (tabs) separated by a recess of relatively large width, for example of the order of 8 cm. Their thickness is of the order of 2 cm. Thus, after laying these blocks, we obtain, in the central part of the erected wall only, a mechanical resistance comparable to that of traditional blocks. Under these conditions, a perfect dry support connection of the side walls is not essential, and a rectification of their edges is not necessary. The central tabs are connected by four transverse partitions, namely two end partitions and two central partitions, the mutual spacing of which corresponds to the mutual spacing of the end partitions of two neighboring blocks nested one inside the other. Thus, the blocks of two superimposed layers being offset by a half-block length, each transverse partition comes to be positioned perfectly in line with a transverse partition of the adjoining layer, which further increases the mechanical strength of the together.

Par ailleurs, le bloc est sécable en son milieu, la séparation se faisant transversalement entre les deux cloisons transversales centrales.Furthermore, the block is breakable in the middle, the separation being made transversely between the two central transverse partitions.

Selon cette variante, en raison de l'épaisseur de la partie centrale, les lames d'air dont il a été fait état plus haut (en référence notamment à la figure 7) sont très écartées l'une de l'autre, de sorte qu'il n'y a pas de communication en direction transversale entre les deux lames d'air par l'intermédiaire du joint vertical, lorsqu'un tel joint est prévu. On peut ainsi obtenir une étanchéité parfaite de la partie centrale.According to this variant, due to the thickness of the central part, the air knobs mentioned above (with particular reference to FIG. 7) are very far apart from each other, so that there is no communication in the transverse direction between the two air spaces via the vertical seal, when such a seal is provided. We can thus obtain a perfect seal of the central part.

Claims (10)

  1. Stackable construction block with unnoticeable joint, which has the overall shape of a right-angled parallelepiped comprising two longitudinal lateral walls (3) arranged vertically, as well as a central part (2) connected to the lateral walls (3) by transverse partitions (4) which delimit cells (41), this block having headers (1a, 1b) which have complementary interlocking profiles (5a, 6a; 6b, 5b) allowing them to be dry-jointed,
    - the said lateral walls (3) having a lower edge face (30) and an upper edge face (31) allowing these edge faces to press together dry when the blocks are stacked;
    - the said central part (2) having, on the one hand at the top part a substantially flat and horizontal platform (20) which stretches along the entire length of the block and which is intended to take a curable binder (8), for example a mortar and, on the other hand at the bottom part, at least one element (21) in the form of a downward pointing tongue;
       the mutual separation (h) of the said platform (20) and of the lower end (210) of the said tongue-shaped element (21) being slightly less than the height (H) of the block, so that when the block (1) is laid on a course of blocks the platforms of which have been covered with a layer of binder, the end part of the tongue-shaped element (21) becomes inserted therein without ceasing to rest on the underlying platform or platforms.
  2. Construction block according to Claim 1, characterized in that the said platform (20) is bordered on its sides with openings (40) emerging in the said cells (41) and allowing any excess cement (8) laid on the platform to be removed.
  3. Construction block according to one of Claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the edge faces (30, 31) of the lateral walls (3) have a flatness and surface finish which are markedly improved by comparison with the rest of the block (1).
  4. Construction block according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the said platform (20) is substantially flush with the upper edge faces (30) of the lateral walls (3), whereas the end (210) of the tongue-shaped element (21) is set back (inside the block) relative to the plane (P) containing the lower edge faces (31).
  5. Construction block according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the central part (2) has two tongue-shaped elements (21) consisting of vertical partitions arranged symmetrically on each side of the longitudinal mid-plane (Q) of the block.
  6. Construction block according to one of Claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the difference (e) between the height (H) of the block (1) and the mutual separation (h) of the platform (20) and of the lower end (210) of the element (or elements) (21) is between 5 and 25 mm, advantageously of the order of 15 mm.
  7. Construction block according to one of Claims 1 to 6, characterized in that its headers (1a, 1b) are shaped so that after two blocks have been joined end to end, a vertical opening (7) allowing a binder to be poured in is formed between the two blocks, inside the interlocking profiles (5, 6).
  8. Construction block according to one of Claims 1 to 7, characterized in that it is formed of two identical parts (1A, 1B) joined together by a region (101) of lesser strength, allowing them to be parted easily.
  9. Construction block according to one of Claims 1 to 8, which is intended to be laid at the corner of a construction, characterized in that it includes a vertical opening (9) which emerges both upward and downward, and allows a corner pillar to be cast.
  10. Block according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the platform (20) has a longitudinal groove (200).
EP92460036A 1991-12-20 1992-12-14 Stackable construction element, with unnoticeable joint Expired - Lifetime EP0549501B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9116151A FR2685371B1 (en) 1991-12-20 1991-12-20 STACKABLE CONSTRUCTION BLOCK, WITH NON - APPARENT LAYING JOINT.
FR9116151 1991-12-20

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EP0549501A1 EP0549501A1 (en) 1993-06-30
EP0549501B1 true EP0549501B1 (en) 1997-03-12

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EP (1) EP0549501B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE150122T1 (en)
DE (1) DE69218163D1 (en)
FR (1) FR2685371B1 (en)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2784409B1 (en) 1998-10-09 2000-12-29 Francois Bedos CONSTRUCTION BLOCK WITH NON-APPARENT LAYING JOINT
FR2858344B1 (en) * 2003-07-28 2007-05-11 Pierre Clement BLOCK FOR BIO CLIMATIC WALL.
FR2870272B1 (en) * 2004-05-12 2006-08-04 Edward Bazela VENTILATED PARPATING
FR2887906B1 (en) * 2005-07-04 2007-08-24 Yannick Cruaud METHOD FOR MOUNTING CONCRETE BLOCKS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A WORK SUCH AS A BUILDING WALL, CLOSURE WALL OR OTHER
FR2925556B1 (en) 2007-12-21 2010-01-22 Zodiac Pool Care Europe IMMERSE SURFACE CLEANING APPARATUS WITH NON-CONSTANT SECTION INPUT DUCT
DE202008012399U1 (en) * 2008-09-17 2010-02-11 Kronimus Ag Concrete brick and brick system
CN104499632A (en) * 2015-01-07 2015-04-08 吴刚 Novel rapidly built wall hollow building block
CN205116533U (en) * 2015-11-10 2016-03-30 吴刚 Insulation block fast builds a wall

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1239685A (en) * 1959-11-03 1960-08-26 prefabricated elements for the construction of walls and partitions of buildings and their instructions for use
FR1264628A (en) * 1960-05-11 1961-06-23 New conical interlocking elements for the construction of silos and retaining walls
FR2190999B2 (en) * 1972-07-03 1977-08-12 Moritz Jean Pie Re
FR2544767B3 (en) * 1983-04-25 1986-02-21 Demler Sa Ets CONSTRUCTION ELEMENT AND PACKAGING OF SUCH ELEMENTS
EP0190076B1 (en) * 1985-01-24 1990-05-02 Yannick Cruaud Building block and associated connection element

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DE69218163D1 (en) 1997-04-17
FR2685371B1 (en) 1994-04-01
ATE150122T1 (en) 1997-03-15
FR2685371A1 (en) 1993-06-25
EP0549501A1 (en) 1993-06-30

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