FI118800B - Virvelbäddsförfarande för acetoxilering av eten vid framställning av vinylacetat - Google Patents
Virvelbäddsförfarande för acetoxilering av eten vid framställning av vinylacetat Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- FI118800B FI118800B FI950820A FI950820A FI118800B FI 118800 B FI118800 B FI 118800B FI 950820 A FI950820 A FI 950820A FI 950820 A FI950820 A FI 950820A FI 118800 B FI118800 B FI 118800B
- Authority
- FI
- Finland
- Prior art keywords
- reactor
- ethylene
- oxygen
- acetic acid
- process according
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C57/00—Unsaturated compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C57/02—Unsaturated compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with only carbon-to-carbon double bonds as unsaturation
- C07C57/03—Monocarboxylic acids
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/0006—Controlling or regulating processes
- B01J19/002—Avoiding undesirable reactions or side-effects, e.g. avoiding explosions, or improving the yield by suppressing side-reactions
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
- B01J8/18—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles
- B01J8/24—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
- B01J8/18—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles
- B01J8/24—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique
- B01J8/32—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique with introduction into the fluidised bed of more than one kind of moving particles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
- B01J8/18—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles
- B01J8/24—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique
- B01J8/38—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique with fluidised bed containing a rotatable device or being subject to rotation or to a circulatory movement, i.e. leaving a vessel and subsequently re-entering it
- B01J8/384—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique with fluidised bed containing a rotatable device or being subject to rotation or to a circulatory movement, i.e. leaving a vessel and subsequently re-entering it being subject to a circulatory movement only
- B01J8/388—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique with fluidised bed containing a rotatable device or being subject to rotation or to a circulatory movement, i.e. leaving a vessel and subsequently re-entering it being subject to a circulatory movement only externally, i.e. the particles leaving the vessel and subsequently re-entering it
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
- C07C67/04—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reacting carboxylic acids or symmetrical anhydrides onto unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
- C07C67/05—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reacting carboxylic acids or symmetrical anhydrides onto unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds with oxidation
- C07C67/055—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reacting carboxylic acids or symmetrical anhydrides onto unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds with oxidation in the presence of platinum group metals or their compounds
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
- Devices And Processes Conducted In The Presence Of Fluids And Solid Particles (AREA)
Claims (16)
1. Förfarande för framställning av vinylacetat i en flytbäddreaktor, kännetecknat av att det omfattar 5 tillförsel av eten och ättiksyra i flytbaddreaktorn via ett eller flera inlopp, tillförsel av syrehaltig gas i flytbaddreaktorn via minst ett ytterligare inlopp, före-ning av den syrehaltiga gasen, etenen och ättiksyran i flytbaddreaktorn, under fortgäende kontakt med flytbäddka-10 talysatormaterialet för möjliggörande av reaktion av etenen, ättiksyran och syre, sä att vinylacetat erhälls samt utvinning av vinylacetatet frän flytbäddreaktorn.
2. Förfarande enligt patentkrav 1, kännetecknat av att eten och ättiksyra tillförs reaktorn i form av 15 gasblandning via ett eller flera inlopp.
3. Förfarande enligt patentkrav 2, kännetecknat av att gasblandningen av eten och ättiksyra innehäl-ler syre under blandningens explosionsgrans.
4. Förfarande enligt nägot av de föregäende pa-20 tentkraven, kännetecknat av att syrehaltig gas tillförs reaktorn via mer en ett ytterligare inlopp.
5. Förfarande enligt nägot av de föregäende pa- • 1 *.1·; tentkraven, kännetecknat av att flytbäddkatalysatorn • 1 !φϊ#ϊ uppvisar sammansättningen: Pd-M-A, varvid M är Ba, Au, Cd,
25 Bi, Cu, Mn, Fe, Co, Ce, u eller blandningar därav samt A ··· 2j är en alkalimetall eller blandning därav. 2 *·· ·
6. Förfarande enligt nägot av föregäende patentkrav, kännetecknat av att det omfattar upprätthällan- ·. de av mängden flytbäddkatalysatormaterial i reaktorn vid • ·· 30 en volym, som är tillräcklig för tillgodogörande av under • · *·;·1 reaktionen av eten, ättiksyra och syrehaltig gas genererat värme, sä att därigenom upplöpande reaktion möjliggörs ·:·1: utan katalysatorförluster i flytbädden.
*, 7. Förfarande enligt patentkrav 6, känneteck- 3. nat av att flytbäddkatalysatormaterialet innefattar en • 1 118800 blandning av partikelformigt katalysatormaterial sarat par-tikelformigt inert material.
8. Förfarande enligt nägot av föregäende patent-krav, kännetecknat av att minst 60 % av det partikel- 5 formiga flytbäddkatalysatormaterialet har en partikeldia-meterstorlek understigande 200 μτη samt högst 40 % av kata-lysatorpartiklarna har en diameter understigande 40 μια.
9. Förfarande enligt nägot av föregäende patent-krav, kännetecknat av att minst 50 % av det partikel- 10 formiga flytbäddkatalysatormaterialet har en partikeldia-meter understigande 100 μιη samt högst 40 % av katalysator-partiklarna har en diameter understigande 40 μτη.
10. Förfarande enligt nägot av föregäende patent-krav, kännetecknat av att förhällandet mellan eten 15 och ättiksyra totalt och syrehaltig gas, som tillförs re-aktorn ligger inom blandningens explosionsgräns.
11. Förfarande enligt nägot av föregäende patent-krav, kännetecknat av att etenkoncentrationen i de sammanlagda gastillflödena, som tillförs reaktorn, är mel- 20 lan 30 och 70 volym-%.
12. Förfarande enligt nägot av föregäende patent-krav, kännetecknat av att koncentrationen gasformig • · V·· ättiksyra i det sammanlagda gasflöde, som tillförs reak- ϊβ·βϊ torn är 10 till 25 volym-%. 25
13. Förfarande enligt nägot av föregäende patent- *·· j krav, kännetecknat av att koncentrationen syre i det • •e * sammanlagda gasflöde, som tillförs reaktorn är ca 8 tili 25 volym-%.
14. Förfarande enligt nägot av föregäende patent- 30 krav, kännetecknat av att dessutom innefattas recir- • · *···* kulering av minst en delmängd oreagerad ättiksyra, eten och syre tili flytbäddreaktorn.
*···; 15. Förfarande enligt nägot av föregäende patent- *, krav, kännetecknat av att dessutom innefattas av- [ 35 skiljning av minst en delmängd av det flytbäddkatalysator- • · 118800 material som bortgär frän flytbäddreaktorn samt recirkule-ring av materialet tili flytbäddreaktorn.
16. Förfarande enligt nägot av föregäende patent-krav, kännetecknat av att trycket ligger inom inter-5 vallet 344,5 kPa tili 1,38 MPa (50 tili 200 psig) samt temperaturen ligger inom intervallet 100 °C tili 250 °C. M» t · * · • I • · · • ·« • 9 • * • · · 9 9 9 • * ··· • * I · ··· • * • · · • · · • V» · 999 • « 4 ' 9 ·· • · • ·» ··« 9 ' 9 • « ··« • • 4« 9 9 9 9 999 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US25287494 | 1994-06-02 | ||
US08/252,874 US5550281A (en) | 1994-06-02 | 1994-06-02 | Fluid bed process for the acetoxylation of ethylene in the production of vinyl acetate |
US37576295A | 1995-01-20 | 1995-01-20 | |
US37576295 | 1995-01-20 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
FI950820A0 FI950820A0 (sv) | 1995-02-22 |
FI950820A FI950820A (sv) | 1995-12-03 |
FI118800B true FI118800B (sv) | 2008-03-31 |
Family
ID=26942757
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
FI950820A FI118800B (sv) | 1994-06-02 | 1995-02-22 | Virvelbäddsförfarande för acetoxilering av eten vid framställning av vinylacetat |
Country Status (16)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5710318A (sv) |
EP (1) | EP0685449B1 (sv) |
JP (1) | JP3868514B2 (sv) |
KR (1) | KR100359142B1 (sv) |
CN (1) | CN1086688C (sv) |
BR (1) | BR9500737A (sv) |
CA (1) | CA2143043A1 (sv) |
DE (1) | DE69511464T2 (sv) |
ES (1) | ES2135006T3 (sv) |
FI (1) | FI118800B (sv) |
MY (1) | MY113465A (sv) |
NO (1) | NO302882B1 (sv) |
NZ (1) | NZ270545A (sv) |
RU (1) | RU2132325C1 (sv) |
SG (1) | SG46156A1 (sv) |
YU (1) | YU48873B (sv) |
Families Citing this family (28)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20020058833A1 (en) * | 1996-03-23 | 2002-05-16 | Cirjak Larry M. | Fluid bed process for the acetoxylation of ethylene in the production of vinyl acetate |
US7189377B1 (en) * | 1996-08-07 | 2007-03-13 | Bp Chemicals Limited | Apparatus for performing integrated process for reproduction of vinyl acetate and/or acetic acid using a fluidized bed |
GB9625599D0 (en) * | 1996-12-10 | 1997-01-29 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process |
DE19719481C2 (de) | 1997-05-07 | 2000-09-07 | Metallgesellschaft Ag | Verfahren zur Einstellung einer zirkulierenden Wirbelschicht |
EP0845453A3 (en) * | 1997-05-13 | 1998-09-09 | Celanese International Corporation | Safety system |
US5731457A (en) * | 1997-06-03 | 1998-03-24 | Hoechst Celanese Corporation | Vinyl acetate process utilizing a palladium-gold-copper catalyst |
GB9817362D0 (en) * | 1998-08-11 | 1998-10-07 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Improved process for the production if vinyl acetate |
GB9817365D0 (en) | 1998-08-11 | 1998-10-07 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process for the production of vinyl acetate |
GB9817363D0 (en) | 1998-08-11 | 1998-10-07 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process for the production of vinyl acetate |
GB9819221D0 (en) | 1998-09-04 | 1998-10-28 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process for the production of acetic acid |
GB9826754D0 (en) | 1998-12-04 | 1999-01-27 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process for the production of vinyl acetate |
US6358882B1 (en) | 1998-12-08 | 2002-03-19 | The Standard Oil Company | Fluid bed vinyl acetate catalyst |
GB0014583D0 (en) | 2000-06-14 | 2000-08-09 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process |
GB0014584D0 (en) * | 2000-06-14 | 2000-08-09 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Apparatus and process |
GB0014580D0 (en) * | 2000-06-14 | 2000-08-09 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Appatarus and process |
GB0026242D0 (en) | 2000-10-26 | 2000-12-13 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Apparatus and process |
TWI322709B (en) * | 2001-12-04 | 2010-04-01 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Oxidation process in fluidised bed reactor |
GB0223215D0 (en) * | 2002-10-07 | 2002-11-13 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Processs |
US7718811B2 (en) | 2002-11-26 | 2010-05-18 | Ineos Europe Limited | Oxidation process in fluidised bed reactor |
TW200539941A (en) | 2003-12-19 | 2005-12-16 | Celanese Int Corp | Methods of making alkenyl alkanoates |
KR101065039B1 (ko) * | 2004-03-02 | 2011-09-19 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 세탁기의 푸시버튼 구조 |
RU2422433C2 (ru) | 2004-12-20 | 2011-06-27 | Селаниз Интернэшнл Корпорейшн | Модифицированные материалы носителей для катализаторов |
US8227369B2 (en) | 2005-05-25 | 2012-07-24 | Celanese International Corp. | Layered composition and processes for preparing and using the composition |
TW200732038A (en) * | 2006-01-13 | 2007-09-01 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process and apparatus for reducing the probability of ignition in fluid bed-catalysed oxidation reactions |
CN101884916B (zh) * | 2009-05-13 | 2012-05-30 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 用于流化床工艺制醋酸乙烯的催化剂载体的制备方法 |
CN102381966A (zh) * | 2011-11-11 | 2012-03-21 | 天津大学 | 一种醋酸乙烯生产方法 |
CN103121953B (zh) * | 2011-11-18 | 2015-07-08 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 乙烯气相氧化法醋酸乙烯制备方法 |
CN103121957B (zh) * | 2011-11-18 | 2015-07-08 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 丙烯气相氧化法醋酸烯丙酯的制备方法 |
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GB767290A (en) * | 1953-04-25 | 1957-01-30 | Distillers Co Yeast Ltd | Production of aliphatic carboxylic acids |
FR1108672A (fr) * | 1953-10-07 | 1956-01-16 | Distillers Co Yeast Ltd | Préparation de l'acide acétique |
US2926191A (en) * | 1956-05-22 | 1960-02-23 | Distillers Co Yeast Ltd | Chemical process |
US3117990A (en) * | 1959-09-04 | 1964-01-14 | Kurashiki Rayon Co | Process of producing vinyl compounds |
DE1252662B (sv) * | 1965-06-25 | |||
DE1296138B (de) * | 1967-03-03 | 1969-05-29 | Hoechst Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Carbonsaeurevinylestern |
DE1667053C3 (de) * | 1967-12-02 | 1975-10-09 | Hoechst Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Palladiumkatalysators |
CH534005A (de) * | 1968-02-01 | 1973-02-28 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Palladium und Gold enthaltenden Katalysators |
NL167680C (nl) * | 1968-07-19 | 1982-01-18 | Hoechst Ag | Werkwijze voor het bereiden van allylesters van carbonzuren uit propeen, zuurstof en carbonzuur. |
GB1283737A (en) * | 1968-09-04 | 1972-08-02 | Nat Distillers Chem Corp | Method of catalyst preparation |
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DE1793474C3 (de) * | 1968-09-24 | 1974-05-22 | Knapsack Ag, 5033 Huerth-Knapsack | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Vinylacetat |
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US3714237A (en) * | 1969-12-10 | 1973-01-30 | Sir Soc Italiana Resine Spa | Process for preparing vinyl acetate |
GB1333449A (en) * | 1970-11-20 | 1973-10-10 | Hoechst Ag | Process for the oxacylation of olefins in the gaseous phase |
US3948983A (en) * | 1970-12-05 | 1976-04-06 | Chemische Werke Huls Aktiengesellschaft | Process for the preparation of acetic acid by catalytic gas-phase oxidation of butenes |
US3939199A (en) * | 1971-01-06 | 1976-02-17 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Oxacylation of olefins in the gaseous phase |
JPS514118A (en) * | 1974-06-27 | 1976-01-14 | Kuraray Co | Sakusanbiniruno seizohoho |
US3972829A (en) * | 1974-11-07 | 1976-08-03 | Universal Oil Products Company | Method of depositing a catalytically active metallic component on a carrier material |
US4048096A (en) * | 1976-04-12 | 1977-09-13 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Surface impregnated catalyst |
US4188490A (en) * | 1977-05-27 | 1980-02-12 | National Distillers And Chemical Corporation | Catalytic oxidation of ethylene to mixtures of acetic acid and vinyl acetate |
EP0048173B1 (en) * | 1980-09-16 | 1985-01-16 | Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, Inc. | One step process for producing vinyl acetate |
JPS5857417B2 (ja) * | 1981-06-22 | 1983-12-20 | 三菱瓦斯化学株式会社 | 酢酸ビニルの製造法 |
US5162578A (en) * | 1987-06-12 | 1992-11-10 | Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation | Acetic acid from ethane, ethylene and oxygen |
US4933204A (en) * | 1988-09-23 | 1990-06-12 | Rockwell International Corporation | Method of producing a gold film |
JPH02252610A (ja) * | 1989-03-24 | 1990-10-11 | Agency Of Ind Science & Technol | 金超微粒子固定化酸化物の製造法 |
JPH03245844A (ja) * | 1990-02-22 | 1991-11-01 | Japan Synthetic Rubber Co Ltd | 流動床用触媒およびその調製方法 |
JPH03279349A (ja) * | 1990-03-27 | 1991-12-10 | Tosoh Corp | 不飽和ジエステルの製造方法 |
US5185308A (en) * | 1991-05-06 | 1993-02-09 | Bp Chemicals Limited | Catalysts and processes for the manufacture of vinyl acetate |
US5179056A (en) * | 1991-05-06 | 1993-01-12 | Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation | Production of alkenyl alkanoate catalysts |
US5179057A (en) * | 1991-05-06 | 1993-01-12 | Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation | Catalysts for alkenyl alkanoate production |
US5300684A (en) * | 1991-12-09 | 1994-04-05 | The Standard Oil Company | Process for the fluidized bed oxidation of ethane to acetic acid |
US5314858A (en) * | 1992-10-14 | 1994-05-24 | Hoechst Celanese Corporation | Vinyl acetate catalyst preparation method |
-
1995
- 1995-02-17 ES ES95301021T patent/ES2135006T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-17 DE DE69511464T patent/DE69511464T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-02-17 EP EP95301021A patent/EP0685449B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-17 SG SG1995001908A patent/SG46156A1/en unknown
- 1995-02-21 CA CA002143043A patent/CA2143043A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1995-02-21 RU RU95102489A patent/RU2132325C1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-02-21 NO NO950644A patent/NO302882B1/no unknown
- 1995-02-22 FI FI950820A patent/FI118800B/sv active
- 1995-02-22 BR BR9500737A patent/BR9500737A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-02-22 JP JP03416395A patent/JP3868514B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-02-22 NZ NZ270545A patent/NZ270545A/en unknown
- 1995-02-22 MY MYPI95000450A patent/MY113465A/en unknown
- 1995-02-22 CN CN95103222A patent/CN1086688C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-02-22 KR KR1019950003466A patent/KR100359142B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-02-22 YU YU11195A patent/YU48873B/sh unknown
-
1996
- 1996-08-27 US US08/703,842 patent/US5710318A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1086688C (zh) | 2002-06-26 |
NO950644L (no) | 1995-12-04 |
DE69511464D1 (de) | 1999-09-23 |
JPH0840977A (ja) | 1996-02-13 |
KR100359142B1 (ko) | 2003-03-06 |
CA2143043A1 (en) | 1995-12-03 |
RU2132325C1 (ru) | 1999-06-27 |
JP3868514B2 (ja) | 2007-01-17 |
YU48873B (sh) | 2002-09-19 |
DE69511464T2 (de) | 1999-12-16 |
FI950820A0 (sv) | 1995-02-22 |
EP0685449A1 (en) | 1995-12-06 |
EP0685449B1 (en) | 1999-08-18 |
NO950644D0 (no) | 1995-02-21 |
US5710318A (en) | 1998-01-20 |
ES2135006T3 (es) | 1999-10-16 |
CN1121063A (zh) | 1996-04-24 |
RU95102489A (ru) | 1996-12-10 |
FI950820A (sv) | 1995-12-03 |
NO302882B1 (no) | 1998-05-04 |
BR9500737A (pt) | 1996-01-02 |
MY113465A (en) | 2002-03-30 |
NZ270545A (en) | 1996-12-20 |
SG46156A1 (en) | 1998-02-20 |
YU11195A (sh) | 1997-09-30 |
KR960000842A (ko) | 1996-01-25 |
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