ES2726102T3 - Uso de polieteraminas cuaternizadas como aditivo en combustibles y lubricantes - Google Patents
Uso de polieteraminas cuaternizadas como aditivo en combustibles y lubricantes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ES2726102T3 ES2726102T3 ES12780216T ES12780216T ES2726102T3 ES 2726102 T3 ES2726102 T3 ES 2726102T3 ES 12780216 T ES12780216 T ES 12780216T ES 12780216 T ES12780216 T ES 12780216T ES 2726102 T3 ES2726102 T3 ES 2726102T3
- Authority
- ES
- Spain
- Prior art keywords
- alkyl
- mainly
- additive
- diesel
- reduce
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/04—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for minimising corrosion or incrustation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
- C10L1/2222—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
- C10L1/2222—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates
- C10L1/2225—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates hydroxy containing
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
- C10L1/2227—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond urea; derivatives thereof; urethane
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/238—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/2383—Polyamines or polyimines, or derivatives thereof (poly)amines and imines; derivatives thereof (substituted by a macromolecular group containing 30C)
- C10L1/2387—Polyoxyalkyleneamines (poly)oxyalkylene amines and derivatives thereof (substituted by a macromolecular group containing 30C)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/06—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for facilitating soot removal
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
- C10M133/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
- C10M133/04—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
- C10M133/06—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
- C10M133/08—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms containing hydroxy groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
- C10M2215/04—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
- C10M2215/042—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms containing hydroxy groups; Alkoxylated derivatives thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
- C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
- C10N2020/04—Molecular weight; Molecular weight distribution
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/04—Detergent property or dispersant property
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/54—Fuel economy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
- C10N2040/252—Diesel engines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
- C10N2040/252—Diesel engines
- C10N2040/253—Small diesel engines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2070/00—Specific manufacturing methods for lubricant compositions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2070/00—Specific manufacturing methods for lubricant compositions
- C10N2070/02—Concentrating of additives
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
- Lubrication Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP11187959.9A EP2589647A1 (fr) | 2011-11-04 | 2011-11-04 | Polyétheramines quaternisées et leur utilisation en tant qu'additifs dans des carburants et des lubrifiants |
PCT/EP2012/071844 WO2013064689A1 (fr) | 2011-11-04 | 2012-11-05 | Polyétheramines quaternaires et leur utilisation en tant qu'additifs dans des carburants et des lubrifiants |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
ES2726102T3 true ES2726102T3 (es) | 2019-10-01 |
Family
ID=47116014
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
ES12780216T Active ES2726102T3 (es) | 2011-11-04 | 2012-11-05 | Uso de polieteraminas cuaternizadas como aditivo en combustibles y lubricantes |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (2) | EP2589647A1 (fr) |
KR (1) | KR102033606B1 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN104024385B (fr) |
AU (1) | AU2012331073B2 (fr) |
BR (1) | BR112014010671A2 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2854421C (fr) |
ES (1) | ES2726102T3 (fr) |
HU (1) | HUE044181T2 (fr) |
MX (1) | MX2014005325A (fr) |
PL (1) | PL2773729T3 (fr) |
TR (1) | TR201905501T4 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2013064689A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (31)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2970812B1 (fr) | 2013-03-11 | 2019-07-03 | Basf Se | Utilisation de polyalkoxylates dans les compositions lubrifiantes |
KR20150126365A (ko) | 2013-03-13 | 2015-11-11 | 빈터샬 홀딩 게엠베하 | 치환 트리스(2-히드록시페닐)메탄의 제조 방법 |
CN105102594A (zh) | 2013-03-21 | 2015-11-25 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 烃基取代的二羧酸用于改善或促进水从包含净化添加剂的燃料油中的分离的用途 |
MY186439A (en) | 2013-06-07 | 2021-07-22 | Basf Se | Use of nitrogen compounds quaternised with alkylene oxide and hydrocarbyl-substituted polycarboxylic acid as additives in fuels and lubricants |
CA2917934A1 (fr) | 2013-07-12 | 2015-01-15 | Basf Se | Utilisation d'un acide dicarboxylique a substitution hydrocarbyle pour ameliorer ou augmenter la separation de l'eau du fioul et de l'essence |
GB201313423D0 (en) | 2013-07-26 | 2013-09-11 | Innospec Ltd | Compositions and methods |
ES2728113T3 (es) | 2013-09-20 | 2019-10-22 | Basf Se | Uso de derivados especiales de compuestos cuaternizados de nitrógeno, como aditivos en combustibles |
MY180330A (en) | 2014-01-29 | 2020-11-28 | Basf Se | Use of polycarboxylic-acid-based additives for fuels |
GB201413355D0 (en) * | 2014-07-28 | 2014-09-10 | Innospec Ltd | Compositons and methods |
CN106832255B (zh) | 2015-12-03 | 2019-09-24 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种胺基聚合物、其制造方法及其用途 |
US11078418B2 (en) | 2016-07-05 | 2021-08-03 | Basf Se | Corrosion inhibitors for fuels and lubricants |
CN106187900A (zh) * | 2016-07-08 | 2016-12-07 | 南方科技大学 | 制备羧酸盐型离子液体的方法及羧酸盐型离子液体的用途 |
WO2020109568A1 (fr) | 2018-11-30 | 2020-06-04 | Total Marketing Services | Composé d'amidoamine grasse quaternaire destiné à être utilisé comme additif pour carburant |
DE102019105125A1 (de) | 2019-02-28 | 2020-09-03 | Carl Zeiss Jena Gmbh | Optische Baugruppe mit geführt bewegbaren optischen Elementen und Verfahren zum geführten Bewegen eines ersten optischen Elements und eines zweiten optischen Elements |
EP3963032B1 (fr) | 2019-05-03 | 2023-01-25 | Basf Se | Emballage d'émulsifiant contenant un tensioactif d'ammonium quaternaire pour émulsion de carburant |
CA3197368A1 (fr) | 2020-11-04 | 2022-05-12 | Jochen Wagner | Ensemble emulsifiant aqueux a tensioactif anionique pour emulsion de carburant |
US12091618B2 (en) | 2020-11-20 | 2024-09-17 | Basf Se | Mixtures for improving or boosting the separation of water from fuels |
EP4263766B1 (fr) | 2020-12-16 | 2024-10-09 | Basf Se | Mélanges pour améliorer la stabilité d'ensembles d'additifs |
EP4284902A1 (fr) | 2021-01-27 | 2023-12-06 | Basf Se | Amines d'alkyle primaires ramifiées en tant qu'additifs pour carburants de type essence |
EP4074810B1 (fr) | 2021-04-15 | 2023-11-15 | Basf Se | Nouvelles compositions de réduction de la cristallisation de cristaux de paraffine dans des carburants |
BR112023021769A2 (pt) | 2021-04-22 | 2023-12-26 | Basf Se | Uso de derivados de poli-isobuteno, e, composição |
EP4105301A1 (fr) | 2021-06-15 | 2022-12-21 | Basf Se | Nouveaux paquets d'additifs pour l'essence |
WO2022263244A1 (fr) | 2021-06-16 | 2022-12-22 | Basf Se | Bétaïnes quaternisées servant d'additifs dans des carburants |
EP4163353A1 (fr) | 2021-10-06 | 2023-04-12 | Basf Se | Procédé de réduction de dépôts sur les soupapes d'admission |
EP4166631A1 (fr) | 2021-10-15 | 2023-04-19 | Basf Se | Procédé de réduction d'asphaltènes à partir de carburants marins |
EP4166630A1 (fr) | 2021-10-15 | 2023-04-19 | Basf Se | Procédé de réduction d'asphaltènes à partir de carburants marins |
WO2023117895A1 (fr) | 2021-12-21 | 2023-06-29 | Basf Se | Passeport de produit chimique pour données de production |
EP4269541A1 (fr) | 2022-04-29 | 2023-11-01 | Basf Se | Nouveaux mélanges pour améliorer ou renforcer la séparation de l'eau à partir de carburants |
WO2024061760A1 (fr) | 2022-09-23 | 2024-03-28 | Basf Se | Réduction de la cristallisation des paraffines dans des carburants |
EP4382588A1 (fr) | 2022-12-06 | 2024-06-12 | Basf Se | Additifs pour améliorer la stabilité thermique de carburants |
WO2024149635A1 (fr) | 2023-01-12 | 2024-07-18 | Basf Se | Amines ramifiées en tant qu'additifs pour carburants à base d'essence |
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DE10243361A1 (de) | 2002-09-18 | 2004-04-01 | Basf Ag | Alkoxylatgemische und diese enthaltende Waschmittel |
DE10239841A1 (de) * | 2002-08-29 | 2004-03-11 | Basf Ag | Additivgemische für Kraft- und Schmierstoffe |
DE10247795A1 (de) | 2002-10-14 | 2004-04-22 | Basf Ag | Verwendung von Hydrocarbylvinyletherhomopolymeren zur Verbesserung der Wirkung von Kaltfliessverbesserern |
DE10356595A1 (de) | 2003-12-04 | 2005-06-30 | Basf Ag | Brennstoffölzusammensetzungen mit verbesserten Kaltfließeigenschaften |
EP1591466A1 (fr) | 2004-04-26 | 2005-11-02 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Préparation des compositions comprenant des polyethers |
JP2006290956A (ja) * | 2005-04-07 | 2006-10-26 | Adeka Corp | 水系潤滑剤組成物 |
EP3406692A1 (fr) | 2005-06-16 | 2018-11-28 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Carburants comprenant un détergent à base de sel d'ammonium quaternaire |
US20080113890A1 (en) | 2006-11-09 | 2008-05-15 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Quaternary Ammonium Salt of a Polyalkene-Substituted Amine Compound |
JP5112734B2 (ja) * | 2007-04-10 | 2013-01-09 | 花王株式会社 | 第4級アンモニウム塩組成物 |
CN102108054A (zh) * | 2010-11-18 | 2011-06-29 | 浙江皇马科技股份有限公司 | 十八烷基双聚氧乙烯基苄基氯化铵的合成方法 |
-
2011
- 2011-11-04 EP EP11187959.9A patent/EP2589647A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
-
2012
- 2012-11-05 TR TR2019/05501T patent/TR201905501T4/tr unknown
- 2012-11-05 ES ES12780216T patent/ES2726102T3/es active Active
- 2012-11-05 PL PL12780216T patent/PL2773729T3/pl unknown
- 2012-11-05 EP EP12780216.3A patent/EP2773729B1/fr active Active
- 2012-11-05 KR KR1020147015015A patent/KR102033606B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2012-11-05 MX MX2014005325A patent/MX2014005325A/es unknown
- 2012-11-05 WO PCT/EP2012/071844 patent/WO2013064689A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2012-11-05 BR BR112014010671A patent/BR112014010671A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2012-11-05 HU HUE12780216 patent/HUE044181T2/hu unknown
- 2012-11-05 CA CA2854421A patent/CA2854421C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2012-11-05 CN CN201280065791.5A patent/CN104024385B/zh active Active
- 2012-11-05 AU AU2012331073A patent/AU2012331073B2/en not_active Ceased
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2854421A1 (fr) | 2013-05-10 |
TR201905501T4 (tr) | 2019-05-21 |
AU2012331073B2 (en) | 2017-11-23 |
CA2854421C (fr) | 2020-12-29 |
EP2773729B1 (fr) | 2019-02-13 |
CN104024385B (zh) | 2016-03-09 |
PL2773729T3 (pl) | 2019-07-31 |
EP2589647A1 (fr) | 2013-05-08 |
WO2013064689A1 (fr) | 2013-05-10 |
AU2012331073A1 (en) | 2014-06-26 |
KR102033606B1 (ko) | 2019-10-17 |
KR20140097288A (ko) | 2014-08-06 |
EP2773729A1 (fr) | 2014-09-10 |
MX2014005325A (es) | 2014-06-05 |
BR112014010671A2 (pt) | 2017-05-09 |
HUE044181T2 (hu) | 2019-10-28 |
CN104024385A (zh) | 2014-09-03 |
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