EP3669989B1 - Apparatus for comminution of solids - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to a device for crushing solids according to the preamble of claim 1. Such a device is known from document EP 2 829 325 A2 known.

Before waste can be adequately recycled, it must be shredded to separate recyclable solids and prepare non-recyclable waste for incineration or landfill. Above all, devices that work according to the cross-flow principle have proven themselves for the comminution of the solids, since these offer a high degree of comminution with a comparatively low power input.

A device that works on the cross-flow principle is, for example, from DE 202004007482 U1 known. The grinding chamber of the device comprises a grinding chamber wall which has individual, straight side parts which are arranged at an angle to one another. Outlet openings that can be detached from the side parts are provided in the side parts, through which comminuted material is ejected, which has a smaller particle size than the desired material particle size, which is defined by the width of the outlet openings. The desired material particle size can be adjusted by exchanging the outlet openings.

Another device that works on the cross-flow principle is from WO 2010/012512 A1 known. The device has a housing which is cylindrical and has a wall. In the operating position of the device, the housing has a feed opening in the upper area, through which solids can be fed into the housing. A rotatably mounted rotor is formed in the region of the wall, which extends in the lower part of the housing when the device is in the operating position. The rotor can be driven by a motor via belt drives in order to comminute the solids fed into the housing. The rotor is formed by a hub and chains attached to the hub. With the rotor driven, the chains extend towards the wall due to centrifugal force and break up the solids fed into the housing. The comminuted solids are discharged from the housing via a discharge opening formed in the housing and supplied for further use.

The wall and the rotor are usually made of high-strength steel to keep wear and tear to a minimum. In the case of harder solids in particular, for example solids that consist partially or entirely of steel, there is nevertheless a high degree of wear in the area of the wall. Due to the wear, the wall is literally hollowed out on the inside, which means that the housing either has to be completely replaced at regular intervals or material has to be welded on in the area of the wall, which is costly.

It is the object of the present invention to provide a device which overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art and in which a regular replacement of the housing or a regular welding of material on the housing is avoided.

The object is achieved according to the invention by a device having the features of claim 1 . Preferred embodiments of the invention are the subject matter of the dependent claims and the description.

In the device according to the invention, the wall is formed by a large number of wall segments which can be plugged together and which can be detached from the housing, the wall segments being designed in such a way that they can be plugged into one another by means of tongue and groove connections. This has the advantage that, in the event of wear in the area of the wall, the entire housing does not have to be replaced or material has to be laboriously welded onto it, rather the individual wall segments can be removed from the housing and thus replaced. In addition, the tongue and groove connection ensures that the wall segments are positioned correctly in relation to one another and that the formation of unwanted gaps through which solids could escape to the outside is avoided.

This not only saves costs, but the device can also be kept more material-friendly in operation.

In the device according to the invention, the wall is formed by a large number of wall segments which can be plugged together and which can be detached from the housing. This has the advantage that, in the event of wear in the area of the wall, the entire housing does not have to be exchanged or welded on in a costly manner, but the individual wall segments can be removed from the housing and thus exchanged. This not only saves costs, but the device can also be kept more material-friendly in operation.

Furthermore, the rotor in the device according to the invention has at least one comminution element which is fastened to at least one chain. When the rotor is driven, there is a grinding gap between each comminuting element and the wall. The resulting grinding gap improves the comminution performance, since the grinding gap increases the abrasion of the solids with one another.

For example, solids are any type of metal or metal alloy materials. However, solids can also be materials that have a high proportion of metal and also contain other elements such as plastics.

According to the invention, the wall segments are profiled in a first area that faces the rotor. The surface roughness of the wall is increased by the profiling, as a result of which the solid bodies are comminuted more quickly.

The wall segments advantageously have cooling ribs in order to be able to better dissipate heat that arises during the comminution of the solid bodies and to avoid overheating of the device. However, there is also the possibility that the wall is actively cooled by means of a cooling liquid.

The device preferably has positioning pins. The housing preferably has bores distributed around the rotor in the region of the wall, and the wall segments preferably have bores. The positioning pins are advantageously each threaded through at least one hole in the housing and holes in a plurality of wall segments in order to position the wall segments relative to the housing. The position of the wall segments in relation to the housing is specified by the positioning pins, as a result of which the wall segments can be quickly and easily repositioned in the correct position after the wall segments have been exchanged.

There is the possibility that the positioning pins are fixed, for example, via a thread on the housing and when changing, the worn wall segments are unthreaded from the positioning pins and new wall segments are threaded onto the positioning pins. In this regard, it is advantageous if the tip of the positioning pins has a thread in order to brace the wall segments against the housing by means of a nut.

There is also the possibility that the positioning pins can be detached from the housing and can be threaded out of the bores in the wall segments. This has the advantage that after the positioning pins have been released, the wall segments can simply be detached from the side of the housing and do not have to be laboriously unthreaded from the positioning pins. In this connection, the positioning pins are provided with a cross pin at one end, which is threaded into the bore of the housing and the bores of the wall segments, and at the other end with a nut, the bores being additionally slotted to facilitate threading and to provide space for the cross pin. The bores expediently have a shape similar to a keyhole. Turning the positioning pins 90 degrees after threading them in locks them, whereby the wall segments can be clamped by tightening the nut. To loosen the positioning pins, after loosening the nut, they are turned back 90 degrees or turned further, which allows them to be threaded out through the bores.

The device advantageously has at least one clamping element, the at least one clamping element fixing at least one wall segment to the housing. The at least one clamping element is formed, for example, by at least one toggle joint that can be actuated by muscle power, by at least one hydraulic cylinder that fixes the wall segments to the housing directly or via at least one intermediate element, and/or by the positioning pins, if present. The fixing of the wall segments via the at least one clamping element prevents the wall segments from slipping.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, damping elements are formed in the hub, with the chains being held on the hub in a vibration- and shock-damped manner by the damping elements. The damping elements are formed, for example, by rubber elements and/or spring elements, which each hold at least one chain link in a form-fitting manner on the hub. The noise generated during the comminution of the solids is significantly reduced by the damping elements, and load changes resulting from the comminution are damped and transmitted from the chains to the motor. This extends the service life of the motor and protects the rotor and motor bearings.

The device preferably has a control device, by means of which a speed of the motor can be controlled. The degree of comminution can be changed by different speeds. The faster the rotor rotates, the faster and smaller the solids are crushed.

In a particularly preferred embodiment variant, the discharge opening is covered with chains, with solids that have been sufficiently comminuted and accelerated by the rotor penetrating the chains and exiting from the housing. The chains act as a kind of sieve, whereby the chains prevent insufficiently comminuted solids from leaving the housing. The size of the solids that can be discharged from the housing is influenced by the selection of the chain links and the distance between the chains. The larger the chain links and the greater the distance between the chains, the larger the solids can leave the housing through the discharge opening. Furthermore, the chains have the advantage that impurities that cannot be crushed are conveyed out of the housing by the chains, as a result of which damage is avoided and the entire device does not have to be switched off in order to remove the impurities.

At least two clamping bolts are advantageously formed in the area of the discharge opening, which are arranged spaced apart from one another and are each threaded through different chain links of the chains. A distance between the tensioning bolts can be changed by a sliding bearing of at least one tensioning bolt in order to tension the chains to different extents. The sliding bearing is formed, for example, by an eccentric bearing of a clamping bolt or by a rail, with the at least one clamping bolt being advantageously changed in its position relative to the other clamping bolt when mounted by means of a rail via a screw drive.

The device expediently has a slide which is formed in the discharge opening. A cross section of the discharge opening can be changed via the slide. There is the possibility that the slider is perforated, with the size of the holes being able to determine a maximum size of the solids that are discharged from the housing.

The at least one wall segment preferably has a fluid opening, by means of which fluids can be fed into the housing and/or by means of which fluids can be discharged from the housing. The fluid opening is advantageously formed by at least one hole or by at least one slit. For example, an inert gas can be conducted into the housing through the fluid opening in order to prevent solids containing combustible materials from igniting during comminution.

The rotor can expediently be driven directly by the motor via a shaft. Advantageously, an elastic coupling is additionally formed between the motor and the rotor or between the motor and the shaft on which the rotor is seated, in order to absorb vibrations that occur during the comminution acting on the rotor, to be transmitted to the motor in a damped manner. But there is also the possibility that the motor drives the rotor via a belt drive or a chain.

The motor is advantageously formed by a servo motor or a hydraulic motor.

• Figur 1 zeigt eine Ausführungsform einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung in einer Seitenansicht.
• Figuren 2 und 3 zeigen einen Rotor der Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung gemäß Figur 1 in Seitenansicht und in Draufsicht.
• Figuren 4 und 5 zeigen eine alternative Ausführungsform eines Rotors in Seitenansicht und in Draufsicht.

Further advantageous embodiments of the device according to the invention are explained in more detail below with reference to the figures.

• figure 1 shows an embodiment of a device according to the invention in a side view.
• Figures 2 and 3 show a rotor of the embodiment of the device according to the invention figure 1 in side view and in top view.
• Figures 4 and 5 show an alternative embodiment of a rotor in side view and in plan view.

figure 1 shows an embodiment of a device 1 according to the invention for crushing solids in a side view. The device 1 comprises a housing 2 with a wall 3 and a feed opening 4 for feeding solids into the housing 2.

The housing 2 is cylindrical and is arranged in an upright position in the operating position of the device 1 . The feed opening 4 is located in the operating position of the device 1 in the upper part of the housing 2. The wall 3 is arranged in the operating position of the device 1 in the lower area 6 of the housing 2. The wall 3 represents the outer surface of the housing 2 in the area 6.

The device 1 has a rotor 5, which is rotatably mounted in the region 6 of the wall 3, and a motor 7, which is designed to drive the rotor 5 in order to comminute solids fed into the housing 2. The motor 7 is connected to the rotor 5 directly via a shaft 12 which is rotatably mounted in a bearing housing 13 flanged to the housing 2 . The motor 7 is flanged to the bearing housing 13 . The motor 7 is advantageously connected to the shaft 12 via an elastic coupling.

However, there is also the possibility that the motor 7 and the rotor 5 are connected via a belt drive, gear wheels or a chain.

The device 1 has a control device 27, by means of which a speed of the motor 7 can be controlled. The degree of comminution of the solids can be changed via the speed.

The rotor 5 is formed by a hub 8, chains 9 and 29 crushing elements. Damping elements 26 are formed in the hub 8 , the chains 9 being held in the hub 8 in a damped manner by the damping elements 26 . When the rotor 5 is driven, the chains 9 and the comminuting elements 29 extend in the direction of the wall 3 due to the centrifugal force, with a milling gap 32 being established between each comminuting element 29 and the wall 3 .

If the rotor 5 is not driven, the chains 9 rest at least partially and the comminuting elements 29 rest completely on a base 10 of the housing 2 . In addition, the rotor 5 has extensions 11 . In figure 1 only one chain 9 , one extension 11 and one crushing element 29 is shown for reasons of clarity.

The housing 2 has a discharge opening 15 in the region 6 through which crushed solids can be discharged from the housing 2 . The discharge opening 15 is covered with chains 28. The chains 28 act like a kind of sieve, as a result of which only sufficiently comminuted solids are discharged from the housing 2 . Furthermore, the chains 28 have the advantage that impurities that cannot be crushed are discharged directly by the chains 28, as a result of which they are discharged without damage and the device 1 does not have to be switched off separately for discharging them.

In the area of the discharge opening 15, two clamping bolts 37 and 38 are also formed. The clamping bolts 37 and 38 are arranged at a distance from one another and are each threaded through different chain links of the chains 28 . At least one of the clamping bolts 37 or 38 is displaceably mounted by means of a sliding bearing, e.g. an eccentric or a rail with spindle adjustment, as a result of which a distance between the clamping bolts 37 and 38 can be changed. By changing the distance, the chains 28 can be tightened to different extents.

The wall 3 is formed by a large number of wall segments 14 that can be plugged together. See in particular the Figures 2 and 3 . The wall segments 14 are arc-shaped and extend over an angle of 60°. However, there is also the possibility that these extend over a larger or smaller angle. The angle is advantageously selected in such a way that the wall segments do not become too long and their position can still be changed individually by one person.

The wall segments 14 have a groove 16 at a first end and a tongue 17 at a second end so that they can be plugged into one another. Only the wall segments 14 which are arranged in the area of the discharge opening 15 have either a groove 16 or a tongue 17 . These wall segments 14 are also only partially arcuate.

Furthermore, the wall segments 14 are profiled in a first area 18 , which faces the rotor 5 , and they have cooling ribs 20 in a second area 19 , which faces away from the rotor 5 .

Furthermore, the device 1 has positioning pins 21 and the wall segments 14 have bores 22 and the housing 2 has bores 39 . The bores 39 are distributed around the rotor 5 in the base 10 in the area 6 of the wall. The bores 22 and 39 essentially have the shape of a keyhole. The positioning pins 21 have transverse pins 41 at one end 40 and a nut 43 at the other end 42 . By means of the end 40, a positioning pin 21 can be threaded through superimposed bores 22 and 39, by turning the positioning pin 21 by 90 degrees, it is locked and can no longer be unthreaded simply by pulling. The wall segments 14 on the housing 2 are clamped by tightening the nut 43 . To release the positioning pins 21, after loosening the nut 43, they are rotated back through 90 degrees or rotated further, as a result of which they can be threaded out through the bores 22 and 39. When the positioning pins 21 are unthreaded, the wall segments 14 can be easily removed laterally.

Furthermore, the device 1 has a clamping element 23, the clamping element 23 being formed by a plurality of hydraulic cylinders 24 and an intermediate element 25 in the form of a ring.

A change of the wall segments 14 will now be described in more detail below.

To change the wall segments 14 , the supply of solids to the housing 2 is interrupted and the motor 7 is stopped with a time delay via the control device 27 in order to discharge as much crushed solids as possible from the housing 2 via the discharge opening 15 .

In a first step, all nuts 43 are loosened and all positioning pins 21 are removed by being rotated 90 degrees and threaded through the bores 22 of the wall segments 14 and through the bore 39 of the housing 2.

Subsequently, the intermediate element 25 is raised via the hydraulic cylinders 24, as a result of which a neck 30 connected to the intermediate element 25 is pushed into the rest of the stationary housing 2, which is held by uprights 31. See right side of figure 1 .

By lifting the intermediate element 25, the wall segments 14 are exposed, as a result of which they can be detached laterally from the rest of the housing 2. New wall segments 14 are placed again in place of the removed wall segments 14 in such a way that the individual bores 22 of the wall segments 14 lie one above the other. If all defective wall segments 14 or all wall segments 14 that have reached their wear limit have been replaced, the intermediate element 25 is lowered again via the hydraulic cylinder 24, as a result of which the wall segments 14 are fixed and the wall 3 is closed again. See left page figure 1 . Now all positioning pins 21 are again threaded through the holes 22 and 39 and fixed by turning them through 90 degrees. By tightening the nuts 43, the wall segments 14 are clamped. There is the possibility that the wall segments 14 are only stretched over the intermediate element 25 and the positioning pins 21 serve as additional fixation, or that the wall segments 14 are stretched over the intermediate element 25 and over the positioning pins 21 . Furthermore, there is the possibility that the wall segments are only stretched over the positioning pins 21 and the intermediate element 25 is only placed on the wall segments 14 . Due to the construction according to the invention, the entire housing no longer has to be replaced or material has to be welded on in a complex manner in the event of wear.

After the wall segments 14 are tensioned again, the rotor 5 can be driven again by the motor 7 and solids can be fed into the feed opening 4 .

Figures 4 and 5 each show detailed views of an alternative embodiment of a rotor 33 in a side view and in a plan view. The rotor 33 differs from the rotor 5, which is Figures 2 and 3 is shown in detail in that the rotor 33 has four chains 34 and that crushing elements 35 are held by two chains 34 each. Furthermore, the rotor 33 has no extensions 11 .

The crushing elements 35 are profiled on a side facing the wall 3 in order to change their roughness. In this embodiment of the rotor 33, a grinding gap 36 is selected to be very small, as a result of which the solids are particularly finely comminuted.

Claims (13)

1. A device (1) for comminuting solids, comprising

   a housing (2) with a wall (3) and a feed opening (4) for feeding solids into the housing (2),

   a rotor (5; 33) rotatably mounted in the housing (2) in the area (6) of the wall (3),

   a motor (7) adapted for driving the rotor (5; 33) in order to comminute solids fed into the housing (2),

   the rotor (5) being formed by a hub (8) and chains (9; 34) attached to the hub (8) and extending towards the wall (3) when the rotor (5, 33) is driven, the rotor (5; 33) having at least one comminution element (29; 35) being attached to at least one chain (9; 34) respectively, and the housing (2) having a discharge opening (15) through which comminuted solids can be discharged from the housing (2), wherein a grinding gap (32; 36) forms between each comminution element (29; 35) and the wall (3) when the rotor (5; 33) is driven, characterized in

   that the wall (3) is formed by a plurality of interconnectable wall segments (14) that are releasable from the housing (2), the wall segments (14) being formed so that they can be fitted into each other via a groove (16) and tongue (17) connection, and

   that the wall segments (14) are profiled in a first area (18) facing the rotor (5; 33) and have cooling fins (20) in a second area (19) facing away from the rotor (5; 33).
2. The device (1) according to claim 1 characterized in that the device (1) has positioning pins (21), that the housing (2) has bores (39) in the area (6) of the wall (3) distributed around the rotor (5; 33), and that the wall segments (14) have bores (22), the positioning pins (21) each being lead through at least one bore of the housing (2) and bores (22) of several wall segments in order to position the wall segment (14) with regard to the housing (2).
3. The device (1) according to claim 2 characterized in that the positioning pins (21) are releasable and can be pulled out of the bores (22) of the wall segments (14).
4. The device (1) according to any one of the claims 1 to 3 characterized in that the device (1) has at least one tightening element (23), the at least one tightening element (23) fixing at least one wall segment (14) to the housing (2).
5. The device (1) according to claim 4 characterized in that the at least one tightening element (23) is formed by at least one knee lever joint, which is activatable by muscle force, by at least one hydraulic cylinder (24), which fixes the wall segments (14) to the housing (2) directly or via at least one intermediate element (25), and/or, if present, by the positioning pins (21).
6. The device (1) according to any one of the claims 1 to 5 characterized in that dampening elements (26) are formed in the hub (8), the chains (9; 34) being kept at the hub (8) in a dampened manner by the dampening element (26).
7. The device (1) according to any one of the claims 1 to 6 characterized in that the device (1) has a control unit (27) by means of which the rotation speed of the motor (7) can be controlled.
8. The device (1) according to any one of the claims 1 to 7 characterized in that the discharge opening (15) is covered by chains (28), sufficiently comminuted solids accelerated by the rotor (5; 33) penetrating the chains (28) and exiting the housing (2).
9. The device (1) according to claim 8 characterized in that at least two clamping bolts (37, 38) are formed in the area of the discharge opening (15), which are spaced apart from each other and led through different chain links of the chain (28), wherein a distance between the clamping bolts (37, 38) is changeable due to a slide bearing mounting of at least one clamping bolt (37, 38) in order to tighten the chains (28) differently.
10. The device (1) according to any one of the claims 1 to 9 characterized in that a slider is formed in the discharge opening, by means of which a cross-section of the discharge opening is changeable.
11. The device (1) according to claim 10 characterized in that the slider is perforated.
12. The device according to any one of the claims 1 to 11 characterized in that a fluid opening is formed in at least one if the wall segments, by means of which fluids can be fed into the housing and/or by means of which fluids can be discharged from the housing.
13. The device (1) according to any one of the claims 1 to 12 characterized in that the rotor (5; 33) is directly drivable by the motor (7) via a shaft (12).

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