EP3558756A1 - Stossfängeranordnung für den frontbereich eines personenkraftwagens - Google Patents
Stossfängeranordnung für den frontbereich eines personenkraftwagensInfo
- Publication number
- EP3558756A1 EP3558756A1 EP17818149.1A EP17818149A EP3558756A1 EP 3558756 A1 EP3558756 A1 EP 3558756A1 EP 17818149 A EP17818149 A EP 17818149A EP 3558756 A1 EP3558756 A1 EP 3558756A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- spring element
- cross member
- passenger car
- bumper
- spring
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60R19/00—Wheel guards; Radiator guards, e.g. grilles; Obstruction removers; Fittings damping bouncing force in collisions
- B60R19/02—Bumpers, i.e. impact receiving or absorbing members for protecting vehicles or fending off blows from other vehicles or objects
- B60R19/18—Bumpers, i.e. impact receiving or absorbing members for protecting vehicles or fending off blows from other vehicles or objects characterised by the cross-section; Means within the bumper to absorb impact
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60R19/00—Wheel guards; Radiator guards, e.g. grilles; Obstruction removers; Fittings damping bouncing force in collisions
- B60R19/02—Bumpers, i.e. impact receiving or absorbing members for protecting vehicles or fending off blows from other vehicles or objects
- B60R19/04—Bumpers, i.e. impact receiving or absorbing members for protecting vehicles or fending off blows from other vehicles or objects formed from more than one section in a side-by-side arrangement
- B60R19/12—Bumpers, i.e. impact receiving or absorbing members for protecting vehicles or fending off blows from other vehicles or objects formed from more than one section in a side-by-side arrangement vertically spaced
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60R19/00—Wheel guards; Radiator guards, e.g. grilles; Obstruction removers; Fittings damping bouncing force in collisions
- B60R19/02—Bumpers, i.e. impact receiving or absorbing members for protecting vehicles or fending off blows from other vehicles or objects
- B60R19/18—Bumpers, i.e. impact receiving or absorbing members for protecting vehicles or fending off blows from other vehicles or objects characterised by the cross-section; Means within the bumper to absorb impact
- B60R2019/186—Additional energy absorbing means supported on bumber beams, e.g. cellular structures or material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60R21/00—Arrangements or fittings on vehicles for protecting or preventing injuries to occupants or pedestrians in case of accidents or other traffic risks
- B60R21/34—Protecting non-occupants of a vehicle, e.g. pedestrians
Definitions
- the invention relates to a bumper assembly for the front region of a
- a generic bumper assembly is for example from the
- the known bumper assembly has an upper and a lower load path.
- the upper load path is formed by upper side members and an upper cross member and carries in the event of a collision of the
- the lower load path is formed by lower side members and a lower cross member.
- the lower cross member is commonly referred to as lower stiffener or lower bumper stiffener. Both cross members are covered by a bumper cover.
- the lower cross member serves to stiffen the bumper fascia in its lower region, in particular in the case of accidental application of force to a pedestrian. In the collision of a lower leg of a pedestrian with the bumper fascia causes the lower cross member that the pedestrian in the area of his lower leg with a
- the object of the invention is to further develop the known bumper assembly. This object is achieved by a bumper assembly with the features of
- Claim 10 relates to a passenger car with a
- the core idea of the invention according to claim 1 is to provide the lower load path in addition to an energy-absorbing element or instead of an energy-absorbing element with a spring element.
- This inventively provided spring element has the effect that in the event of a collision of the passenger car with a pedestrian pedestrian best possible in the direction of the front door of the
- the material of the spring element is chosen and / or the spring element is dimensioned in terms of its geometry so that the collision-induced deformation of the spring element is at least predominantly in the range of elastic deformation, so the proportion of plastic deformation is very low.
- the spring element is a component which ideally has only elastic properties and thus fundamentally differs from the known energy-absorbing elements which make no or no appreciable contribution to the "rebound".
- the spring element extends substantially over the entire width of the lower cross member.
- the advantageous function of the spring element is given regardless of where the bumper assembly, the collision of the passenger car with the pedestrian he follows.
- the spring element may be a single continuous
- Act spring element or a plurality of spring elements.
- the spring stiffness of the spring element (or the plurality of spring elements) in the vehicle transverse direction is uneven.
- the "rebound" can be adapted to the collision point, as a rule only a comparatively small one in the middle of the vehicle
- Cross section has the shape of a "wave.”
- the term “wave” includes all cross sections having a shape similar to a sinusoid. Of course, similar cross-sectional shapes are included herein, such as zigzag, accordion or bellows-like cross sections. This can be “a single" wave (corresponding to a sinusoid over 360 degrees) or a part thereof or several in
- the spring element can be made in one piece.
- the wave-like spring element In the event of a collision, the wave-like spring element is compressed. In other words, with the aid of a tangent, which is applied to the wave crest and / or to the wave trough of the spring element: In the event of a collision, the
- the spring element in the form of a (nearly) complete wave, in the sense of a sinusoid with about 360 degrees.
- the rigidity of the spring element can be influenced in a further development of the invention by the introduction of one or more stiffening elements.
- the at least one stiffening element is preferably flat and arranged approximately in an XZ plane of the passenger car.
- the term "XZ plane" also includes slightly different orientations due to a curved course of the lower cross member in its lateral sections.
- the spring element is arranged under bias on the cross member, wherein a device is provided which releases the stored energy in the event of a collision.
- the device can, for example, sensor-controlled with correspondingly large
- acting forces and / or accelerations release the spring energy, for example by an electromagnetically displaceable in a release position locking pin.
- the spring element may have on its side facing away from the vehicle a means for positive connection with the lower cross member.
- the positive connection can be generated during assembly of the spring element, preferably during or after the application of a bias voltage to the spring element. In the event of a collision, the positive locking is released and the originally introduced energy is released.
- the embodiment described is very inexpensive and is characterized by a particularly high reliability.
- Claim 10 relates to a passenger car with an inventive
- Location information (for example, front, rear) refer to the direction of travel of the passenger car when driving forward. Possible embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the drawing and are explained in more detail below. It shows:
- FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a bumper assembly in longitudinal section, according to the prior art
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of the invention corresponding to FIG. 1, FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a bumper assembly according to the invention.
- Fig. 6 shows an embodiment of the invention in a schematic perspective
- Fig. 7 is a schematic sectional view of the article of Fig. 6, Fig. 8 to 10 further embodiments of the invention in a schematic
- Fig. 1 1 to 15 different embodiments of spring elements in a schematic
- Hg 16 is a schematic sectional view of a spring element and a
- FIG. 17 shows a representation corresponding to FIG. 16 of another
- 18a to 18d are schematic sectional views of a spring element on a lower cross member, in different positions of
- the direction of travel is denoted by FR and a coordinate system with the spatial directions X (vehicle longitudinal direction), Y (vehicle transverse direction) and Z
- the X direction runs parallel to the direction of travel FR.
- Fig. 1 shows the front portion of a passenger car with a bumper assembly 102 according to the prior art.
- the known bumper assembly 102 has an upper and a lower load path 1 10 and 120, with an upper and a lower cross member 1 12 and 122, respectively.
- the bumper assembly 102 is of a
- Front cover 104 covered.
- a support 1 14 provided from an energy-absorbing absorber foam.
- the lower cross member 122 has an energy absorbing pad or liner 124 on the front side. This may be, for example, a foam material or a support with a plastically deformable rib structure.
- leg impactor B for example a so-called FLEX-PLI leg impactor ("Flexible Pedestrian Legform Impactor").
- the leg impactor B symbolizes a pedestrian crosswise to the direction of travel FR
- At Beinimpaktor B an inner band MCL is shown and an opening angle W1 between lower leg T and thigh F.
- the arrow R1 describes the extent of displacement of the lower leg T after hitting the front panel 102 in the region of the lower cross member 1 12. Because the plastic deformation of the
- the lower leg T is not significantly shifted in the same direction as the thigh F. This creates a
- FIG. 2 shows a front region of a passenger vehicle according to the invention with a bumper arrangement 2, with an upper and a lower load path 10 or 20 and with an upper and a lower cross member 12 and 22, respectively.
- the bumper assembly 2 is covered by a front panel 4.
- a support 14 is provided from an energy-absorbing absorber foam.
- a spring element 30 is arranged on the front side of the lower cross member 22.
- FIG. 2 also shows a simulated collision situation of the passenger car with a pedestrian, using a leg impactor B.
- FIG. 2 also shows a simulated collision situation of the passenger car with a pedestrian, using a leg impactor B.
- FIG. 2 also shows a simulated collision situation of the passenger car with a pedestrian, using a leg impactor B.
- FIG. 2 also shows a simulated collision situation of the passenger car with a pedestrian, using a leg impactor B.
- FIG. 2 also shows a simulated collision situation of the passenger car with a pedestrian, using a leg impactor B.
- Bumper assembly 102 of the prior art with a lower elongation of the inner band MCL.
- FIG. 3 shows the integration of a bumper arrangement 2 according to the invention into a front region of a passenger car. Only the right front area of the passenger car is shown. The same components are designated by the same reference numerals as in Fig. 2.
- the upper load path 10 is formed by upper side members 16 (of which only the right upper side member 16 is shown) and the upper cross member 12.
- the lower load path 20 is formed by lower side members 26 (of which only the right lower side member 26 is shown) and the lower cross member 22.
- the spring element 30 is provided according to the invention, which extends over the entire width of the lower cross member 22 (in Fig. 3, only the right, reaching to the middle of the vehicle half of the cross member 22 is shown).
- Spring element 30 is provided along the entire width extension of the cross member 22, so both in the central portion 22m and on the slightly counter to the direction of travel FR rearwardly angled lateral portions 22s of the lower cross member 22nd
- the spring element 30 is corrugated in cross-section and has - based on the
- Direction of travel FR approximately the shape of a "lying S.” At its front there is an approximately horizontally projecting web 32.
- the spring element 30 On the rear side, the spring element 30 has a mounting position approximately in a YZ plane of the passenger car extending flange 34, for connection to the Front 23 of the lower cross member 22 is used.
- Fig. 4 shows the lower cross member 22 in a schematic representation in plan view.
- the spring element 30 is provided which extends over the entire width of the lower cross member 22.
- the spring element 30 in Fig. 4 is shown as a plurality of individual spring elements 30a, which are arranged at partially different distances from each other and / or The connection of the lower cross member 22 to the lower longitudinal members 26 via deformation elements 28, so-called "Defoboxen” which reduce kinetic energy in the event of a collision by plastic deformation.
- Fig. 5 illustrates once again the possibility of the elastic properties of the
- Spring element 30 along the width extent of the lower cross member 22 to vary.
- the spring element 30 may have a lower spring rate in its middle section 30m than in its lateral sections 30s. This design can be chosen, for example, when the lower cross member 22 in its central portion 22m has a higher elasticity than in its to the
- FIG. 6 and 7 show an embodiment of a over the width of the lower cross member 22 not shown reaching spring element 30, wherein in Fig. 6, only the right half of the spring element 30 is shown.
- the spring element 30 is in
- the cross-section of the spring element 30 could also be described as "lying S.”
- the stiffness and / or the spring rate of the spring element 30 can be influenced in an advantageous manner by the provision of rib-like stiffening elements 36.
- the stiffening elements 36 are formed flat and extend in the central portion 30m of the spring element 30 approximately parallel to an XZ plane of the passenger car. In the lateral sections 30s (in the present case, only the right lateral section 30s is shown), the orientation of the
- Stiffening elements 32 slightly from the X-Z plane and is based on the
- the stiffening elements 36 can be arranged at different positions of the spring element 30. 7 illustrates in principle that the stiffening elements 36 can stiffen the "wave arc", ie the "wave crest” and / or the "wave trough", and / or the flange 34. Deviating from the schematic illustration of FIG the stiffening elements 36 also fill only a part of the wave crest or the wave trough of the spring element 30.
- the stiffening elements 36 may be arranged along the width extent of the spring element 30 with the same or with different distances from each other. Thus, in Fig. 6, an equidistant arrangement of the stiffening elements 36, which stiffen the flange shown. While the stiffening members 36 (for stiffening the flange 34) are along the entire widthwise extent of the spring member 30, the stiffening members 36 (for stiffening the "troughs") are provided only in the side portions 30s and mid portion 30m of the spring member 30.
- FIGS. 8 to 10 show different embodiments of spring elements 30. All embodiments have a wave-shaped cross section of the spring element 30 in common. However, the individual spring elements 30 have different "high" wave-shaped cross sections ("amplitude" A) and also different wall thickness D. On the spring elements 30 as shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, stiffening elements 36 are provided, each of which attaches to the flange 34 of the spring elements 30.
- Figs. 1 1 to 15 show sections of different embodiments of
- Spring elements 30 in a schematic representation. As already explained in connection with FIGS. 8 to 10, the individual spring elements 30 have different "high" wave-shaped cross-sections ("amplitude” A) and also different wall thicknesses D.
- the spring elements 30 according to Figures 12 and 14 are hereby provided with differently configured stiffening elements 36.
- Figure 15 is a spring element 30 with several successive "waves" 30w shown schematically, while the spring elements 30 according to FIGS. 1 1 to 14 each have approximately only one complete shaft.
- Front panel 4 are pulled.
- this is not possible with a tapered design of the front panel 4 according to Figure 17:
- the spring element 30 with its spring geometry can not be pulled to the front edge of the front panel 4.
- the spring element 30 should be supported from the beginning of the collision
- a web 32 is provided, which bridges the space in the X direction, so that the impact energy from the collision can be introduced earlier in the spring element 30. This significantly improves the "rebound".
- the front panel 4 is applied in the collision with a Beinimpaktor or in real accident with the legs of a pedestrian relatively punctually with force and gives this force to the spring element 30 arranged behind it.
- the load distribution in the vehicle transverse direction Y can be influenced.
- the width of the passenger car web 32 acts quasi this as a stiffening rib, through which the selective energy input over a large area is introduced into the spring element 30.
- a larger proportion of the spring element 30 is energized, which is synonymous with an increase in the spring stiffness.
- FIGS. 18a to 18d show a spring element 30 which can be brought under pretension on a lower cross member 22. This spring element 30 is partially decoupled from the cross member 22 in the event of a collision, releasing the previously stored spring energy.
- the elasticity of the spring element 30 is generated by its resilient portion 31.
- the resilient portion 31 has in cross-section approximately zigzag arranged walls 33.
- the walls 33 form a "full wavelength" analogous to a complete sine wave, with a length L1 in the relaxed state.
- a chamber 38 is provided whose rounded Au .kontur is adapted to the inner contour of the front panel 4. Through the chamber 38, the rigidity of the spring element 30 is increased. This is for example at a height offset between on the one hand the front edge of the front panel 4 as a contact point in the lower load path 20 and on the other hand, the cross member 22 of
- Such an offset in the height direction Z of the passenger car basically produces a rotation of the spring element 30 upwards or downwards.
- the "rebound" is weakened, since it is no longer ideally ideally parallel to the longitudinal direction X of the passenger car.
- the chamber 38 can be omitted depending on the altitude of the lower load path 20 or less rigid.
- the spring element 30 With its flange 34, the spring element 30 is supported on the front side 23 of a lower cross member 22.
- a cantilevered arm 42 On the front wall 40 of the spring element 30, a cantilevered arm 42 is arranged with an end hook 44.
- the arm 42 is under an internal bias and protrudes upward (Figure 18a).
- the spring element 30 is fixed to the lower cross member 22 by the flange 34 is brought to bear against the front side 23 of the lower cross member 22. Subsequently, the resilient portion 31 of the spring element 30 is compressed according to the direction of the arrow K2 so far that with the concomitant depression of the arm 42, the hook 44 engages around the cross member 22 and forms a positive fit with the cross member 22 in this position. In this compressed position has the resilient Section 31 of the spring member 30 has a length L2 and is under bias
- a bumper assembly 2 of a passenger car has an upper and a lower load path 10 and 20, respectively.
- a spring element 30 is provided according to the invention, which in the event of a collision of a foot pedestrian with the passenger car exerts an additional force on the lower leg T of the pedestrian to the
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Body Structure For Vehicles (AREA)
- Vibration Dampers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102016226093.6A DE102016226093A1 (de) | 2016-12-22 | 2016-12-22 | Stoßfängeranordnung für den Frontbereich eines Personenkraftwagens |
| PCT/EP2017/084001 WO2018115230A1 (de) | 2016-12-22 | 2017-12-21 | Stossfängeranordnung für den frontbereich eines personenkraftwagens |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3558756A1 true EP3558756A1 (de) | 2019-10-30 |
Family
ID=60782229
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP17818149.1A Withdrawn EP3558756A1 (de) | 2016-12-22 | 2017-12-21 | Stossfängeranordnung für den frontbereich eines personenkraftwagens |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US11052844B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP3558756A1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP7005630B2 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN110087954B (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102016226093A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2018115230A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US11305710B2 (en) * | 2019-07-26 | 2022-04-19 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Bumper assembly |
| DE102019211695B4 (de) * | 2019-08-05 | 2024-09-05 | Audi Ag | Stoßfängeranordnung für eine Fahrzeugfront |
| DE102020106435A1 (de) * | 2020-03-10 | 2021-09-16 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Deformationsvorrichtung sowie Stoßfänger eines Kraftfahrzeuges |
| CN115214523B (zh) * | 2021-03-31 | 2023-11-10 | 广州汽车集团股份有限公司 | 小腿保护装置、车辆前端行人保护装置及车辆 |
Family Cites Families (25)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3232940C2 (de) * | 1982-09-04 | 1985-10-10 | Daimler-Benz Ag, 7000 Stuttgart | Stoßfänger für einen Kraftwagen |
| EP1065108B1 (de) * | 1999-06-28 | 2004-04-21 | Mazda Motor Corporation | Kraftfahrzeug- Vorderwagenaufbau |
| DE10100875B4 (de) | 2001-01-11 | 2008-06-26 | Benteler Automobiltechnik Gmbh | Stossfängeranordnung |
| JP2002274298A (ja) * | 2001-03-15 | 2002-09-25 | Fuji Heavy Ind Ltd | 車両用バンパ構造 |
| ES2237634T3 (es) * | 2001-07-05 | 2005-08-01 | Dynamit Nobel Kunststoff Gmbh | Apoyo de parachoques para la proteccion mejorada para peatones en vehiculos automoviles. |
| DE10137911A1 (de) * | 2001-07-05 | 2003-01-16 | Dynamit Nobel Kunststoff Gmbh | Stossfängerabstützung für verbesserten Fussgängerschutz bei Kraftfahrzeugen |
| DE10232321B4 (de) * | 2002-07-17 | 2014-01-16 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Stoßfängerträger für ein Fahrzeug |
| JP2004058726A (ja) * | 2002-07-25 | 2004-02-26 | Fuji Heavy Ind Ltd | 自動車用バンパ構造 |
| JP2005178682A (ja) * | 2003-12-22 | 2005-07-07 | Calsonic Kansei Corp | 自動車の車体前部構造 |
| JP2005324654A (ja) * | 2004-05-13 | 2005-11-24 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 車体前部構造 |
| DE102004030794B4 (de) * | 2004-06-25 | 2009-05-07 | Hbpo Gmbh | Fahrzeugfrontendmodul mit Fußgängerschutzvorrichtung |
| JP2007204017A (ja) | 2006-02-06 | 2007-08-16 | Fuji Heavy Ind Ltd | 衝撃吸収部材およびそれを用いた車両用バンパ構造 |
| CN2936847Y (zh) * | 2006-08-09 | 2007-08-22 | 姚俊林 | 汽车缓冲碰撞装置 |
| DE102008038062B3 (de) | 2008-08-16 | 2010-06-17 | Audi Ag | Kraftfahrzeug umfassend ein oder mehrere im Fahrzeuginneren vorgesehene Insassenschutzsysteme |
| US7959197B2 (en) * | 2008-10-30 | 2011-06-14 | Shape Corp. | Bumper beam with multi-concavity-defining cross section |
| DE102010006978A1 (de) * | 2010-02-05 | 2011-08-11 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC, ( n. d. Ges. d. Staates Delaware ), Mich. | Stoßfängeranordnung für ein Kraftfahrzeug |
| US8182023B2 (en) * | 2010-03-16 | 2012-05-22 | Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V. | Plastically deformable spring energy management systems and methods for making and using the same |
| JP5585260B2 (ja) * | 2010-07-20 | 2014-09-10 | マツダ株式会社 | 車両の前部車体構造 |
| DE102010056390A1 (de) * | 2010-12-28 | 2012-06-28 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Frontbereich eines Fahrzeugs und Fahrzeug |
| DE102013205490A1 (de) | 2013-03-27 | 2014-10-02 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Stoßfängeranordnung für einen Personenkraftwagen sowie Personenkraftwagen mit einer solchen Stoßfängeranordnung |
| JP6098433B2 (ja) * | 2013-08-21 | 2017-03-22 | マツダ株式会社 | 車両の車体前部構造 |
| JP6160464B2 (ja) * | 2013-12-05 | 2017-07-12 | マツダ株式会社 | 車両の前部車体構造 |
| DE102014016044A1 (de) | 2014-10-29 | 2016-05-04 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC (n. d. Ges. d. Staates Delaware) | Frontpartie eines Kraftfahrzeugs und Stoßfängeraussteifung dazu |
| US10144386B2 (en) * | 2015-02-13 | 2018-12-04 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Belly pan and energy absorption system for a motor vehicle |
| SE538715C2 (sv) | 2015-05-28 | 2016-10-25 | Autoliv Dev | Pedestrian safety arrangement for a vehicle |
-
2016
- 2016-12-22 DE DE102016226093.6A patent/DE102016226093A1/de active Pending
-
2017
- 2017-12-21 CN CN201780079373.4A patent/CN110087954B/zh active Active
- 2017-12-21 EP EP17818149.1A patent/EP3558756A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2017-12-21 JP JP2019534297A patent/JP7005630B2/ja active Active
- 2017-12-21 WO PCT/EP2017/084001 patent/WO2018115230A1/de not_active Ceased
-
2019
- 2019-06-21 US US16/448,645 patent/US11052844B2/en active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2018115230A1 (de) | 2018-06-28 |
| CN110087954A (zh) | 2019-08-02 |
| DE102016226093A1 (de) | 2018-06-28 |
| JP7005630B2 (ja) | 2022-01-21 |
| JP2020501981A (ja) | 2020-01-23 |
| US20190308577A1 (en) | 2019-10-10 |
| CN110087954B (zh) | 2022-09-13 |
| US11052844B2 (en) | 2021-07-06 |
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