Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K8/0241—Containing particulates characterized by their shape and/or structure
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
  • A61K33/24—Heavy metals; Compounds thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
  • A61K33/24—Heavy metals; Compounds thereof
  • A61K33/30—Zinc; Compounds thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/19—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing inorganic ingredients
  • A61K8/27—Zinc; Compounds thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/19—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing inorganic ingredients
  • A61K8/29—Titanium; Compounds thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K8/84—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions otherwise than those involving only carbon-carbon unsaturated bonds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
  • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
  • A61K9/51—Nanocapsules; Nanoparticles
  • A61K9/5107—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/5176—Compounds of unknown constitution, e.g. material from plants or animals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
  • A61Q17/00—Barrier preparations; Preparations brought into direct contact with the skin for affording protection against external influences, e.g. sunlight, X-rays or other harmful rays, corrosive materials, bacteria or insect stings
  • A61Q17/04—Topical preparations for affording protection against sunlight or other radiation; Topical sun tanning preparations
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
  • A61K2800/40—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
  • A61K2800/41—Particular ingredients further characterized by their size
  • A61K2800/413—Nanosized, i.e. having sizes below 100 nm
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
  • A61K2800/40—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
  • A61K2800/60—Particulates further characterized by their structure or composition
  • A61K2800/61—Surface treated
  • A61K2800/62—Coated
  • A61K2800/624—Coated by macromolecular compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
  • A61K2800/40—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
  • A61K2800/60—Particulates further characterized by their structure or composition
  • A61K2800/65—Characterized by the composition of the particulate/core
  • A61K2800/651—The particulate/core comprising inorganic material
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
  • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
  • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
  • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
  • B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures

Definitions

• the present invention relates to nanoparticles, and associated preparative methods.
• the present invention relates to nanoparticles coated with lignin, a process to prepare the coated nanoparticles, and uses thereof, including uses in cosmetic formulations and diagnostic applications.
• Titanium dioxide (T1O2) is a common ingredient in many sun protection products, including sunscreens.
• Ti0 2 along with zinc oxide are the two ingredients that are allowed in the largest concentrations in sunscreens commercialized in North America (up to 25% permitted). This is rather surprising, as the same form of Ti0 2 (predominantly anatase) is also used for a wide range of light initiated and free radical mediated processes, including solar cells, self-sterilizing tiles and treatment and purification of polluted waters, due to its high reactivity.
• a nanoparticle comprising a metal oxide coated with lignin to form discrete coated particles which have a nanometric size.
• the metal oxide can in certain embodiments be Ti0 2 or ZnO.
• the lignin is cross-linked over a surface of the metal oxide particle. In certain embodiments, the cross-linking is carried out by UVA irradiation.
• the coating on the metal oxide particle may be from about 1 to about 10 nm in thickness. In further embodiments, the coating on the metal oxide particle may be from 2 to 5 nm in thickness. In a specific embodiment, the coating on the metal oxide particle is about 3 nm in thickness.
• the lignin may be an organo-soluble or water-soluble source of lignin.
• the lignin can be a pure source of lignin, or a source which includes carbohydrates.
• the lignin is Kraft lignin, Organosolv lignin, Low Sulfonate Content (LSC) lignin, Sodium lignin, Sodium lignin without sugars or Alkali lignin.
• LSC Low Sulfonate Content
• Other lignin sources with similar properties may also be used.
• Also provided herein is a process for preparing a lignin coated nanoparticle, comprising a. mixing a metal, or a metal oxide nanoparticle precursor with solubilized lignin to form a mixture; and b. irradiating the mixture with UVA at a wavelength effective to form particles which have a nanometric size.
• the metal oxide may be Ti0 2 or ZnO.
• the lignin is cross-linked over a surface of the metal oxide particle.
• the mixture may be irradiated at about 369 nm to carry out the cross-linking. More particularly, the irradiating is carried out for a time effective to produce a coating on the metal oxide particle that is preferably from about 1 to 10 nm in thickness, more typically from 2 to 5 nm in thickness, and in specific embodiments about 3 nm in thickness.
• the lignin used in the process may be an organo-soluble or water-soluble source of lignin.
• the lignin can be a pure source of lignin, or a source which includes carbohydrates.
• the lignin is Kraft lignin, Organosolv lignin, Low Sulfonate Content (LSC) lignin, Sodium lignin, Sodium lignin without sugars or Alkali lignin.
• LSC Low Sulfonate Content
• Other lignin sources with similar properties may also be used.
• the process can be carried out, in specific embodiments, by combining the metal oxide nanoparticle precursor with an excess of lignin, for example, from about 1 : 10 to about 1 :5 w/w metal oxide:Lignin. In specific non-limiting examples, 1 : 10 w/w or 1 :5 w/w
• Ti0 2 :Lignin may be combined in the mixture.
• the irradiating may be carried out for up to 2 hours with stirring to keep the oxide nanoparticle precursor and lignin in suspension.
• the process may also be carried out in batch or continuously.
• continuous flow conditions may be carried out at a flow rate of 1 to 10 mL/sec, or in a specific embodiment, at a flow rate of about 4 mL/sec.
• continuous flow conditions described herein it is possible to produce gram scale quantities of lignin-coated metal oxide nanoparticles. Using a small optical width for the UVA irradiation can also increase cross-linking efficiency and reduce reaction times.
• the process may include a further step after irradiation whereby the nanoparticles are separated from the mixture by centrifugation and washed.
• a cosmetic composition comprising a nanoparticle as described above, or produced according to a process as described above, and a suitable carrier or excipient.
• the cosmetic composition may be a sunscreen or other cosmetic including the nanoparticle defined herein as a sunblock agent.
• the cosmetic composition may be prepared as a topical skin care composition.
• the cosmetic composition may be a sunscreen, skin moisturizer, skin cream, body lotion, body spray, mascara, foundation, rouge, face powder, eyeliner, eyeshadow, nail polish, lipstick, or another personal care composition in which sunblock may be included as an ingredient.
• the lignin coating acts as a sacrificial antioxidant preventing the free radical reactions that T1O2 otherwise initiates. It does so while preserving the sun protection and light scattering properties of T1O2.
• FIGURE 1 shows ATR-IR spectra of T1O2 (black), Kraft lignin (blue) and Ti0 2 @Kraft (red);
• FIGURE 2 shows DR spectra of T1O2 (black), Kraft lignin (red) and Ti0 2 @Kraft (blue);
• FIGURE 3 shows a TEM image of Ti02@LSC showing organic shell surrounding the inorganic particle (arrow). Scale bar: 20 nm;
• FIGURE 4 shows the percentage of Lignin released (or degraded) upon UVA-UVB irradiation for 2 h.
• the plot assumes that the absorption coefficient of lignin is constant, that is, insensitive to exposure or release. Data reproducible within ⁇ 5%;
• FIGURE 5 shows the percentage of 2-propanol remaining upon UVA-UVB irradiation in the presence of different Particles.
• A T1O2 (black), Ti02@Kraft (blue) and Ti02@Org (red).
• B T1O2 (black), Ti02@LSC (blue), Ti02@Sodium (red), Ti02@Sodium without sugars (green), and Ti02@Alkali (violet);
• FIGURE 6 shows the results of avobenzone photodegradation using different amount of particles: A) 0.01 %, B) 0.03 % and C) 0.06 %. Percentage of avobenzone remaining upon UVA-UVB irradiation in the absence (black) and in the presence of T1O2 (blue), Ti02@Kraft (red) and Ti0 2 @Org (green) and Ti0 2 @LSC (violet);
• FIGURE 7 shows kinetic traces of the enzymatic activity of ALP acquired at 405 nm for dephosphorylation of PNNP. Traces recorded after enzyme pretreatment in absence of particles (black) and in the presence of T1O2 (blue), and Ti0 2 @Kraft (red). Full circle under dark conditions and open circle upon UVA irradiation for 30 min;
• FIGURE 8 shows initial rates calculated for the enzymatic activity of ALP under dark and upon UVA irradiation in the absence (black) and in the presence of Ti0 2 (blue), Ti0 2 @Kraft (red) and Ti0 2 @Org (green) and Ti0 2 @LSC (violet);
• FIGURE 10 shows ATR-IR spectra of Ti0 2 , lignin and lignin@Ti0 2 ;
• FIGURE 11 shows DR spectra of Ti0 2 , L2@Ti0 2 , L3@Ti0 2 , L4@Ti0 2 ;
• FIGURE 12 shows emission spectrum obtained after combination of UVA-UVB lamps.
• the present inventors have developed a novel approach for scavenging ROS and other species that may be formed before they diffuse away from metal oxide particles, such as Ti0 2 , and cause damage to either biomolecules or other important sunblock ingredients.
• This approach is different from the usual modifications of Ti0 2 using Si0 2 or A1 2 0 3 , or from the known attenuation of radical generation upon encapsulation in large pore zeolites, and involves the use of lignin to construct a thin shell around the metal oxide particles.
• the lignin coated nanoparticle described herein therefore takes advantage of the free- radical scavenging and antioxidant properties of lignin, which is effectively used as a sacrificial scavenger for the ROS anticipated from Ti0 2 and other metal oxides.
• lignins can be attached to the surface of the metal oxide nanoparticles by UVA irradiation. Less than 20% of lignin release has been found (Figure 4) upon irradiation with UVA-UVB light showing good particle stability within the exposure time expected for sunscreens (2 - 4h). Furthermore, studies carried out with one type of particles demonstrate the addition of lignin (LSC) does not affect the SPF values of Ti0 2 , and does not deteriorate SPF performance of Ti0 2 upon UVA-UVB irradiation ( Figure 2).
• the present inventors have tested degradation levels of avobenzone upon UVA-UVB irradiation in the presence of different particles and at different concentrations.
• the performance of the coated particles (lignin@Ti0 2 ) as avobenzone protectors is shown herein to be equal or greater, depending on the particle concentration, than the pristine Ti0 2 Ps ( Figure 3). This is especially advantageous since avobenzone is one of the most common sunscreen ingredients, and is widely employed as a UVA protector. However, it suffers from the problem of photodegradation, thus limiting its effectiveness in commercial formulations. These results also suggest that these particles can provide additional protection to other sunscreen ingredients.
• coated particles lignin@Ti0 2
• HRP horseradish peroxidase
• the coated particles described herein can reduce free radical damage to biomolecules, and work well in conjunction with avobenzone, the most common UVA sunblock, reducing its level of photodegradation (the most common problem with avobenzone).
• the inventors evaluated to what extent the oxidation of isopropanol to acetone is inhibited for lignin-modified Ti0 2 . This provides a direct measurement of the ability of Ti0 2 to catalyze oxidations and is rooted in our knowledge of the catalytic properties of Ti0 2 .
• ALP Alkaline Phosphatase
• Avobenzone is a widely used UVA ingredient, largely present in an enol form that photo-degrades readily upon UVA-UVB exposure. Given the ubiquitous use of avobenzone, it was important to establish its compatibility with the new hybrid materials to evaluate to what extent they could help with avobenzone' s lack of photostability. The following sections cover the four types of experiments mentioned above.
• Tetrahydrofuran and 2-propanol were purchased from Fischer Scientific and Avobenzone from Wako.
• Kraft lignin was purchased from MeadWestVaco and Organosolv lignin
• NMR spectra were recorded using a Bruker Avance II 300 spectrometer with an appropriate pulse sequence with a spectral width of -0.5 ppm to 12.5 ppm and with the pre-saturation signal centered at 4.706 ppm (proton water signal).
• Attenuated Total Reflectance Infrared (ATR-IR) spectra were recorded with a Varian 640 FTIR spectrometer equipped with an ATR accessory in the 500 - 4000 crrr 1 range.
• the percentage of molar mass of the adsorbed polymer on the surface of Ti0 2 was measured by Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) using a Q5000 IR instrument (TA Instruments; New Castle, DE, USA) under N 2 or air flow (120 mL/min) with a heating rate of 10 °C/min (balance gas with nitrogen 10.0 ml/min; sample gas with nitrogen 25.0 ml/min).
• TGA Thermogravimetric analysis
• the sample TGA data were analyzed by using TA Instruments Universal Analysis 2000 Version 4.5 A.
• Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) images were acquired with a Jeol JEM-2100F field emission transmission electron microscope. TEM samples were prepared by drop casting a water suspension of catalysts onto 400 square mesh carbon coated copper grids (Electron Microscopy Sciences).
• Enzyme inactivation Ti() 2- mediated photodamage.
• Alkaline phosphatase from bovine intestinal mucosa (ALP) (0.02 mg/mL) solution and particles suspension (0.25 mg/mL) were prepared in cold buffer (1.0 M diethanolamine with 0.50 mM magnesium chloride) pH 9.8 at 37 °C.
• the substrate solution of p-mtro phenylphosphate (PNPP) was prepared in water with a concentration of 0.5 mM.
• the enzyme was submitted to UVA irradiation for 30 min in the absence and in the presence of 50 ⁇ g/mL Ti0 2 or Lignin@Ti0 2 under stirring.
• Avobenzone/particles ratio 1/13; 1/41; 1/82 (w/w).
• Samples (1 mL) were collected at lh intervals for 4h and centrifuged at 7000 rpm, 20°C, 10 min. Each aliquot was analyzed by UV spectroscopy recording absorbance at 362 nm.
• lignin are solubilized in 5 mL of solvent (water or tetrahydrofuran -THF-, according to the solubility properties of the corresponding lignin) and placed together with 10 mg of Ti0 2 .
• solvent water or tetrahydrofuran -THF-, according to the solubility properties of the corresponding lignin
• Ti0 2 10 mg
• the mixture is kept under dark overnight and then submitted to UVA (368 nm LED) irradiation for 2h under vigorous stirring.
• the slurry is separated by centrifugation and washed with water (or THF, respectively) three times.
• the resulting particles are dried at 100- 120 °C for at least 1 h.
• the particles were characterized by Attenuated Total Reflectance Infrared (ATR-IR), Diffuse Reflectance (DR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Termogravimetry analysis (TGA).
• the particles can thus be synthesized under very mild conditions taking advantage of the photocatalytic activity of Ti0 2 .
• a mixture of a lignin solution organic or aqueous solution depending on the type of lignin used
• Ti0 2 Upon UVA irradiation a mixture of a lignin solution (organic or aqueous solution depending on the type of lignin used) in the presence of Ti0 2 , lignin can be cross-linked over the particle surface (due to light-induced ROS generation) and lead to lignin-coated Ti0 2 nanoparticles within 1-2 hours.
• Figures 1 and 2 show the functionalization of Ti0 2 using Kraft lignin. Similar results were found for the other types of lignin used ( Figures 10 and 11).
• the diffuse reflectance (DR) spectra in Figure 2 show that the particles can slightly extend the absorption of Ti0 2 to the visible light region (typically below 400 nm) due to the presence of lignin.
• the thin lignin coating makes these compositions cosmetically acceptable not only in terms of light absorption and scattering but also in terms of the visible color and appearance.
• lignin@Ti0 2 NPs show a very light tint suitable for skincare formulations.
• the particles are insoluble in water, they are effectively waterproof.
• Figure 3 is a HR-TEM image suggesting organic shell surrounds the Ti0 2 particles, and more important, that the particles retain their nanometric size ( ⁇ 50 nm).
• Table 2 shows the amount of lignin found on each particle using TGA.
• the organo-soluble lignins generate particles with higher loadings, presumably due to the presence of more conjugated structures in those types of lignin that can interact better with the free radicals generated by Ti0 2 .
• LSC Low Sulfonate Content
• Le Alkali Lignin Table 2 Weight percentage of lignin in each particle found after thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
• lignin@Ti0 2 is based on the photocatalytic activity of Ti0 2 , the new composites exhibit the capacity to inhibit free radical reactions. Particles showing the worst photocatalytic activity are indeed the ones chosen as potential sunblock active ingredients. From Figure 5,
• Ti0 2 @Kraft, Ti0 2 @Org and Ti0 2 @LSC were selected for further examination, although L4@Ti0 2 (Sodium Lignin) also shows excellent performance.
• Avobenzone is a widely used UVA protector, largely present in an enol form that photodegrades readily upon UVA-UVB exposure, through a mechanism involving a photo-induced enol-keto transformation.
• Other sunblock agents can stabilize avobenzone, either by competitive light absorption (or scattering) or by quenching its excited states. Given the ubiquitous use of avobenzone, it is important to establish its compatibility with the new hybrid materials to evaluate to what extent they could be involved in the process of photodegradation or photoprotection of avobenzone.
• the avobenzone aqueous solution (24 ⁇ ) was prepared in 1 mM Brij-10 solution ( ⁇ 0.04% of 2-propanol). The mixture was sonicated for 3h and stored in dark overnight. The reaction was carried out using 8 mL of this solution in a quartz test tube placed in a photoreactor equipped with 10 UVA lamps and 4 UVB lamps under stirring. T1O2 and several Ti0 2 @lignin NPs were tested using three different particle concentrations: 0.01; 0.03; and 0.06 wt%. The sample (1 mL) was collected each lh for 4h and centrifuged at 7000 rpm, 20°C, 10 min.
• FIG. 6 shows the photodegradation of avobenzone at two different times (2 and 4 h of UVA-UVB irradiation) and using different amount of particles.
• Lower particles concentration Ti0 2 can act as a photoprotector (graphs A and B), although when the Ti0 2 particle concentration is increased this ability is lost. In contrast, the new particles retain the photoprotection ability even at high Ti0 2 concentrations.
• Alkaline phosphatase from bovine intestinal mucosa (ALP) (0.02 mg/mL) solution and particles suspension (0.25 mg/mL) were prepared in cold buffer (1.0 M Diethanolamine with 0.50 mM Magnesium Chloride) pH 9.8 at 37°C.
• P PP phenylphosphate
• the first coefficient (b) of the quadratic fit is the calculated initial slope.
• Figure 8 shows the initial rates calculated for the enzymatic activity of ALP after treatment with Ti0 2 and Ti0 2 @lignin particles.
• Ti0 2 can decrease the enzymatic activity simply by contact (dark conditions). This inhibition is increased under UVA exposure (Light conditions). Coating the Ti0 2 nanoparticles with any kind of lignin prevents the enzyme inactivation even under light conditions. These results indicate clearly that the UVA irradiation does not affect the enzyme and, more important, lignin@Ti0 2 Ps are innocuous for the enzymatic activity under dark conditions.
• ⁇ ( ⁇ ) is the erythema action spectrum
• ⁇ ( ⁇ ) the solar spectral irradiance
• d the spectral transmittance of the sample
• C a coefficient of adjustment
• ⁇ ( ⁇ ) correspond to the mean monochromatic absorbance measured per plate of the test product layer before UV exposure.
• Ti0 2 can generate ROS in the presence of water upon UVA irradiation.
• the in vitro studies reported here demonstrate that T1O2 particles can be modified in order to decrease their photocatalytic activity, while retaining the absorption and scattering properties desirable for sunscreens and cosmetic uses.
• the potential risks from Ti0 2 -mediated free radical generation are curtailed by shielding the particles with a good antioxidant.
• the inventors have used a non-toxic, biocompatible shell made by lignin that neutralizes the free radicals by scavenging them with neutral antioxidants before they exit the new Ti0 2 -lignin composites, preserving the scattering and the UV absorption characteristics.
• this stable lignin@Ti0 2 composite plays an important role reducing the photocatalytic activity of Ti0 2 in a chemical and enzymatic reaction, improving the photoprotection of the other ingredients even when they are present at high concentrations.
• the particles described here showing a nanometric size and a very light color, are promising candidates as ingredients in skincare formulations, especially for sunscreens, given that they are non-toxic and waterproof .

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