EP3182794B1 - Dispositif de chauffage comprenant un support et son procédé de fabrication - Google Patents

Dispositif de chauffage comprenant un support et son procédé de fabrication Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3182794B1
EP3182794B1 EP16203541.4A EP16203541A EP3182794B1 EP 3182794 B1 EP3182794 B1 EP 3182794B1 EP 16203541 A EP16203541 A EP 16203541A EP 3182794 B1 EP3182794 B1 EP 3182794B1
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Prior art keywords
heating conductor
heating
thickness
heating device
terminal
Prior art date
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EP16203541.4A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP3182794A1 (fr
Inventor
Volker Block
Sebastian Eigl
Holger Köbrich
Matthias Mandl
Roland Mühlnikel
Bernd Robin
Manuel Schmieder
Alfred Suss
Michael Tafferner
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EGO Elektro Geratebau GmbH
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EGO Elektro Geratebau GmbH
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Priority to PL16203541T priority Critical patent/PL3182794T3/pl
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
    • H05B3/145—Carbon only, e.g. carbon black, graphite
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H05B3/22—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible
    • H05B3/26—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B1/00—Details of electric heating devices
    • H05B1/02—Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to apparatus ; Control of heating devices
    • H05B1/0227—Applications
    • H05B1/023—Industrial applications
    • H05B1/0244—Heating of fluids
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B1/00—Details of electric heating devices
    • H05B1/02—Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to apparatus ; Control of heating devices
    • H05B1/0227—Applications
    • H05B1/0288—Applications for non specified applications
    • H05B1/0291—Tubular elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B1/00—Details of electric heating devices
    • H05B1/02—Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to apparatus ; Control of heating devices
    • H05B1/0227—Applications
    • H05B1/0288—Applications for non specified applications
    • H05B1/0294—Planar elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/0019—Circuit arrangements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/02—Details
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/02—Details
    • H05B3/04—Waterproof or air-tight seals for heaters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/02—Details
    • H05B3/06—Heater elements structurally combined with coupling elements or holders
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
    • H05B3/42—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible
    • H05B3/44—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible heating conductor arranged within rods or tubes of insulating material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/002—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements
    • H05B2203/005—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements using multiple resistive elements or resistive zones isolated from each other
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/002—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements
    • H05B2203/007—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements using multiple electrically connected resistive elements or resistive zones
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/011—Heaters using laterally extending conductive material as connecting means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/013—Heaters using resistive films or coatings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/017—Manufacturing methods or apparatus for heaters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/02—Heaters using heating elements having a positive temperature coefficient
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/035—Electrical circuits used in resistive heating apparatus
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/037—Heaters with zones of different power density
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2214/00—Aspects relating to resistive heating, induction heating and heating using microwaves, covered by groups H05B3/00, H05B6/00
    • H05B2214/04—Heating means manufactured by using nanotechnology

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a heating device with a carrier and with at least one flat electrical heating conductor arranged on the carrier, as well as a method for producing such a heating device.
  • Such heating devices are widely known, in particular with so-called thick-film heating conductors.
  • the documents US 2009/314765 A1 , US 2014/021195 A1 , WO 2015/048564 A1 , US 2010/096507 A1 , JP 2002 184558 A , EP 1 667 489 A2 , WO 2008/088907 A2 and EP 1 988 750 A1 disclose prior art heating devices.
  • the invention is based on the object of creating a heating device mentioned at the outset and a method for producing it, with which problems of the prior art can be solved and, in particular, it is possible to suitably adapt a heating device to specific uses and exactly specified installation or installation locations. Operating conditions.
  • the heating device has a carrier and at least one flat electrical heating conductor, which is arranged on this carrier, advantageously in a layer structure or as a layer, in particular as a thick layer.
  • the heating conductor runs between a first electrical connection and a second electrical connection.
  • the at least one heating conductor has carbon-based material as the heating conductor material, for example graphite with a very high proportion in a simple embodiment.
  • this shortest path runs through the heating conductor or through the heating conductor material.
  • This shortest path is advantageously a straight line or a segment of a circle, in particular an exact straight line or an exact segment of a circle.
  • This shortest path runs through the heating conductor and in this shortest path there is no area interruption in the heating conductor or no incision in the heating conductor.
  • the heating conductor preferably has a basic geometric shape as a rectangle, trapezoid, circle or circular ring section.
  • a substantially flat heating conductor can be created, wherein a flat carrier can be well covered with several such heating conductors.
  • a single flat heating conductor of this type can be sufficient to heat a single carrier over a large area, so that a carrier has only a single heating conductor.
  • a heating conductor thickness varies at least partially between the electrical connections and is therefore not the same or constant everywhere.
  • This heating conductor thickness advantageously varies by a factor of 0.01 to 20, so the largest heating conductor thickness can be 1% to 2000% more than the smallest heating conductor thickness.
  • This heating conductor thickness is advantageously measured in an area where the heating conductor only runs over the carrier and does not, for example, overlap on one of the connections for electrical contacting.
  • a heating conductor thickness can be around 20 ⁇ m to 70 ⁇ m, i.e. a factor of 3 to 5 greater than the heating conductor thickness of a heating conductor material with noble metal.
  • the heating conductor can be rectangular in plan view or in a development.
  • the length of the heating conductor between the first connection and the second connection can correspond to 10% to 250% of the width of the heating conductor in the transverse direction to this length, advantageously 50% to 200%.
  • the heating conductor is therefore less of an elongated track, but rather a short track with a rather compact shape. It is thus possible that a carrier, in particular also a rectangular or approximately rectangular carrier, is covered with only a single rectangular heating conductor and is covered by between 30% and 95%, preferably between 50% and 70%.
  • a reduction or an increase in the heating conductor thickness can be provided in a central region.
  • an increased or reduced heating power can be brought about here in certain areas according to the change in the heating conductor thickness.
  • the extent of such an area with a reduction or an increase in the heating conductor thickness can be relatively small and, for example, correspond to 1% to 20% of a length and / or width of the heating conductor. But it can also be bigger.
  • a reduction or an increase in the heating conductor thickness can generally advantageously be uniform or strictly monotonously continuous. This means that steps or a step-like or sudden change in the heating conductor thickness should be avoided, advantageously at least in the case of a rectangular heating conductor. This then results in locally very different current densities and temperature distributions.
  • Different temperature distributions related to a surface of the carrier can occur, for example, when media such as water or the like flowing past the carrier are heated. be desirable. As a result, an optimal temperature transition can be achieved along the water flow on the carrier, so that the water flowing past is heated as well as possible.
  • the at least one heating conductor can be designed as a circular ring section or as a complete circular ring in plan view or in a development. It is advantageous that it is not just somehow curved, but runs along a geometric circle.
  • the inner bend and the outer bend are particularly advantageously designed as circular rings or run along circular rings. While both the aforementioned rectangular shape and here the circular segment shape are easily conceivable for flat supports, this should be so for curved supports, in particular support tubes, that the Rectangular shape or the circular shape is given in the developed representation or development, that is, in the developed form of a carrier tube, which is then a flat sheet-like piece when viewed.
  • a freely and differently or unevenly curved carrier can also be provided, to which the material for the heating conductor is applied using a suitable application method.
  • a heating conductor as a circular ring or circular ring section
  • the first connection and the second connection have an essentially radial extension in relation to the circular shape of the heating conductor.
  • the at least one heating conductor between the connections then runs in the circumferential direction from one connection to the other. This also applies to the current flow, which advantageously essentially, particularly advantageously precisely, also runs in the circumferential direction.
  • a width of the heating conductor can remain the same in the course between the connections.
  • a heating conductor thickness can also remain essentially the same at least along the circumferential direction, that is to say along the arc that the circular ring segment-shaped heating conductor covers, but it could also vary slightly by 1% to 20%.
  • the heating conductor thickness can also remain essentially the same or constant along a current flow between the connections.
  • the heating conductor thickness can advantageously change in a radial direction, in particular increase from radially inside to radially outside.
  • the heating conductor thickness can increase essentially linearly from radially inside to radially outside.
  • a design of the heating conductor thickness can be such that the heating power generation is the same everywhere and thus also the temperature distribution on the heating conductor or on the heating device.
  • higher temperatures can be brought about by higher heating powers in an inner area or central area or in an outer area or edge area, as can lower temperatures.
  • the heating conductor thickness can be changed accordingly, i.e. either reduced or increased.
  • first connection and the second connection it is possible for the first connection and the second connection to run essentially in the circumferential direction, with one connection running inside and one connection running outside.
  • the connections are advantageously concentric to one another.
  • a current flow between the two connections then runs in the radial direction.
  • the heating conductor is advantageously designed so that a current runs exclusively in the radial direction from one connection to the other.
  • the connections and also the heating conductor can be fully encircling circular rings, but this is not mandatory.
  • the heating conductor thickness can change along a current flow or current path between the two connections.
  • the heating conductor thickness should therefore change in the radial direction, either increase monotonically or decrease monotonically. This change should advantageously be made in such a way that the generated area power or temperature is again largely the same, in particular is the same everywhere. It is particularly advantageous for the heating conductor thickness to decrease from the inside to the outside in order to produce an approximately constant heating output and thus temperature generation.
  • the heating conductor thickness can also be changed in jumps or in steps. This is due, for example, to the fact that the heating conductor is produced in a multi-level layer structure on the carrier in order to produce the different heating conductor thicknesses.
  • a layer of heating conductor material is applied to the previous one and more layers are simply applied in areas where an increased heating conductor thickness is desired.
  • Various application methods can be used for such a method according to the invention, for example printing, in particular screen printing, spraying, spraying, inkjet methods or spin coating. Combinations of these are also generally possible.
  • the heating conductor material can be dried, possibly even hardened or burned in. Because of the high effort involved, usually only one drying process is carried out. A burn-in or the like. for completion takes place only once at the very end after completion of the heating conductor. It is basically possible that the layers are each of different thicknesses, whereby they are advantageously each of the same thickness.
  • a change in the heating conductor thickness can take place in a strictly monotonous manner, so that there are no jumps or other sudden changes in the heating conductor thickness. Such a change is advantageously even. In this way, as mentioned at the outset, locally clearly different current flows and thus temperature distributions can be avoided.
  • heating conductor material of a finished heating conductor is used in regions is removed or ablated. In this way, a different or influenceable heating conductor thickness can be achieved.
  • Such an abrasive process can be grinding, scraping, sandblasting or blasting or a laser process or laser beams. Combinations of these are also generally possible.
  • the material of the heating conductor can be applied in several layers using a method described above in a multi-level layer structure. In areas of increased heating conductor thickness, more layers are then simply applied than in areas with reduced heating conductor thickness. By removing heat conductor material as described, locally different heat conductor thicknesses can be achieved. Above all, grinding or blasting is particularly suitable for a large-area process. Such an erosion of heat conductor material can in any case be distributed over an area and either be different in areas or else be uniform.
  • the previously mentioned different heating conductor thicknesses cannot be achieved in a build-up process, but only in an erosive process. Compared to an application method, this may have the advantage that it is considerably easier to achieve uniform and step-free changes in the heating conductor thickness. Furthermore, with a method according to the invention it is possible to adjust the heating conductor to an exact resistance value, so that it generates an exactly defined power. By removing or removing the heating conductor material in this way, much less interference in the planar power generation can take place much better than by otherwise customary incisions or complete removal of certain surface areas.
  • a width of the heating conductor between the two electrical connections varies at least partially, advantageously by 5% to 20%.
  • a heating power distribution and thus temperature distribution related to the heating conductor can in principle be achieved, but only on a very large scale or actually only related to the entire width of the heating conductor.
  • this measure of varying the heating conductor is less suitable for the rather small-area changes in the heating conductor thickness mentioned at the beginning.
  • carbon-based heating conductor material in particular carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, amorphous carbon or graphene in addition to the graphite mentioned at the beginning.
  • Other possible carbon-based materials for the heating conductor material are carbon fibers, glassy carbon, soot, Aerographite and non-graphitic carbon. Above all, graphite, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes are seen as relatively promising.
  • the heating conductor material is free of precious metal or does not contain any expensive precious metal.
  • a further great advantage can be realized, namely that such a heating conductor can be produced from this carbon-based heating conductor material at significantly lower temperatures than usual.
  • the heating conductor material for such heating conductors also from the prior art with noble metal, is applied in the form of a paste, this paste being sometimes thicker and sometimes thinner, depending on the type of application.
  • a sol-gel paste or a sol-gel system can be used that contain the resistor material, for example graphite, and are suitable for the respective application process.
  • the paste or the system should contain at least enough carbon that after processing as a heating conductor by drying and baking it consists of at least 50% carbon, advantageously even more, for example 80% to 90%. This achieves a high level of electrical conductivity as a sheet resistance.
  • a sheet resistance of the heating conductor material can be between 20 ⁇ / ⁇ to 400 ⁇ / ⁇ , preferably 30 ⁇ / ⁇ to 250 ⁇ / ⁇ .
  • Such heat conductor materials and sol-gel pastes or sol-gel systems are generally known.
  • a sheet resistance of a heating conductor material that contains noble metal is usually in the range of less than 1 ⁇ / ⁇ , so it is considerably lower.
  • Another advantage is that the temperatures for burning in the heating conductor material are much lower than for heating conductor material with noble metal. For heating conductor material with precious metal they are around 800 ° C, for the carbon-based heating conductor material used here they are around 400 ° C. On the one hand, this enables great energy savings because the baking process is known to take a long time, generally in the region of an hour. On the other hand, the thermal and ultimately also the mechanical load on the heating device, in particular on the carrier, is lower. This means that possibly simpler insulating layers or other materials with lower requirements for temperature resistance can be used.
  • the heating conductor can overall have a negative temperature coefficient of its resistance, in particular because of one Graphite content. Then the electrical resistance decreases with the temperature and thus the power converted in it increases.
  • a heating device 11 is shown with a flat and elongated rectangular carrier 12.
  • This carrier 12 could also be imagined as a development of a short tube with a round cross-section, so that the left end and the right end would be closed and the inside of the tube as the inside of the Carrier 12 would be free.
  • a flat insulating layer 13 is applied to the carrier 12. This corresponds to a common procedure.
  • connection device 15 in the form of a plug is attached to the left on the carrier 12. From this lead lines 16a and 16b, which open into connections 18. These are on the far right a lower connection 18a and an opposite connection 18a ', this upper connection 18a' merging directly into a further upper connection 18b. Opposite this is a connection 18b ′ in the lower area, which then just merges into the supply line 16b to the connection device 15.
  • Both heating conductors 20a and 20b are provided, which are applied to the connections 18 in an overlapping manner, as is known for layered heating conductors or thick-film heating conductors. Both heating conductors 20a and 20b are of the same size in terms of area and are essentially also of the same or identical design. As you can see, their width is about four times their length, so they are very short.
  • the two heating conductors 20a and 20b are connected to one another in series. Their lateral distance is very small and amounts to a few mm.
  • the heating conductors 20 are formed from the heating conductor material according to the invention which is carbon-based or which contains at least 50%, possibly even 80% to 90%, carbon in the operational state.
  • this can be graphite alternatively or additionally graphene or carbon nanotubes.
  • a possible negative temperature coefficient of the electrical resistance of the carbon-based material, in particular of graphite, can be used, as explained at the beginning, in order to provide in potentially cooler areas that the resistance decreases with the temperature or a higher power is implemented.
  • measures are then required to avoid excessive heating.
  • discrete temperature sensors or a flat temperature monitoring system are advantageously used, which are sufficiently known from the prior art, but are not shown here.
  • a constant or uniform heating conductor thickness is provided.
  • This can be, for example, 20 ⁇ m to 70 ⁇ m, that is, it can still be in a thick-film area.
  • the area can be almost 40 cm 2 , so that with a voltage of 230 V applied to the connections 18, a power of approximately 2000 W is generated.
  • a further heating device 111 is shown, which also has a flat and planar support 112, which here is essentially square, but otherwise its structure is similar in many respects to that from FIG Fig. 1 .
  • An insulating layer 113 is applied to the carrier 111, including a connection device 115 with leads 116a and 116b.
  • the leads 116a and 116b run to connections 118a and 118a and 118d and 118d '.
  • two parallel heating conductors 120a and 120a 'and 120d and 120d' are provided.
  • the connection 118a is connected to a connection 118b, and the connection 118a 'is connected to a connection 118b'.
  • Heating conductors 120b and 120b ' are located between connections 118b and 118b'. Connections 118c 'and 118c are connected to connections 118b' and 118d ', between which there are two heating conductors 120c and 120c'.
  • All heating conductors 120 are designed identically and are essentially square.
  • the pairs of heating conductors 120 connected in parallel and lying directly next to one another could also cover the thin gap separating them and thus be a single heating conductor. With this configuration, a series connection of two groups of four heating conductors is achieved, with each group of four being connected in parallel. This can be seen from the course of the connections 118.
  • the heating conductors 120 can also match those of the Fig. 1 correspond.
  • the carrier 112 also be a development of a curved or even a tubular beam.
  • the heating conductor material can largely consist of graphite or comprise graphite.
  • a very simplified heating device 211 is shown with a carrier 212 as a rectangular plate. This can be insulating here, so it does not require an insulating layer.
  • a flat heating conductor 220 with a rectangular basic shape is applied thereon, which overlaps the connections 218a and 218a 'for electrical contacting.
  • the smaller rectangular areas in the middle area are intended to indicate that here, like the side view of the Figure 3B shows that the heating conductor thickness increases towards a central area.
  • the differences in thickness from the thickness range D1 are considerably smaller than its thickness, for example they are between 1% and 10%.
  • the representation of the Figure 3B is shown here clearly exaggerated for the sake of clarity. While the thicknesses increase in the individual thickness ranges, the respective sheet resistance decreases in a corresponding manner, to the same extent as the change in thickness.
  • the individual thickness areas D do not have to correspond inwardly to the outer shape or the basic shape of the heating conductor 220, they can also be approximated to an ellipse inwardly.
  • the design of the different thickness ranges or the heating conductor thickness should also be optimized for the respective application with the specific conditions of heat dissipation from the heating conductor 220 or from the heating device 211, advantageously into a medium.
  • the basic shape and also the heating conductor thickness itself can be optimized by simulation or practical testing, especially in the edge areas or in the middle areas.
  • a series connection of partial resistances corresponding to each thickness range can be used for the current flow between the connections 218a and 218a ' imagine what is shown in the middle.
  • the current flow running in the middle runs through the seven partial resistances, so to speak, with the partial resistance in the thickness range D4 having the lowest resistance value due to the largest heating conductor thickness.
  • the partial resistance in the thickness range D1 is greatest in each case.
  • connection 218a A little to the right of it is shown for a further current flow how here, due to the basically identical size distribution of the resistance values of the partial resistances, the current flow no longer flows directly from connection 218a to connection 218a ', i.e. no longer chooses the shortest path, but rather towards the middle area is curved or bulged. This is due to the fact that the current chooses a somewhat longer path overall in order to flow through the thickness area D4, but there it finds a lower resistance that compensates for the somewhat greater length. So there is a kind of current diversion here.
  • the step-like profile of the heating conductor thickness for the heating device 211 is shown exaggerated. Such a course can be produced particularly well by applying the heating conductor material in several layers. A difference between two thickness ranges D can then be a layer thickness or the thickness of a single applied layer of heating conductor material. There are actually no reasons for a coarser gradation.
  • a further heating device 211 ' is shown with a carrier 212' including a heating conductor 220 '.
  • a carrier 212' including a heating conductor 220 '.
  • the thickness increases slowly from the thinnest area on the left and right edge, then a little more, and then again with a weaker increase in thickness in the flat central area.
  • Such a profile of the heating conductor thickness can be advantageous for a uniform flow of current and a uniform power generation, but is noticeably more difficult to produce.
  • spraying can be used as an application method with different spray intensities and / or spray distances in order to achieve a uniform course.
  • a heating device 211 " is shown with a carrier 212" and a heating conductor 220 ".
  • the course of the increase in thickness between the outer thin areas and the thick middle area is linear here, so to speak.
  • a kind of edge is provided at the transition to the central area, but its negative impact is limited.
  • Such a so-to-speak linear course of the heating conductor thickness can be achieved relatively easily by grinding with a flat grinding surface, as is shown below in FIG Figure 3F is explained.
  • a sol-gel system 223 is applied to a carrier 212 by means of a spray nozzle 222 in order to form layers.
  • This sol-gel system contains the carbon-based heating conductor material, which is known per se from the prior art. It must be suitable for spraying.
  • Several layers of heating conductor material or of the sol-gel system 223 are applied one after the other, with a drying process either taking place after each layer, for example after every third or fifth layer, or only at the very end.
  • the heating conductor thickness can vary accordingly Figure 3C getting produced.
  • a screen printing process with a printing screen 225 is shown schematically. This is placed on the carrier 212, as is customary in screen printing, then the heating conductor material is applied to the printing screen 225 as a sol-gel system or here as a possible sol-gel paste and distributed with a doctor blade.
  • a course of the heating conductor thickness can be determined accordingly by means of a screen printing process Figure 3B be produced, so be more in stages. In any case, several layers have to be applied to achieve a desired heating conductor thickness. Intermediate drying can also be provided here.
  • the application process is followed by baking.
  • the finished heating conductor contains a high proportion of carbon, for example at least 50% or even 80% to 90%.
  • FIG. 3F shows how a certain heating conductor thickness can be achieved using an abrasive process.
  • a very thick heating conductor 220 on a carrier 212 is shown in dashed lines, with a quasi constant thickness as it was originally produced. Links in the Figure 3F a part of the heating conductor material is simply ground off with a rotating flat grinding wheel 227, shown in a very simplified manner. So the course of the heating conductor thickness can be adjusted accordingly Figure 3D getting produced. Such a grinding process is considered to be very advantageous for such thickness distributions.
  • heating conductor material is also removed from an original layer thickness of the heating conductor 220, identified by the dashed line.
  • a laser 229 is used here, the laser beam 230 of which removes the heat conductor material as desired.
  • Such laser methods are known and therefore do not need to be explained further here.
  • the basic rule for the removal process is that it can be carried out both before the heating conductor material has hardened and afterwards.
  • a grinding process like the one on the left Figure 3F shown, is advantageously carried out after the heating conductor 220 has hardened and completed. Before the paste or the heating conductor material hardens, it probably cannot be sanded very well either.
  • FIG. 3F An in Figure 3F
  • the laser process shown on the right can be carried out on a hardened heating conductor material as well as before hardening and after the aforementioned drying.
  • a heating conductor material that has not yet hardened can possibly even be removed more easily.
  • such a removal method can also be used to calibrate the heating conductor in the electrical sense, that is to say to an exact resistance value.
  • the heating conductor should also be fully cured for this.
  • the heating function of the heating conductor can be maintained in this area, the temperature generated is only slightly changed under certain circumstances.
  • FIG. 3 is another heater 311 in plan view and in FIG Fig. 5 shown in a cut oblique view.
  • a heating conductor 320 is applied to a circular carrier 312 as a circular ring encircling an arc angle of approximately 340 °.
  • the stepped course which is similar in principle to that of the Figures 3A and 3B , achieved by different layer thicknesses or numbers of layers.
  • a slightly lower temperature is achieved here due to a free central area of the heating device 311.
  • a slightly higher temperature can be achieved in the thickness range D1 or a slightly higher surface heating output can be generated. This can be adjusted by the heating conductor thickness in the thickness range D1.
  • FIG. 11 is another heater 411 similar to that of FIG Figures 4 and 5 shown with a round support 312 and two radially extending connections 418a and 418a '.
  • Three heating conductors 420a, 420b and 420c run in between. They are each separated from one another by interruptions 432, as is clear from the sectional illustration.
  • the heating conductors 420a, 420b and 420c should be similar to the Figures 4 and 5 again be divided into three thickness areas D1, D2 and D3. In the Fig. 7 is this, different from that Fig. 5 , not shown, but should also be the same here.
  • a further embodiment of a heating device 511 is shown, which is also round or has a round carrier 512.
  • the inner connection 518a is, like the oblique sectional view of FIG Fig. 9 shows, not only designed as a pure surface, but has a certain height extension. This is intended to serve to contact the heating conductor with which it is contacted not only on its lower surface as a support on the carrier 512, but also, so to speak, over its layer thickness on the inner end face.
  • a heating conductor 520 is applied to the carrier 512 and to the connections 518a and 518a ' Figures 4 and 5 is divided into radially different thickness areas, just with exactly the opposite thickness distribution.
  • the heating conductor 520 is designed as a continuous circular ring in the circumferential direction and has a thickness area D1 on the outside, a thickness area D3 on the inside and a thickness area D2 in between.
  • the heating conductor thickness decreases from the inside to the outside, that is from the connection 518a to the connection 518a '. While in the not claimed embodiments of Figures 4 to 7 the current flow goes in the direction of circulation, it runs in the likewise not claimed embodiment of FIG Figures 8 and 9 in the radial direction.
  • the distribution of the heating conductor thickness that from Fig.
  • a step-like profile causes a surface heating power that is uniformly distributed overall over the surface of the heating device 511.
  • the resistance is lowest, but the current density is very high.
  • the electrical resistance is greater due to the small heating conductor thickness, but the current density is lower due to the significantly larger circumference.
  • the stepped profile of the thickness ranges D1 to D3 shown here can of course also, as before with reference to FIG Figures 3B to 3D explained, distributed or balanced.
  • the length of the current flow is shorter than in the heating device of FIG Figures 4 and 5 so that with the same operating voltage and the same total heating power, the heating conductor thicknesses of the thickness areas D1 to D3 are anyway less than there.
  • a modification of the heating device 511 from the Figures 8 and 9 shown namely here eight interruptions 632 are provided, similar to the interruptions 432 running in the direction of rotation of FIG Fig. 7 .
  • These divide a heating conductor 620 into eight circular ring sections by virtue of their radial course. Since the current flow always takes place exactly radially between the connections 618a and 618a ', these interruptions 632 do not disturb the current flow. They only slightly reduce the total area of the heating conductor 620 and thus somewhat the total area that is directly heated.

Landscapes

  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Control Of Resistance Heating (AREA)

Claims (13)

  1. Dispositif chauffant (611) comprenant un support (612) et comprenant au moins un conducteur chauffant électrique plat (620) agencé sur le support, le conducteur chauffant s'étendant entre un premier raccord (618a) et un deuxième raccord (618a'), ledit au moins un conducteur chauffant (620) comprenant un matériau à base de carbone en tant que matériau de conducteur chauffant,
    caractérisé en ce que
    - ledit au moins un conducteur chauffant (620) est configuré en vue de dessus sous la forme d'une section d'anneau circulaire,
    - le premier raccord (618a) et le deuxième raccord (618a') s'étendent essentiellement en direction périphérique, un raccord (618a) s'étendant à l'intérieur et un raccord (618a') s'étendant à l'extérieur,
    - l'épaisseur de conducteur chauffant se modifie le long d'un flux de courant ou chemin de courant entre les deux raccords (618a, 618a').
  2. Dispositif chauffant selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que, dans un trajet le plus court entre le premier raccord (618a) et le deuxième raccord (618a'), ce trajet le plus court s'étendant au travers du conducteur chauffant (620), aucune interruption de surface du conducteur chauffant ou aucune coupure dans le trajet le plus court n'est prévue.
  3. Dispositif chauffant selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que l'épaisseur de conducteur chauffant varie d'un facteur de 0,01 à 20 entre les raccords électriques (618a, 618a'), une largeur du conducteur chauffant (620) variant notamment au moins partiellement entre les raccords (618a).
  4. Dispositif chauffant selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'un raccord (618a) s'étend concentriquement par rapport à l'autre raccord (618a'), le flux de courant entre les deux raccords (618a, 618a') s'étendant notamment en direction radiale.
  5. Dispositif chauffant selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'épaisseur de conducteur chauffant augmente de manière monotone ou diminue de manière monotone le long d'un flux de courant ou chemin de courant entre les deux raccords (618a, 618a').
  6. Dispositif chauffant selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'une modification de l'épaisseur de conducteur chauffant a lieu par sauts ou par paliers.
  7. Dispositif chauffant selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce qu'une modification de l'épaisseur de conducteur chauffant a lieu de manière strictement monotone, notamment sans sauts et de préférence de manière uniforme.
  8. Dispositif chauffant selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le conducteur chauffant (620) est fabriqué par application de couches, notamment de davantage de couches plus l'épaisseur de conducteur chauffant est grande, les couches étant chacune de même épaisseur et davantage de couches étant appliquées dans des zones (D2, D3) d'épaisseur de conducteur chauffant augmentée que dans des zones (D1) d'épaisseur de conducteur chauffant réduite.
  9. Dispositif chauffant selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que différentes épaisseurs de conducteur chauffant (D1, D2) ont été obtenues par un décapage de matériau de conducteur chauffant, notamment un décapage réparti en surface, différent et/ou uniforme.
  10. Dispositif chauffant selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que ledit au moins un conducteur chauffant (620) comprend du graphite, des nanotubes de carbone, des fullerènes, du carbone amorphe ou du graphène en tant que matériau de conducteur chauffant à base de carbone, une résistance de surface du matériau de conducteur chauffant étant de préférence de 20 Ω/□ à 400 Ω/□, de préférence de 30 Ω/□ à 250 Ω/□.
  11. Dispositif chauffant selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le matériau de conducteur chauffant est exempt de métal noble, une résistance de surface du matériau de conducteur chauffant étant notamment de 20 Ω/□ à 400 Ω/□, de préférence de 30 Ω/□ à 250 Ω/□.
  12. Procédé de fabrication d'un dispositif chauffant selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que le conducteur chauffant (620) est fabriqué par une formation de couches en plusieurs étapes sur le support (612) pour les épaisseurs de conducteur chauffant différentes ou variables avec l'application d'une couche de matériau de conducteur chauffant sur l'autre, un procédé pour l'application étant choisi dans un des groupes suivants : impression, pulvérisation, injection, jet d'encre, projection, sérigraphie.
  13. Procédé de fabrication d'un dispositif chauffant selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que du matériau de conducteur chauffant du conducteur chauffant fini (620) est éliminé ou décapé en zones, afin d'obtenir des épaisseurs de conducteur chauffant différentes ou variables, de préférence par un procédé du groupe constitué par : le meulage, le raclage, l'exposition à un faisceau laser, le sablage, l'exposition à un jet, le matériau de conducteur chauffant étant notamment décapé ou éliminé en zones pour un ajustement du conducteur chauffant (620) à une valeur de résistance exacte, le matériau de conducteur chauffant étant de préférence décapé ou éliminé pendant une mesure de résistance.
EP16203541.4A 2015-12-18 2016-12-12 Dispositif de chauffage comprenant un support et son procédé de fabrication Active EP3182794B1 (fr)

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CN107205288B (zh) 2022-10-28
EP3250003A1 (fr) 2017-11-29
CN114679802A (zh) 2022-06-28
KR20170132695A (ko) 2017-12-04
US20170181226A1 (en) 2017-06-22
JP2017112114A (ja) 2017-06-22
JP2017212206A (ja) 2017-11-30
EP3182794A1 (fr) 2017-06-21
CN107426835A (zh) 2017-12-01
PL3182794T3 (pl) 2021-05-17
DE102016209012A1 (de) 2017-06-22
JP6800731B2 (ja) 2020-12-16
CN107205288A (zh) 2017-09-26

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