EP3020063A1 - Massenspektrometer, dessen verwendung, sowie verfahren zur massenspektrometrischen untersuchung eines gasgemisches - Google Patents
Massenspektrometer, dessen verwendung, sowie verfahren zur massenspektrometrischen untersuchung eines gasgemischesInfo
- Publication number
- EP3020063A1 EP3020063A1 EP14706019.8A EP14706019A EP3020063A1 EP 3020063 A1 EP3020063 A1 EP 3020063A1 EP 14706019 A EP14706019 A EP 14706019A EP 3020063 A1 EP3020063 A1 EP 3020063A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- gas
- mass spectrometer
- ion trap
- ions
- mass
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/02—Details
- H01J49/04—Arrangements for introducing or extracting samples to be analysed, e.g. vacuum locks; Arrangements for external adjustment of electron- or ion-optical components
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/02—Details
- H01J49/10—Ion sources; Ion guns
- H01J49/14—Ion sources; Ion guns using particle bombardment, e.g. ionisation chambers
- H01J49/145—Ion sources; Ion guns using particle bombardment, e.g. ionisation chambers using chemical ionisation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/0027—Methods for using particle spectrometers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/02—Details
- H01J49/10—Ion sources; Ion guns
- H01J49/105—Ion sources; Ion guns using high-frequency excitation, e.g. microwave excitation, Inductively Coupled Plasma [ICP]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/02—Details
- H01J49/10—Ion sources; Ion guns
- H01J49/14—Ion sources; Ion guns using particle bombardment, e.g. ionisation chambers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/02—Details
- H01J49/10—Ion sources; Ion guns
- H01J49/14—Ion sources; Ion guns using particle bombardment, e.g. ionisation chambers
- H01J49/147—Ion sources; Ion guns using particle bombardment, e.g. ionisation chambers with electrons, e.g. electron impact ionisation, electron attachment
Definitions
- Mass spectrometer its use, as well as methods for
- the invention relates to a mass spectrometer for the mass spectrometric analysis of gas mixtures, comprising: an ionization device, and an ion trap for storage and mass spectrometric analysis of the gas mixture.
- the invention also relates to the use of such a mass spectrometer and a method for
- a mass spectrometer which is used for the analysis of a residual gas in an EUV lithography system and which is an ion trap for
- mass spectrometry is used in many other areas, such as the characterization of chemical compounds in medical chemistry, the identification of substances in body fluids or organs, forensic investigations, doping controls, military chemical warfare analysis, etc. It becomes also used in Pharmaco kinetics and in vacuum technology for residual gas analysis.
- the mass, or more precisely the mass-to-charge ratio, of atoms or molecules is determined to be a chemical
- the substances ionized in this way are fed to an analyzer in conventional mass spectrometers and are typically passed through an electric and / or magnetic field in which the ions describe characteristic trajectories due to different mass-to-charge ratios, and thus
- mass spectrometers Due to the disadvantages of currently available mass spectrometers such as large dimensions, slow scan measurement, no particularly high sensitivity, etc., mass spectrometers according to the prior art can be used only partially or even not at all for many applications.
- the stability of a measurement signal of a gas analyzer or mass spectrometer depends strongly on the temporal stability of the ionization.
- Conventional quadrupole mass spectrometers typically use hot filament ionization and typically have an inaccuracy of about 10% -20%.
- Alternative types of ionization such as e.g. Plasma ionization, which may also be used in mass spectrometry, typically has an inaccuracy in the range of 5% -10% due to plasma gas control inaccuracies and / or plasma power fluctuations.
- Dynamic range (dynamic ranks) Conventional mass spectrometers allow a dynamic range (ratio of maximum measurable signal to minimally measurable signal) of generally only about 10 6 to a maximum of 10 7 .
- the mass spectrometer In order to detect a small amount of analyte in a residual gas, it is necessary that the mass spectrometer be a very small one
- Detection limit has.
- Currently available mass spectrometers reach a detection limit of 10 "13 mbar to 10 " 14 mbar.
- For sensitive detection charge multipliers are often used, which have a large scattering of over 20% and, moreover, at a higher pressure (> 1 fx 4 mbar) are typically not applicable.
- Mass spectrometers are also used for different applications with different pressure ranges of the analyte and / or the
- Mass spectrometers designed for one or the other pressure range, but there are no mass spectrometers that cover a very large pressure range, without having to do a complicated pressure-specific conversion for this purpose.
- the object of the invention is to provide a mass spectrometer and a method which facilitates the investigation of gases or gas mixtures and in particular at least one of the aforementioned
- ionization device for supplying ions and / or metastable particles of an ionizing gas and / or electrons to the ion trap for the ionization of the gas mixture to be examined, wherein the mass spectrometer (or a control device provided there) is formed or programmed before the Examination of the gas mixture to determine the number of ions present in the ion trap and / or of metastable particles of the ionizing gas and / or the number of ions of a residual gas present in the ion trap.
- the gas mixture to be examined is typically supplied in the form of a gas stream or a gas pulse in the non-ionized state of the ion trap or the measuring cell and the ionization is preferably carried out directly in the ion trap (in-situ), typically by a Impact ionization or charge exchange ionization of the gas mixture with the ions and / or metastable particles of the
- the ionization may possibly take place in the measuring chamber outside the ion trap.
- the Ionization preferably in close proximity to the ion trap and there is an ion transport of the ionized gas mixture in the ion trap instead.
- an inlet for feeding the gas mixture to be examined into the ion trap can be arranged opposite an inlet for supplying the ions and / or the metastable particles of the ionizing gas or of the electrons, so that a gas flow of the supplied gas mixture and a particle beam of the ions or the like Metastable particles of the ionizing gas and / or the electrons are aligned with each other and meet in the ion trap or possibly in the immediate vicinity of the ion trap.
- the ionization of the gas mixture to be examined can be effected by electrons, ions of the ionizing gas and / or by metastable particles of the ionizing gas.
- Metastable particles are atoms or molecules of the ionizing gas which are electrically neutral but are in an excited (high-energy) electronic state.
- the gas mixture to be examined is understood as meaning mixtures of gaseous substances in which, if appropriate, particles may also be present, i. gaseous substances having an atomic mass unit (amu)> 100 amu, if necessary> 1000 amu or> 10000 amu, even up to 2000000, i. Particles that have a
- macromolecular structure with particle sizes of about 0.001 ⁇ - may have 10 ⁇ or more.
- a 3D ion trap such as the Paul's ion trap, is typically used, in which the gaseous constituent to be examined or the gas mixture to be investigated is trapped in all three spatial dimensions, so that this stable oscillations in all three room dimensions and is therefore available for a longer time for the measurement (typically 1 ms or more, preferably less than 1 second or 100 ms).
- the dimensions of the space in which the ionized gas constituent (s) are trapped are typically less than 50 cm x 50 cm x 50 cm, preferably less than 50 mm x 50 mm x 50 mm.
- the mass spectrometer has a controllable inlet for pulsed feeding of the gas mixture to be examined to the ion trap and the mass spectrometer is designed or programmed, the
- Gas mixtures are available, is taken into account in the determination of the particle number of ionized constituents of the gas pulse of the gas mixture to be examined.
- the consideration of the determined number of ions or metastable particles in the determination of the number of particles can, for example, be such that their number enters a proportionality constant (correction factor) with which the result of the measurement (ie the measured signal height) is multiplied by the measured value Correct the number of particles of ionized constituents of the gas mixture to be investigated.
- the ion trap is connected via a controllable inlet, for example in the form of a controllable valve, to a chamber, eg to a process chamber, in which the gas mixture to be examined is contained.
- the controllable inlet is synchronized with the operation of the ion trap, which is usually designed as FTIT ("Fourier Transform Ion Trap") .
- the ionization device can also have a controllable inlet for the particularly pulsed supply of the ions or metastable particles of the ionization gas and / or or the electrons have.
- Ionizing gas injected into the ion trap wherein typically occurs an ionization of a residual gas there.
- Residual gas ions as well as the ions of the ionizing gas (hereinafter collectively referred to as primary ions) are trapped by the ion trap or stored there.
- the primary ions are now with an electric
- roller coaster movement induces on the cover electrodes or measuring electrodes of the ion trap a mirror current from whose height the number of primary ions in the ion trap can be determined with an accuracy of less than 5%.
- the number of primary ions also means a quantity which is proportional to the number of primary ions.
- the number of (neutral) metastable particles of the ionizing gas in the ion trap can also be determined.
- the prevailing pressure in the ion trap for example by the time decrease (time constant) of the ion transients, ie Mirror current on the measuring electrodes, is determined, since this is directly dependent on the mean free path and thus the pressure.
- the pressure in the ion trap is essentially determined by the ionizing gas, for example helium, introduced into the ion trap for ionization, so that the number of metastable particles actually present in the ion trap can be determined therefrom, since the number of ions of the ionizing gas depends on the height the mirror currents can also be determined (see above).
- the ionizing gas consists predominantly of metastable particles, it may also be possible to dispense with the determination of the number of ions of the ionizing gas (and vice versa).
- the number of metastable particles of the residual gas is negligible because of the typically much lower pressure (usually about 3-4 orders of magnitude) of the residual gas, eg water.
- Another way of determining the number of metastable particles is to determine the number of particles ionized by the metastable particles of the ionizing gas of the residual gas (eg, water) in the ion trap to determine (indirectly) the number of metastable particles therefrom. which have led to the ionization of the residual gas.
- the background noise is virtually determined in the subsequent investigation of the gas mixture in the ion trap.
- the controllable gas inlet is opened and the gas or gas mixture to be examined is introduced from the chamber in the form of a gas pulse into the measuring chamber (or into the ion trap).
- the gas pulse penetrates into the ion trap and is ionized there by a charge exchange process or by impact ionization with the electrons and / or primary ions or metastable particles and in the ion trap for the mass spectrometric
- roller coaster frequency As with the primary ions, these roller-coaster movements generate a mirror current on the cover electrodes or measuring electrodes.
- This measurement signal associated with the ions can be Fourier-transformed, whereby each Fourier frequency can be assigned a mass-to-charge ratio m / z and the signal height (Hf) associated with each frequency is directly proportional to the ion number or the particle number of the respective ion population of the to be examined ionized constituent at the corresponding mass-to-charge ratio m / z.
- the particle number or the signal height Hf at each frequency f or each mass-to-charge ratio m / z is determined or corrected by the following equation:
- H (corrected) K * Hf (uncorrected) * H1 / ⁇ Hf, (1)
- K is a mass and frequency independent correction factor
- H1 is the signal level of all ions stably stored and excited in the ion trap
- Hf (uncorrected) the spectral height or the signal height of the ion of interest or of the ionized constituent to be examined
- EHf denote the sum of all signal levels of the spectral lines present in the measured spectrum.
- the correction factor K takes into account the number of ions of the ionizing gas and / or the residual gas and of the metastable particles of the ionizing gas determined in the manner described above
- ionization gas and is typically recalculated for each gas pulse, to the influence of fluctuations of the ions available for the ionization of the gas mixture to be examined or
- the spectral lines of the measured spectrum can in this case be limited to mass-to-charge ratios m / z which are outside the spectrum of the ions of the ionizing gas or the residual gas, but this is not absolutely necessary.
- the mass spectrometer is preferably designed or programmed to generate an excitation of the ions of the gas mixture without determining the ions of the ionization gas and / or of the residual gas for determining the particle number of ionized constituents of the gas mixture to be investigated.
- an excitation signal electrical
- Pulse signal of the ion trap is selected so that after ionization of the gas mixture to be examined, all ions except the primary ions are excited. It is possible, for example, to form this excitation signal in such a way that the primary ions in the ion trap become unstable and consequently leave the ion trap, so that only the ions of the ions to
- the mass spectrometer is configured to determine the number of ions of a constituent to be studied of the ionized gas mixture in the ion trap with an inaccuracy of less than 5%.
- the measurement sequence described above including the
- Determination of the primary number of ions can theoretically be repeated as often as desired. Since a normalization to the primary ion number H1 is carried out in advance with each measurement process, and the conversion according to equation (1) is used for the determination of the corrected measurement signal in each measurement sequence, the time fluctuations due to the variation or drift in the ionization can theoretically be completed eliminate.
- a normalization to the primary ion number H1 is carried out in advance with each measurement process, and the conversion according to equation (1) is used for the determination of the corrected measurement signal in each measurement sequence, the time fluctuations due to the variation or drift in the ionization can theoretically be completed eliminate.
- the ionizing gas is a metastable noble gas, in particular helium.
- the ions in order to accelerate the measurement, it is tried in the prior art, the ions as fast as possible in the middle of the ion trap by gas braking
- Mass resolution in an in-situ measurement i.e., a measurement in the ion trap
- mass resolution in an in-situ measurement i.e., a measurement in the ion trap
- metastable particles of a ionizing gas in the form of a metastable noble gas is formed in the ion trap.
- Metastable noble gas particles are neutral particles in an excited electron state (just before the actual ionization). This gives the metastable particles a particularly large cross-section, which has a greater probability of collision with the components of the gas mixture to be examined in the ion trap.
- the ions to be investigated are collected faster in the center of the ion trap, without the need for a higher pressure is required by a buffer gas for this purpose, so that much faster than in already known solutions can be measured.
- a metastable noble gas helium in particular has proven to be favorable.
- the mass spectrometer is designed to accommodate at least 10 spectra / s with a mass band width of at least 500 amu or 1000 amu each.
- the use of metastable particles increases the cross section or the impact probability of the ionizing gas with the gas mixture to be investigated or with the gas constituents to be investigated and thus increases the speed of the measurement to the values indicated above.
- the ionization device has a plasma source for generating ions and / or the metastable particles of the ionization gas in order to supply them to the ion trap.
- the ionization of the ionizing gas may e.g. be realized by a plasma source, which converts the gas constituents of the ionizing gas in a metastable state or ionizes this ion.
- a plasma source which converts the gas constituents of the ionizing gas in a metastable state or ionizes this ion.
- noble gases e.g. Helium atoms are converted into a metastable state or ionized.
- the ratio between the proportion of the gas molecules of the ionizing gas which is converted into ions to the proportion which is converted into metastable particles can be influenced by a suitably formed plasma source or process, e.g. by the plasma power and gas flow of the ionizing gas.
- the plasma source may be formed as a high frequency plasma source, medium frequency plasma source, DC plasma source, dielectrically impeded discharge plasma source, atmospheric pressure plasma source, corona discharge plasma source, etc.
- the plasma source for generating ions and / or metastable particles of the ionizing gas is formed at a temperature of less than 100 ° C, i. the plasma discharge in the plasma source takes place at a low temperature (below 100 ° C).
- This can e.g. be achieved by applying a high-frequency alternating field (with frequencies from 1 MHz to 30 MHz), since a corresponding RF discharge can be carried out in an advantageous manner at temperatures of 10 ° C to 200 ° C.
- Noble gas particles can achieve a particularly gentle (cold) ionization with low fragmentation of the analyte.
- the mass-to-charge ratio m / z to be detected in the ion trap depends on the storage amplitude V rf (web diameter) and the field frequency as follows: m / z ⁇ V rf / (fr f ) 2
- the ionization device has an electron beam source for generating the electrons.
- Electron beam source can be designed in particular for the production of electrons with a variable electron energy, for example in the range between 1 eV and 100 eV.
- the electron beam source e.g. in form of a
- Electron gun can also be equipped with a focusing device or with a beam guide to align the electrons on the gas flow of the gas mixture to be examined.
- the electron beam source may alternatively or additionally to the plasma source for the ionization of
- Gas mixture can be used.
- Mass spectrometer of the type mentioned, which is designed to selectively remove or suppress ions with a mass-to-charge ratio from the ion trap whose particle number exceeds a predetermined threshold.
- mass-to-charge ratio a mass-to-charge ratio from the ion trap whose particle number exceeds a predetermined threshold.
- it is proposed to suppress large ion populations or remove them from the ion trap, so that specific subsets of ion populations can be measured more accurately.
- Mass spectrometer of the type mentioned is formed selectively ions or to be examined ionized components of the gas mixture in
- the mass spectrometer has a dynamic range of 10 8 (or 10 8 : 1) or above. Such a dynamic range can be achieved by using one or a combination of the two measuring methods described above.
- the ion trap is designed for the accumulation of individual ions of the gas mixture and the mass spectrometer has a
- Ion trap mass spectrometers usually operate discontinuously, ie after a predetermined accumulation time (for example, less than 100 ms), an analysis of the ion number can take place.
- a predetermined accumulation time for example, less than 100 ms
- an analysis of the ion number can take place.
- both an accumulation of the substance to be detected may be possible in an ion trap
- Mass spectrometer which has a pressure reduction unit with at least one, preferably at least two, in particular three or more switchable in series modular pressure stages for reducing the gas pressure of the gas mixture to be examined.
- a pressure reduction unit with a modular construction of one, two or three (or possibly more) pressure stages, which is located between a measuring chamber (typically with ion trap, possibly also with a conventional mass spectrometer, eg a quadrupole - Mass spectrometer) and the chamber with the examined
- Gas mixture can be attached.
- one, two or three pressure stages can be connected in series in this way in order to reduce the gas pressure so that the gas mixture can be fed to the measuring chamber.
- the gas pressure in the chamber with the gas mixture to be examined is small enough (eg ⁇ 0 "5 mbar)
- the pressure reduction unit may, for example, consist of three (or more) matched pressure stages, wherein the vote can be realized by a pressure reduction of about 100-1000 mbar at each pressure stage.
- a high gas pressure of the gas mixture to be examined 100 bar -10 "2 mbar
- all three pressure stages at medium pressure (10 " 2 mbar - 10 "5 mbar) of the gas mixture can two and at low gas pressure ( ⁇ 10 " 5 mbar ) only one pressure step can be used.
- the bar or is 10 "5 below, to dispense with the provision of a pressure stage.
- the pressure levels are modular and can be connected in series by being attached to each other, In this way, the pressure stages can be degraded very quickly or be rebuilt to each other in order to operate the desired pressure range of the gas mixture to be detected.
- the mass spectrometer can be used to investigate
- Mass spectrometer which is designed to excite ionized components of the gas mixture to be examined several times in the ion trap and to record a mass spectrum of the ionized constituents to be examined for each excitation for a predetermined period of time. According to this Aspect is proposed to exploit the possibility of ion trap mass spectrometers to perform a multiple repetition of the ion excitation, without having to use another assembly for this purpose. With each excitation, a detection of the ionized to be examined constituents can be made or a mass spectrum can be recorded.
- Mass spectrum at about 5 ms or less. Due to the fact that the components of the gas mixture to be examined only have to be excited but not re-ionized, a mass spectrum can be recorded very quickly by displacing the corresponding measurement window for determining the mass spectrum or synchronizing it with the excitation of the ionized components. In this way, analyte molecules can be measured during a chemical reaction before they
- Intermediate products can be reacted with one another or intermediate products can be detected so that the reaction dynamics can be detected by the displacement of the measuring window and the chemical reaction process can be imaged in real time.
- the ion trap is selected from the group comprising: Fourier transform ion trap, in particular
- the ion trap is for detecting the stored in the ion trap or
- an ion trap for example, an FT ion trap, allows the realization of fast measurements (with measuring times in the
- ion traps e.g., of the types described above
- the FT-ICR trap is a variation of the Penning trap in which the ions are injected into alternating electrical fields and a static magnetic field.
- FT-ICR trap magnetic or electrical ICR trap
- the Penning trap may be operated with an additional buffer gas, whereby mass selection by spatial separation of the ions may be generated by the buffer gas in combination with magnetron excitation by means of an electric dipole field and cyclotron excitation by means of an electric quarkrupole field the Penning trap can also be used to separate the substance to be detected from other substances. Since the buffer gas in this case type acts on the trapped ions in general to dampen movement and thus "cool", this trap type is also referred to as "cooler trap".
- the so-called toroidal trap allows a more compact design with substantially identical ion storage capacity over a conventional quadrupole trap.
- the linear trap is a modification of the quadrupole trap or Paul trap, in which the ions are not in a three-dimensional quadrupole field but by means of an additional edge field in a two-dimensional quadrupole field. Field held to increase the storage capacity of the ion trap.
- the so-called orbitrap has a central, spindle-shaped electrode, around which the ions are held by the electrical attraction on circular paths, whereby a decentral injection of the ions creates a vibration along the axis of the central electrode, which generates signals in the detector plates, which can be detected similar to the FT-ICR trap (by FT).
- An EBIT electron beam ion trap
- RF radio frequency
- the mass spectrometer based on an ion trap described above can be used for the detection of smallest trace elements in different areas:
- the mass spectrometer can be used, for example, for the mass spectrometric analysis of a gas mixture in EUV lithography.
- an EUV lithography system e.g. in an EUV lithography system, contained
- Residual gas are analyzed, for example, with regard to contaminants contained therein.
- the use of the mass spectrometer in EUV lithography is made possible or favored by the following features listed above:
- Connection position in a radiation production system of the EUV lithography system at a distance of less than 1 m, preferably less than 50 cm from a collector (mirror), an EUV light source or an opening for the passage of EUV radiation from the
- Radiation generating system to be formed in the lighting system.
- connection position of the optical spectrometer which is defined by an opening on the wall of a vacuum housing, typically the projection system, the illumination system or the radiation generation system, through which the substances to be examined can enter the mass spectrometer, in the vicinity a mirror of the EUV lithography system is formed to targeted contaminating substances to be able to detect, which may possibly accumulate on the optical surface of the mirror.
- Radiation generation system and the lighting system is convenient to determine how large the proportion of contaminants that passes from the radiation generation system in the lighting system.
- the arrangement of the mass spectrometer in an attachment position near the EUV light source makes it possible to detect contaminants produced by the EUV light source.
- the mass spectrometer is one of a
- Radiation generating system or a surrounding this vacuum housing is not too large.
- Radiation generating system or a surrounding this vacuum housing is not too large.
- Hydrogen and / or helium and / or air-containing residual gas atmosphere of the EUV lithography system in the mass spectrometric analysis of at least one of the following contaminants or mixtures thereof measured or detected: oxygen, ozone, water, C x H y O z to 10 Mamu, particles up to 10 Mamu, metal CxH Y Oz compounds up to 10 Mamu, where 1 Mamu 1 000 000 amu.
- the invention also encompasses an EUV lithography system which is designed like the EUV lithography system described above in connection with the use of the mass spectrometer.
- Coating process in a coating plant which may contain process gases, for example.
- the mass spectrometer described above may in particular have a self-cleaning function in order to operate in the
- Mass spectrometers are used in many coating processes. Another special feature of the one described here
- Mass spectrometer represents its small space (about 300 mm high x about 300 mm wide and about 200-300 mm deep) This allows the use of the mass spectrometer in many applications in which the installation space plays a role (eg MOCVD, see below) ,
- the self-cleaning can be done, for example, as shown in WO 02/00962 A1, which is an in-situ cleaning system for removing
- Adjust sample chamber can be removed if necessary using a cleaning gas.
- the cleaning gas forms in the production of a plasma in the sample chamber with the deposits, a gaseous cleaning product, which is discharged from the sample chamber.
- the coating process is selected from the group comprising: chemical vapor deposition (CVD), organometallic chemical
- MOCVD Metal organic chemical vapor deposition
- MOVPE metal organic chemical vapor phase epitaxy
- PECVD plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition
- ALD Atomic layer deposition
- PVD Physical vapor deposition
- plasma-assisted etching and implantation processes as well as
- MBE Molecular Beam Epitaxy
- Gas mixing system or in a gas disposal system, in particular before or after a vacuum pump of the gas disposal system and / or at a distance of less than 1 m, preferably formed by less than 50 cm from a process chamber.
- the mass spectrometer can be connected directly to the process chamber.
- the or another mass spectrometer in the gas supply system in particular, in
- Gas mixing system or in a gas disposal system in particular in a vacuum line between the process chamber and a vacuum pump immediately in front of the vacuum pump or in an exhaust pipe after the
- Vacuum pump attached.
- Integration position can be determined by the result of the
- mass spectrometry to effect the process as desired, i. this can be controlled or regulated in particular.
- the mass spectrometric analysis can measure at least one of the following substances, their mixtures and / or reaction products, clusters and / or compounds: H 2 , He, N 2 , O 2 , PH 3 , AsH 3 , B, P, As, CH 4 , CO, CO 2 , Ar, SCI 4 , SiHCl 3 , SiH 2 Cl 2 , H 2 O, C x H y , trimethyl Ga, triethyl Ga, trimethyl AI, triethyl AI, trimethylamine, triethyllene, Cp 2 Mg, SiH 4 , Si 2 H 6 ,
- the at least one substance, the mixture, the reaction product, the cluster and / or the compound at a temperature in the process chamber between 15 ° C and 5000 ° C, preferably between 100 ° C and 2000 ° C and at the pressure in the process chamber between 10 "10 mbar to 5 bar, preferably measured between 10 " 8 mbar and 1 bar.
- the invention also includes a coating system which is designed like the coating system described above in connection with the use of the mass spectrometer.
- Mass spectrometer is in the field of analysis, preparation
- Mass spectrometer can in this case, for example, for gas and / or residual gas monitoring or monitoring, for analysis
- the device may be, for example, a
- Multi-beam device act in which, for example, an electron and / or ion beam column, a laser beam, an X-ray (X-Ray),
- Photon beam, etc. can be used optionally to a
- Device also act to a device for Oberfizzenabtastanalytik, which may optionally be integrated into the multi-beam device.
- mass spectrometer Another use of the mass spectrometer described above is in the field of vibration detection or vibration analysis of typically mechanical vibrations.
- the mass spectrometer can be used in particular for the detection or analysis of vibrations in a range between approximately 1 Hz and approximately 15 KHz.
- Vibrations may in particular be natural oscillations of a set-up or a device in which the mass spectrometer is installed, ie the vibrations are detected at the place of use of the mass spectrometer and the mass spectrometer is used as a vibration sensor.
- the mass spectrometer a spectrum within a frequency range in which the analyzed
- Vibrational frequencies are. This frequency spectrum can be, for example, between about 1 Hz and about 15 kHz. Within this frequency range is typically a plurality of noise frequencies by
- mechanical vibrations are generated and can be detected and analyzed by the measuring electrodes, for example, an FT ion trap, in particular an FT-ICR trap.
- an FT ion trap in particular an FT-ICR trap.
- a frequency spectrum can be recorded as soon as the mass spectrometer is installed in the device. If the device was in order at the time of installation, this frequency spectrum can serve as a reference spectrum. At a later time or at several later times, the measurement of the frequency spectrum can be repeated and the measured frequency spectrum can with the
- the vibrations may, for example, be undesirable natural vibrations of grinding or ball bearings, e.g. act of (vacuum) pumps, which are arranged in the vicinity of the mass spectrometer, or vibrations that are caused by a power supply (mains hum).
- Mass spectrometer is not limited to the applications described above, but that this can be used advantageously in other applications.
- the invention also relates to a method for mass spectrometry
- a quantitative analysis of the constituents of the gas mixture to be analyzed can be carried out using a continuous high-precision in-situ calibration, so that the Determination of the number of ions (corresponding to a peak in the spectrum), which are detected at a certain mass-to-charge ratio, with high
- Precision is possible. Typically, this achieves an inaccuracy of less than 5%, i. the measured value deviates from the number of (ionized) particles of the gas constituent actually present in the sample volume of the ion trap by not more than 5% (upwards or downwards).
- the procedure is typically as follows: first, the primary ions are accumulated in the ion trap. After
- the number of metastable particles in the ion trap can be determined. If the ionizing gas is essentially in the form of metastable particles, their number is proportional to the total pressure in the ion trap, since the pressure of the residual gas is negligible. The total pressure can be, for example be determined by the temporal decrease (time constant) of the ion transients with high accuracy. The pressure can be used to indicate the number of metastable particles actually present in the ion trap
- a gas pulse of the gas mixture to be investigated is generated in parallel and moves towards the ion trap.
- the generation of the gas pulse is typically such with the measurement of the primary ion number and / or the metastable
- Particle number synchronizes that the gas pulse to the ion trap to the
- Time (or shortly after) is reached, in which the measurement of the number of primary ions and / or the metastable particles is completed.
- the gas mixture transported in the gas pulse is in the ion trap or possibly in the measuring chamber shortly before entering the ion trap of the primary ions and / or metastable particles or of the electrons
- the ions of the gas mixture are excited. Before or during the excitation of the ions of the gas mixture, the primary ions can be removed or suppressed from the ion trap by generating a suitable excitation signal. In a subsequent step, a measurement or detection of the excited ions of the gas mixture takes place. The above process can basically be repeated as often as desired. Since during detection the ions are not converted into neutral particles, it is also possible, after the ionization of the gas mixture, the ions of the
- FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a mass spectrometer for mass spectrometric analysis of a gas mixture
- FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of an ion trap of the mass spectrometer of FIG. 1, FIG.
- Fig. 3 is a schematic representation of the timing of a
- 5a, b show two mass spectra which are evaluated by the SWIFT method or by a mass-selective time-division multiplex measurement
- Fig. 6 is a schematic representation of an EUV lithography system, which has a mass spectrometer
- Fig. 7 is a schematic representation of an apparatus for
- Atomic layer deposition on a substrate having a mass spectrometer Atomic layer deposition on a substrate having a mass spectrometer.
- a mass spectrometer 1 is shown schematically, which communicates with a chamber 8 in connection or is connectable, in which a to
- examining gas mixture 2 is located.
- the chamber 8 may alternatively be, for example, a (vacuum) housing of a lithography system or another type of chamber in which the
- Gas mixture 2 is a gas phase substance 3a (i.e., a gas) having an atomic mass number ⁇ 100 and particles 3b whose mass number is 100 or more.
- a gas phase substance 3a i.e., a gas having an atomic mass number ⁇ 100 and particles 3b whose mass number is 100 or more.
- the chamber 8 has an outlet 4, which via a to
- Mass spectrometer 1 associated controllable valve 5 with an inlet 6 of a measuring chamber 7 is connectable. In the one shown in Fig. 1
- Mass spectrometer 1 the gas mixture 2 directly, i. without a prior ionization, introduced into serving as a measuring cell ion trap 10.
- An ionization device 12 is used for ionization of the gas mixture 2 directly in the ion trap 10 by the ion trap 10 ions 13a and / or metastable or excited particles 13b of a Iontechnischsgases 13 are supplied which the gas mixture 2 by a charge exchange or a Stoßionisation typically in the ion trap 10 ionize.
- Fig. 1 The shown in Fig. 1
- Ionization device 12 also has an electron beam source 20 in the form an electron beam gun for generating electrons 20a with variable electric energies in the range between, for example, 1 eV to 100 eV, which can be used in addition to or as an alternative to the plasma source 18 and which is shown in dashed lines in Fig. 1.
- the electrons 20a serve to ionize the gas mixture 2 by electron impact ionization directly in the ion trap 10.
- the gas mixture to be analyzed 2 directly ionized in the measuring cell (ion trap 10), possibly accumulated and measured, without any transport of the ionized gas mixture in the ion trap 10 is required.
- an ionization of the gas mixture 2 in the immediate vicinity of the ion trap 10 take place, in the latter case, a transport of the ionized gas mixture to the ion trap 0 is required.
- the (neutral) ionizing gas 13 is removed via a metering valve 15 and a gas supply line 16 from a gas reservoir 17 and a
- Plasma source 18 supplied.
- the ionizing gas 13 is ionized or excited and the ions 13 a or
- Metastable / excited particles 13b are supplied to the ion trap 10 to effect the charge exchange ionization of the gas mixture 2.
- the plasma source 18 may be a high frequency plasma source, medium frequency plasma source, DC plasma source, dielectrically impeded discharge plasma source, atmospheric pressure plasma source, corona discharge plasma source, etc.
- the plasma source 18 is designed to generate ions 13a and / or metastable particles 13b of the ionizing gas 13 at a temperature of less than 100 ° C., ie the plasma discharge in the plasma source takes place at a low temperature (below 100 ° C.).
- This can be achieved, for example, by the application of a high-frequency alternating field (with frequencies of 1 MHz to 30 MHz), since a corresponding HF discharge advantageously takes place at temperatures of 10 ° C. to 200 ° C. can be done, or by using a specially developed DC plasma source can be realized.
- a different type of ionization device can be used, which can convert the (neutral) ionizing gas 13 into an excited electron state or ionize to a Stoß′′. Charge exchange ionization of the gas mixture 2 in the ion trap 10 to effect.
- ionizing gas 13 a plurality of gases and gas mixtures can be used, for example He, H 2 , Ar, N 2 , Xe, Kr, O 2, etc. It has proved to be particularly favorable if a noble gas, in particular helium, is used as the ionizing gas 13. which is converted by the plasma source 18 into a metastable noble gas 13b, ie, noble gas particles (eg, He *) which are in an excited electron state just before ionization.
- a noble gas in particular helium
- analyte i. a gas constituent 3a, 3b which is to be examined
- the metastable noble gas particles 13b a particularly gentle (cold) ionization with low fragmentation of the analyte can be achieved.
- particles 3b having an atomic mass number between 100 and 20,000, in particular between 20,000 and 20,000,000 can also be ionized as coherent macromolecular structures, since these are no longer fragmented by the cold HF plasma of the noble metal metastable particles 13b.
- the particles 3b may be, for example, macromolecular conglomerates having a particle size of about 0.001 ⁇ m or more.
- the ionizing gas eg helium
- the mass-to-charge ratio m / z to be detected in the ion trap 10 is of the storage amplitude V rf (web diameter). and the field frequency depends on: m / z ⁇ V rf / (f rf ) 2 .
- Memory amplitude Vr f and / or by lowering the field frequency fr f in the ion trap 10 are measured.
- metastable noble gas particles 13b i. of neutral particles in an excited electron state
- they have a particularly large cross section, which has a greater collision probability with the components of the
- Gas mixture 2 in the ion trap 10 has. Thereby, the ionized particles 3a, 3b to be examined are collected faster in the center of the ion trap 10 without requiring a higher pressure by a buffer gas for this purpose.
- Noble gas particles 13b for ionizing the gas mixture 2 can thus take place much faster than in already known solutions a measurement in the ion trap 10, so that the mass spectrometer 1 for recording at least 10 spectra / s with a mass bandwidth of at least 500 amu and 1000 amu respectively can be used.
- the ion mixture of the gas mixture 2 can also serve an electron beam source 20, which in particular can generate electrons 20a with variable electron energies in the range between, for example, 1 eV to 100 eV in order to selectively introduce components 3a, 3b of the gas mixture 2 ionize certain mass-to-charge ratios.
- the ionization device 12 may have only one plasma source or only one electron beam source 20 in order to ionize the gas mixture 2 to be investigated in the ion trap 10.
- a residual gas 14 present in the ion trap 10 can also be ionized, ie residual gas ions 4a are generated.
- the mass spectrometer 1 has a pressure reduction unit 11, which is attached to the inlet 6 of the measuring chamber 7 and which connects the measuring chamber 7 to the outlet 4 of the chamber 8.
- the pressure reduction unit 11 has three series-connected moduliare pressure stages 1 1 a-c for reducing the gas pressure Po of the gas mixture 2 to be examined in the chamber 8.
- Mass spectrometer 1 is flanged in the example shown in the region of the outlet 4 of the chamber 8.
- the three pressure stages 1 1 a-c each have two end flanges, with which they can be attached to the inlet 6 to the measuring chamber 7 and to each other.
- one, two, three or none of the pressure stages 1 1 ac can be connected in series to the gas pressure of
- the three pressure levels 1 1a-c are coordinated.
- the tuning can be realized for example by a pressure reduction by a factor of about 100-1000 mbar at each pressure stage 1 1 ac.
- all three pressure stages 1 1 1 ac, at average gas pressure p 0 (10 " 2 mbar - 10 "5 mbar) of the gas mixture 2 in the chamber. 8 can two pressure levels 1 1 a, 1 1 b and at low gas pressure ( ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 mbar) of the gas mixture 2 in the chamber 8 can only one or none Pressure stage 1 1 a are used, through which the gas mixture. 2
- the pressure stages 1 a-c can be connected in series by these are gas-tight attached to each other, for example by these on
- the pressure stages 1 1a-c can be degraded or reassembled very quickly in order to operate a predetermined pressure range of the gas pressure p 0 of the gas mixture 2 to be detected and to ensure that the gas pressure p 0 reaches the ion trap 10 up to approx 10 "5 mbar or up to 1 CT 9 mbar, so that the ion trap 10 can be used for gas analysis
- the mass spectrometer 1 can be interspersed with a gas pressure po for the investigation of gas mixtures 2 10 5 mbar and 10 ⁇ 15 mbar at constant detection limit, the mass spectrometer 1 in a particularly simple manner to the
- Detection limit can be defined as follows: Approximately 100 ions per second at a pressure in the measuring chamber 7 of 10 "8 mbar can be measured.
- the ion trap 10 is formed in the example shown in Fig. 1 as a magnetic FT-ICR trap, which is described below in connection with FIG. 2 in more detail.
- the ions 13a are trapped in a homogeneous magnetic field B along the Z direction of an XYZ coordinate system and the ions 3a injected into the FT-ICR trap 10 in the Z direction on circular paths with a
- the FT-ICR trap 10 also has an arrangement in which an alternating electric field is applied perpendicular to the magnetic field B and in this way a cyclotron resonance is generated.
- the arrangement has six electrodes 21. Voices frequency of the radiated alternating field and Cyclic cyclic frequency match, so the resonance case occurs and the cyclotron radius of the relevant ion 13a increases by absorbing energy from the alternating field. These changes result in measurable signals at the electrodes 20 of the FT-ICR trap 10, resulting in a current flow I that passes through an amplifier 22 to an FFT (fast fourier transform)
- spectrometer 23 is supplied, which is also part of the mass spectrometer 1.
- the time-dependent current I received in the FFT spectrometer 23 is Fourier-transformed to obtain a frequency-dependent mass spectrum, which is shown at the bottom right in FIG.
- the FT-ICR trap 10 thus enables a direct detection or the direct recording of a mass spectrum, so that a rapid gas analysis is made possible. It is also possible to selectively remove individual ions or ions having specific mass numbers or mass-to-charge ratios m / z from the FT-ICR trap 10, for example by applying an alternating field to the electrodes 21 in order to select the selected ones To direct the trap 10 to be removed ions on unstable paths.
- the amplitude of the envelope of the time-dependent mirror current I decreases with time after the excitation, with the time decrease or the transient of the current I coming directly from the mean free path and thus from the pressure in the FT-ICR trap 10 is dependent.
- the pressure in the FT can be determined, for example, on the basis of the time constant ⁇ , at which a decrease in the amplitude to 1 / e times (ie approximately 37%) of the original value takes place ICR trap 10 are determined with high accuracy, which is particularly useful for determining the number of
- the FT-ICR ion trap 10 may be formed as a so-called FT-ICR ion trap comprising a ring electrode on which a high-frequency high voltage is applied and two lid electrodes which may serve both as mirror charge detectors and as excitation electrodes.
- FT-ICR ion trap 10 ions are trapped by a high frequency high voltage. The ions experience impulse excitation, depending on the high vacuum
- Mass / charge ratio (m / z) characteristic oscillations which are absorbed by mirror charge detection at the cover electrodes.
- m / z mass / charge ratio
- Frequency spectrum can then be converted into a mass spectrum in which the number of detected particles is represented as a function of the mass-to-charge ratio m / z.
- the number of primary ions, ie the ions 3a of the ionizing gas 13 and the ions 14a of the residual gas and the number 13a of the metastable particles of the ionizing gas 13 are determined which are available for the charge or impact ionization of the gas mixture 2 in the ion trap 10 stand, whereby temporal fluctuations due to the Variation or drift of the provided for the ionization primary ions 13a, 14a and metastable particles 13b practically complete
- Measuring method can be specified.
- a first step time duration t1 about 1 ms
- the primary ions 13a, 14a accumulate in the ion trap 10.
- the control device 19 opens the metering valve 15 and allows ionizing gas 13 to flow into the plasma source 18 in which it ionizes and enters the ion trap 10 in the form of ions 13a.
- a residual gas 14 present in the ion trap 10 can be (partially) ionized so that residual gas ions 14a are formed.
- a measurement or detection of the number of primary ions 13a, 14a in the ion trap 10 takes place.
- a fourth step takes place in parallel (time period t4 ⁇ 1 ms), namely the transport of the (non-ionized) gas mixture 2, more precisely a gas pulse 2a of FIG Gas mixture 2, from the inlet 6 of the measuring chamber 7 in the ion trap 10.
- the valve 5 is briefly from the
- Control device 19 is driven and opened, wherein the time duration in which the valve 5 is opened, typically in the range of less than about 1 ⁇ or less than a few ms.
- Gas mixture 2 is synchronized by the controller 19 with the step of measuring the number of primary ions 13a so that the gas pulse reaches the ion trap 10 when the measurement of the number of primary ions 13a, 14a is completed.
- the gas mixture 2 can also be ionized in the immediate vicinity of the ion trap 2. In this case, the gas pulse reaches the ion trap 10 offset in time, i. shortly after the completion of the measurement of the number of primary ions. As the gas pulse 2 a moves towards the inlet of the ion trap 10, it may be necessary to provide a
- Transport device for transporting the ionized gas mixture 2 in the ion trap 10 can be omitted.
- Measuring chamber 7 and / or in the region between the inlet 6 and the ion trap 10 a transport device, e.g. in the manner of a blower, be provided.
- a transport device e.g. in the manner of a blower
- the gas mixture 2 transported in the gas pulse 2a in the ion trap 10 is ionized by the primary ions 13a, 14a or by the metastable particles 13b by impact ionization and / or by charge exchange ionization. It proves to be advantageous if the current of the ionizing gas 13 and the ions 13 a and
- metastable particles 13b of the ionization gas 13 of the flow direction of the gas pulse 2a is directed counter to, so that the flow of ionizing gas 13 and the gas pulse 2a in the interior of the ion trap 10 meet.
- Ionleitersgases 13 are arranged opposite each other. The same applies to the electron source 20 or the electron beam 20a, which should likewise be aligned with the gas pulse 2a or should be arranged opposite the inlet 6 for supplying the gas pulse 2a, as shown in FIG.
- a subsequent sixth step (time duration t6 about 1 ms), the ions of the gas mixture 2 are excited. Before and during the excitation of the ions of the gas mixture 2, the primary ions 13a, 14a can be removed from the ion trap 10 by generating a suitable excitation signal and applying it to the electrodes 20.
- Ionization provided primary ions 13a, 14a and metastable, respectively
- Hf (corrected) K * Hf (uncorrected) * H1 / ⁇ Hf, where H1 is the signal height of all ions stably stored and excited in the ion trap, Hf (uncorrected) the spectral height or the signal height of the ion of interest or the ionized constituent 3a, 3b, iHf- the sum of all signal levels of the measured spectrum
- K denotes a mass and frequency independent correction factor into which the determined number of primary ions 13a, 14a, or metastable particles 3b provided for ionization are received, such that a higher number determined has a smaller correction factor K conditioned and vice versa.
- an ionizing gas 13 which is present essentially in the form of metastable particles 13b (eg He *)
- the actual number of ionized ions contained in the ion trap 10 can be determined Components 3a, 3b of the gas mixture 2 at a predetermined mass-to-charge ratio with high precision, ie typically be determined with an inaccuracy of less than 5%.
- the degree of excitation indicates the ratio of the radius of the roller coaster movement to the core radius of the ion cell.
- Calibration can be performed at any time, in particular during the actual measurement, at any selected gas types.
- the above process can basically be repeated several times or as often as desired. However, it may be advantageous if, after the ionization of the gas mixture 2, the ionized constituents 3a, 3b of the gas mixture 2 in the ion trap 10 are excited several times, without causing a re-ionization of the gas mixture 2, as will be described below with reference to FIG. 4.
- Fig. 4 is an illustration of measurement of ionized components 3a, 3b of the gas mixture 2 in the ion trap 10, at which, after completion of the shock-exchange ionization indicated by "I" in Fig. 4, at a time t 0 a stimulation (as needed, 1 to a few tens of times) of the ionized constituents 3a, 3b of the gas mixture 2 takes place with the aid of a pulsed excitation signal SA During or after each excitation, a mass spectrum MS1 to MSx is determined via a (in the present example 5 ms or less), in other words, a predetermined measurement window (with a constant time duration) is shifted several times in order to record a mass spectrum MS1 to MSx in the case of several consecutive excitations, without another one Ionization must be done.
- a stimulation as needed, 1 to a few tens of times
- a mass spectrometer 1 in which the measuring principle described above is used, is particularly suitable for use in chemical process analysis.
- Ratio between the maximum detectable signal strength to the minimum detectable signal strength of the mass spectrometer 1 can be an evaluation a mass spectrum, as described below with reference to FIG. 5a and FIG. 5b.
- Fig. 5a shows a mass spectrum in which so-called SWIFT excitation takes place to increase the dynamics, in which larger ion populations, i. Ion populations in which the particle number at a given mass-to-charge ratio m / z is above a predetermined Schweliwert SW (see Fig. 5a), removed from the ion trap 10 or suppressed in the measurement.
- a comb filter can be realized in which several subsets of
- ion populations each having different measurement ranges MB1 to MBx, i. multiple intervals of mass-to-charge ratios, are measured simultaneously, as indicated in Fig. 5a.
- An increase in the dynamics can also be done by a measuring range switching, as shown in Fig. 5b.
- the mass spectrum is divided into measuring ranges MB1 to MBx, each with different mass-to-charge ratios, each measuring range MB1 to MBx being evaluated at a different measuring time t1 to tx.
- a dynamic range of the mass spectrometer 1 of 10 8 : 1 or above can optionally be achieved.
- the possibility of accumulating individual ionized gas constituents of the gas mixture 2 in an ion trap 10 can be used in combination with the above-described dynamic range increasing measurement methods to lower the detection limit of the mass spectrometer.
- Accumulation capability of the ion trap 10 individual ions can be accumulated until a sufficiently large measurement signal is present. With a known (calibrated) measurement signal and known accumulation time, the ion population to be examined can be determined quantitatively. In this way, the detection limit of the mass spectrometer can be lowered to 0 "15 mbar or below.
- ion traps In addition to the types of ion traps described above, other types of ion traps can also be used in the mass spectrometer 1, which permit three-dimensional storage or accumulation of ions and evaluation via a Fourier transformation.
- a Penning Trap for example, a Penning Trap, Toroid Trap, Paul Trap, Linear Trap, Orbitrap, EBIT and RF Buncher.
- the mass spectrometer 1 described above can be used in various ways.
- FIG. 6 shows schematically such an EUV lithography system 101.
- the EUV lithography system 101 comprises a radiation generation system 102, an illumination system 103 and a projection system 104 housed in separate vacuum housings and consecutively generated in an optical path of the EUV light source 105 from an EUV light source 105 of the radiation generation system 102 EUV radiation 106 are arranged.
- a plasma source or a synchrotron can serve as the EUV light source 105.
- the radiation emerging from the EUV light source 105 in the wavelength range between approximately 5 nm and approximately 20 nm is initially collimated in a collimator 107.
- the desired operating wavelength ⁇ ⁇ is filtered out, which in the present example is approximately 13.5 nm.
- the collimator 107 and the monochromator 108 are reflective optical
- the EUV radiation treated in the radiation generation system 102 in terms of wavelength and spatial distribution is incorporated into the
- Lighting system 103 introduced, which has a first and second reflective optical element 109, 1 10 (mirror).
- the two reflective optical elements 109, 110 conduct the radiation onto a photomask 11 1 as a further reflective optical element, which has a structure which is imaged on a wafer 12 by means of the projection system 104 on a reduced scale.
- a third and fourth reflective optical element 1 13, 1 14 (mirror) are provided in the projection system 104.
- the reflective optical elements 109, 1 10, 11 1, 1 13, 1 14 each have an optical surface, that of the EUV radiation 106 of the light source 105 is exposed.
- the optical elements 109, 1 10, 1 1 1, 1 13, 1 14 are each under vacuum conditions in a residual gas atmosphere 102 a of
- Radiation generating system 102 Radiation generating system 102, a residual gas atmosphere 103a of the illumination system 103 and a residual gas atmosphere 104a of the
- Projection system 104 operated in the typical manner, a small proportion of air, hydrogen (Hb) and / or helium (H 2 ) and optionally of other residual gases is present. Since the interior of the EUV lithography system 1 can not heat up, the presence of unwanted gases
- Vacuum generating unit comprising a vacuum pump 15 in the projection system 104, a residual gas atmosphere 104a with a total pressure of typically more than 10 ⁇ 5 mbar. Accordingly, a vacuum or a residual gas atmosphere 103a, 102a can also be generated in the illumination system 103 or in the radiation generation system 102.
- a mass spectrometer 1 is formed, which is formed as described above, i.
- the inlet 6 forms a vacuum connection between the residual gas atmosphere 102a of the projection system 102 and the mass spectrometer 1.
- the inlet 6, ie the vacuum connection (vacuum tube), has a cross-section A of less than 100 mm, preferably less than 5 mm, in particular less than 1 mm.
- the mass spectrometer 1 may have one or more apertures to ensure that the
- Residual gas pressure towards the ion trap 10 down to ⁇ . 10 "5 mbar, so that a conventional residual gas analyzer can be used for residual gas analysis.
- Mass spectrometer 1 which is formed on the housing of the projection optics 102 in the middle of the vacuum connection or the inlet 6, less than 50 cm. This is favorable to the proportion or the partial pressure of
- the mass spectrometric examination in particular at least one of the following
- Illumination system 103 may be provided, which is arranged at a distance D of less than 50 cm from one of the mirrors 109, 110 arranged there, for example, from the first mirror 109.
- Radiation generating system 102 are arranged, which in a
- the mass spectrometer 1 can also be attached to a second attachment position PL2, which is arranged at a corresponding distance D of less than 100 cm, preferably less than 50 cm from the collector 107 (typically in the form of a collector mirror), or at a third attachment position Pi_3, which is located at a distance of less than 100 cm, preferably less than 50 cm away from the EUV light source 105.
- a second attachment position PL2 which is arranged at a corresponding distance D of less than 100 cm, preferably less than 50 cm from the collector 107 (typically in the form of a collector mirror), or at a third attachment position Pi_3, which is located at a distance of less than 100 cm, preferably less than 50 cm away from the EUV light source 105.
- FIG. 7 schematically shows a device 201 for atomic layer deposition on a substrate 202 (here: silicon wafer), which is arranged on a holder 203 in an inner space 204 of a process chamber 205 (reaction chamber). Both the holder 203 and the walls of the process chamber 205 can be heated to (possibly different) temperatures.
- the holder 203 may be in communication with a motor to cause the substrate 202 to rotate during the coating.
- the device 201 also includes a container 206 in which a
- metal organic precursor material is contained, which in the present example is tetrakis (ethylmethylamino) hafnium (TEMAH) or another metalorganic precursor.
- TEMAH tetrakis (ethylmethylamino) hafnium
- an inert carrier gas e.g. Argon or hydrogen used, which is the
- Container 206 can be supplied via a controllable valve 207. Another
- Reservoir 208 serves to provide ozone gas O 3 or other dopant gas as a reactant at atomic site deposition.
- the carrier gas with the precursor and the doping gas can each be introduced into the process chamber 205 via a controllable inlet in the form of a controllable valve 209a, 209b.
- a manifold manifold 210 is arranged to distribute the incoming gas as homogeneously as possible in the direction of the substrate 202.
- the process chamber 205 can also be supplied with a purge gas, for example argon, in order to purge the process chamber 205 and the respective supply lines.
- Another controllable valve 21 1 which forms a gas outlet, communicates with a vacuum pump 212 to remove the gases from the process chamber 205.
- a mass spectrometer 1 is arranged at a connection position E E in a vacuum line of a gas disposal system 213 formed downstream of the outlet valve 21 1, namely immediately before the vacuum pump 212. Also, the attachment of the mass spectrometer 1 a bonding position EQ in an exhaust pipe of the gas disposal system 213 after the vacuum pump 212 is possible.
- a mass spectrometer 1 may also be formed at an attachment position EA, EB in a gas supply system 216 for supplying the reactants into the process chamber 205, for example in a respective supply line 216a, 216b. Additionally or alternatively, a mass spectrometer 1 can also be connected to an integration position Ec
- Gas mixing system 215 may be integrated, i. into a supply line formed behind a junction of the two supply lines 216a, 216b. The latter is favorable since, in the coating process described here, the two supply lines 216a, 216b are not used simultaneously for supplying a gas to the process chamber 205. Also one
- Binding position E D in the manifold diversity 210 is possible, wherein the binding position ED is in this case preferably at a distance D of less than 1 m, in particular less than 50 cm from the process chamber 205 spaced apart. Additionally or alternatively, the binding position ED is in this case preferably at a distance D of less than 1 m, in particular less than 50 cm from the process chamber 205 spaced apart. Additionally or alternatively, the binding position ED is in this case preferably at a distance D of less than 1 m, in particular less than 50 cm from the process chamber 205 spaced apart. Additionally or alternatively, the
- the mass spectrometer 1 serves to detect or determine the amount or the partial pressure of at least one gaseous constituent which is contained in the residual gas atmosphere of the chamber 205 (integration position E F ) or will be contained in the chamber 205 (integration position E A , E B , Ec, ED in front of the process chamber 205) or was contained (binding position E E , EQ after the process chamber 205). As based on the in the
- Impact ionization can be ionized.
- the ionized gas constituents into the ion trap 10 the
- Mass spectrometer 1 with a (not shown) vacuum pump in
- the detection of the ions stored in the ion trap 10 can be carried out directly in the ion trap 10.
- the following procedure is used for applying a coating 214 of hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ) to the substrate 202: First, the process chamber 205 is supplied with the carrier gas with the TEMAH precursor via the first valve 209 a. Thereafter, the first valve 209a is switched over and the process chamber 205 via the first valve 209a, the purge gas is supplied (see arrow) and this is together with the remains of the carrier gas or the precursor via the open outlet valve 21 1 by means of the vacuum Aspirated pump 212. After rinsing, the outlet valve 21 1 is closed and introduced via the second valve 209b ozone or a doping gas into the chamber 205, which forms a chemical reaction on the exposed surface of the substrate 202 with the precursor.
- HfO 2 hafnium oxide
- the chamber 205 is flushed by means of the purge gas, which is supplied to the chamber via the second valve 209b (see arrow) and together with the ozone or Doping gas residues or optionally formed reaction products by means of the vacuum pump 212 is sucked off with the outlet valve 21 1 open.
- the purge gas supplied to the chamber via the second valve 209b (see arrow) and together with the ozone or Doping gas residues or optionally formed reaction products by means of the vacuum pump 212 is sucked off with the outlet valve 21 1 open.
- a monolayer of hafnium oxide is deposited on the substrate 202. After closing the outlet valve 21 1, this process can be repeated several times, until the HfO 2 - coating 214 has reached a desired thickness d.
- Rinsing is typically in the range of seconds.
- Control means 215 serves to control the valves 207, 209a, 209b, 21 1 in order to switch over between the above-described steps of the deposition process. It is understood that the control device 215, the valves 207, 209a, 209b, 21 1 can switch not only between an open position and a closed position, but that possibly also the
- Mass flow which flows through the respective valves 207, 209a, 209b, 21, can be controlled by means of the electronic control device 215.
- the total pressure of the residual gas in the process chamber 205 is typically between about 10 -3 mbar and 1000 mbar, whereby comparatively high total pressures of more than 500 mbar or more than 900 mbar are also possible can be monitored by means of a (not shown) pressure sensor and optionally modified by means of the control device 215 by a suitable control of the valves 207a, 209a, 209b, 21 1.
- the detection of the gaseous constituents more precisely the determination of the amount or the partial pressure of a respective detected gaseous
- Component can be used to control or regulate the
- Deposition process can be used. For example, based on the concentration of the organometallic precursor or of process-relevant reactants such as ozone, doping gas or, if appropriate, organometallic compounds and / or H 2 O in the Restgasatmospreheat be recognized when the rinsing step can be completed (eg, as soon as the respective partial pressure below a predetermined
- control unit 215 which is signal-connected with the process gas analyzer 213 a, can then open the respective inlet valve 209 a, 209 b or the outlet valve 21 1 at suitable times or
- Detected gas components in the residual gas atmosphere suitably adapted or optimized.
- the at least one substance, the mixture, the reaction product, the cluster and / or the compound may, in particular at a temperature in the process chamber 205 between 15 ° C and 5000 ° C, preferably between 100 ° C and 2000 ° C and a Pressure in the process chamber 205 between 10 "10 mbar and 5 bar, preferably between 10 ⁇ 8 mbar and 1 bar measured or
- Cleaning gas may in the mass spectrometer 1 of Fig. 1 in the
- Plasma source 18 are transferred to a plasma by this in place of the ionizing gas 13, the cleaning gas via a (not shown)
- Gas supply is supplied.
- the ionized cleaning gas enters the ion trap 10 in the same way as the ionizing gas 13.
- the cleaning gas can also enter the measuring chamber 7 via a further gas supply (not shown) and form there with the deposits a gaseous cleaning product which is extracted from the ion trap 10 or from the
- Measuring chamber 7 can be discharged.
- the mass spectrometer can. 1 are also used in applications in which the space plays a major role, eg in MOCVD processes or the like.
- mass spectrometer 1 can also be used in other fields, for example in other coating or etching and implantation processes, in gas analysis, in doping controls, in forensic investigations, etc., due to its properties described above.
- the mass spectrometer for the mass spectrometric analysis of gases, it is also possible to use the mass spectrometer in the field of vibration detection or vibration analysis of typically mechanical vibrations.
- the vibrations may be
- Mass Spectrometer recorded a spectrum within a frequency range in which the frequencies to be analyzed are located.
- This frequency spectrum can be, for example, between about 1 Hz and about 15 kHz. Within this frequency range is typically a plurality of interference frequencies that are generated by mechanical vibrations and that can be detected and analyzed by the measuring electrodes, for example, an FT ion trap, in particular an FT-ICR trap.
- a frequency spectrum can be recorded as soon as the mass spectrometer is installed in the device. If the device was in order at the time of installation, this frequency spectrum can serve as a reference spectrum. At a later time or at several later times, the measurement of the frequency spectrum can be repeated and the measured Frequency spectrum can be compared with the reference spectrum. If one or more additional lines or peaks are detected in the measured frequency spectrum, this is an indication that undesirable vibrations occur in the device, for example due to mechanical problems.
- the vibrations can be
- Ball bearings that are located near the mass spectrometer, or vibrations caused by a power supply act (power hum).
- power hum vibrations caused by a power supply act
- Coating unit 201 the natural frequencies f of near the
- Mass spectrometer 1 arranged vacuum pump 212, in particular of their grinding or ball bearings, detected or analyzed.
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Abstract
Description
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE201310213501 DE102013213501A1 (de) | 2013-07-10 | 2013-07-10 | Massenspektrometer, dessen Verwendung, sowie Verfahren zur massenspektrometrischen Untersuchung eines Gasgemisches |
| PCT/EP2014/053361 WO2015003819A1 (de) | 2013-07-10 | 2014-02-20 | Massenspektrometer, dessen verwendung, sowie verfahren zur massenspektrometrischen untersuchung eines gasgemisches |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3020063A1 true EP3020063A1 (de) | 2016-05-18 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP14706019.8A Ceased EP3020063A1 (de) | 2013-07-10 | 2014-02-20 | Massenspektrometer, dessen verwendung, sowie verfahren zur massenspektrometrischen untersuchung eines gasgemisches |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US10304672B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP3020063A1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP6535660B2 (de) |
| KR (1) | KR102219556B1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102013213501A1 (de) |
| TW (1) | TWI579888B (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2015003819A1 (de) |
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| US10422691B2 (en) * | 2015-03-03 | 2019-09-24 | Asml Netherlands B.V. | Radiation sensor apparatus |
| DE102015208188B4 (de) * | 2015-05-04 | 2025-05-22 | Leybold Gmbh | Verfahren zur massenspektrometrischen Untersuchung eines Gases |
| CN104882352B (zh) * | 2015-05-18 | 2017-04-05 | 中国计量科学研究院 | 气相分子‑离子反应的质谱装置及分析方法 |
| KR101780398B1 (ko) * | 2016-01-13 | 2017-10-11 | 서울대학교산학협력단 | 비활성가스 음이온 생성장치 및 생성방법 |
| EP3316278A1 (de) * | 2016-10-26 | 2018-05-02 | NovionX UG (haftungsbeschränkt) | Verfahren zur spektrometrie |
| KR102732327B1 (ko) * | 2017-02-21 | 2024-11-19 | 칼 짜이스 에스엠티 게엠베하 | 공정의 실시간 모니터링 방법 및 질량 분광계 |
| DE102017208996B4 (de) | 2017-05-29 | 2024-05-08 | Leybold Gmbh | Verfahren zur massenspektrometrischen Untersuchung eines Gases |
| JP6344783B1 (ja) * | 2017-06-21 | 2018-06-20 | エフビートライアングル株式会社 | ガス分析に基づく評価システム |
| GB201802917D0 (en) | 2018-02-22 | 2018-04-11 | Micromass Ltd | Charge detection mass spectrometry |
| JP6779469B2 (ja) * | 2018-03-27 | 2020-11-04 | 信越半導体株式会社 | 試料分析方法、試料導入装置 |
| DE102018216623A1 (de) | 2018-09-27 | 2020-04-02 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Massenspektrometer und Verfahren zur massenspektrometrischen Analyse eines Gases |
| DE102019204694A1 (de) * | 2019-04-02 | 2020-10-08 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Massenspektrometer mit einer Ionisierungseinrichtung |
| US11502160B2 (en) * | 2020-03-02 | 2022-11-15 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Method and system for forming metal-insulator-metal capacitors |
| WO2021207494A1 (en) | 2020-04-09 | 2021-10-14 | Waters Technologies Corporation | Ion detector |
| DE102020209157A1 (de) | 2020-07-21 | 2022-01-27 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Restgasanalysator und EUV-Lithographiesystem mit einem Restgasanalysator |
| KR102450029B1 (ko) * | 2020-11-06 | 2022-10-05 | 한국과학기술연구원 | 질량 스펙트럼 분석 방법 |
| CN113862641B (zh) * | 2021-08-16 | 2023-09-12 | 江汉大学 | 一种原子层沉积前驱体用量的监测系统及其方法与应用 |
| GB2612580B (en) * | 2021-10-29 | 2024-10-23 | Thermo Fisher Scient Bremen Gmbh | Method for determining a measure of a rate of decay and mass spectrometry system |
| CN118402037A (zh) | 2021-12-15 | 2024-07-26 | 水技术公司 | 具有集成放大器的感应式检测器 |
| DE102022202058B4 (de) | 2022-03-01 | 2025-07-17 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur maskenreparatur |
| DE102022204996A1 (de) | 2022-05-19 | 2023-11-23 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung eines Restgases mittels eines Restgasanalyseverfahrens in einem Vakuum einer Vakuumkammer |
| CN116013763A (zh) * | 2023-02-02 | 2023-04-25 | 清华大学深圳国际研究生院 | 一种氢气辅助紫外灯光电离装置、方法及质谱仪 |
| TW202503260A (zh) * | 2023-06-30 | 2025-01-16 | 日商亞多納富有限公司 | 含有氣體分析裝置的系統及其控制方法 |
| KR20260000122A (ko) * | 2024-06-25 | 2026-01-02 | 정경환 | 박막 증착 두께 실시간 측정 장치 및 방법 |
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2013
- 2013-07-10 DE DE201310213501 patent/DE102013213501A1/de not_active Ceased
-
2014
- 2014-02-20 KR KR1020167001270A patent/KR102219556B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2014-02-20 JP JP2016524707A patent/JP6535660B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2014-02-20 EP EP14706019.8A patent/EP3020063A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2014-02-20 WO PCT/EP2014/053361 patent/WO2015003819A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2014-02-21 TW TW103105973A patent/TWI579888B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
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2015
- 2015-12-14 US US14/967,699 patent/US10304672B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| TW201503217A (zh) | 2015-01-16 |
| KR20160030186A (ko) | 2016-03-16 |
| US20160111269A1 (en) | 2016-04-21 |
| TWI579888B (zh) | 2017-04-21 |
| WO2015003819A1 (de) | 2015-01-15 |
| US10304672B2 (en) | 2019-05-28 |
| JP6535660B2 (ja) | 2019-06-26 |
| DE102013213501A1 (de) | 2015-01-15 |
| KR102219556B1 (ko) | 2021-02-24 |
| JP2016530502A (ja) | 2016-09-29 |
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