EP2695222A2 - Cellules électrochimiques qui contiennent des échangeurs d'ions - Google Patents

Cellules électrochimiques qui contiennent des échangeurs d'ions

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Publication number
EP2695222A2
EP2695222A2 EP12767573.4A EP12767573A EP2695222A2 EP 2695222 A2 EP2695222 A2 EP 2695222A2 EP 12767573 A EP12767573 A EP 12767573A EP 2695222 A2 EP2695222 A2 EP 2695222A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
electrochemical cell
cell according
manganese
transition metal
lithium
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP12767573.4A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2695222A4 (fr
Inventor
Klaus Leitner
Arnd Garsuch
Oliver Gronwald
Martin Schulz-Dobrick
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BASF SE
Original Assignee
BASF SE
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Priority to EP12767573.4A priority Critical patent/EP2695222A4/fr
Publication of EP2695222A2 publication Critical patent/EP2695222A2/fr
Publication of EP2695222A4 publication Critical patent/EP2695222A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
    • H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
    • H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
    • H01M4/387—Tin or alloys based on tin
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/44—Fibrous material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/443—Particulate material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/446—Composite material consisting of a mixture of organic and inorganic materials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/449—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/46—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by their combination with electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/463—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by their shape
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/411—Organic material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/411—Organic material
    • H01M50/414—Synthetic resins, e.g. thermoplastics or thermosetting resins
    • H01M50/417—Polyolefins
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/431—Inorganic material
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to electrochemical cells containing
  • At least one cathode comprising at least one lithium-ion-containing transition metal oxide which contains manganese as the transition metal
  • the present invention relates to the use of electrochemical cells according to the invention.
  • Electrochemical cells such as batteries or accumulators, can be used to store electrical energy.
  • batteries or accumulators can be used to store electrical energy.
  • lithium-ion batteries are superior in some technical aspects to conventional batteries. So you can create with them voltages that are not accessible with batteries based on aqueous electrolytes.
  • the materials from which the electrodes are made and in particular the material from which the cathode is made, play an important role.
  • lithium-containing transition metal mixed oxides in particular lithium-containing nickel-cobalt-manganese oxides having a layer structure, or manganese-containing spinels which may be doped with one or more transition metals.
  • a problem of many batteries remains the cycle stability, which is still to be improved.
  • Such batteries which contain a relatively high proportion of manganese, for example in the case of electrochemical cells with a manganese-containing spinel electrode and a graphite anode, it is frequently observed that there is a great loss of capacity within a relatively short time.
  • elemental manganese is deposited on the anode.
  • WO 2009/033627 discloses a sheet which can be used as a separator for lithium-ion batteries. It comprises a nonwoven as well as embedded in the nonwoven particles, which consist of organic polymers and which may be flattened by calendering. By means of such separators, it is possible to avoid short circuits which are formed by metal dendrites. In WO 2009/033627, however, no long-term cyclization experiments are disclosed. It was therefore the task to provide electrical cells that have an improved life and in which you must observe no deposition of elemental manganese even after several cycles. Accordingly, the electrochemical cells defined above were found.
  • cathode (A) at least one cathode, also called cathode (A) for short, containing at least one lithium-ion-containing transition metal oxide which contains manganese as the transition metal.
  • lithium ion-containing transition metal oxides are understood to mean not only those oxides which have at least one transition metal in cationic form, but also those which have at least two transition metal oxides in cationic form.
  • such compounds are also included under the term "lithium ion-containing transition metal oxides" which, in addition to lithium, comprise at least one metal in cationic form, which is not a transition metal, for example aluminum or calcium.
  • A) occur in the formal oxidation state + 4.
  • manganese occurs in cathode (A) in a formal oxidation state ranging from +3.5 to +4.
  • lithium ion-containing transition metal mixed oxide which contains less than 0.1% by weight of sodium is thus considered to be sodium-free in the context of the present invention. Accordingly, a lithium ion-containing transition metal mixed oxide containing less than 0.1 wt .-% sulfate ions, in the present invention as sulfate-free.
  • lithium ion-containing transition metal oxide is a transition metal mixed oxide containing at least one other transition metal in addition to manganese.
  • lithium ion-containing transition metal oxide is selected from manganese-containing lithium iron phosphates, and preferably from manganese-containing spinels and manganese-containing transition metal mixed oxides having a layer structure.
  • lithium-containing transition metal oxide is selected from those mixed oxides which have a greater than stoichiometric amount of lithium.
  • manganese-containing spinels are selected from those of the general formula (I)
  • M 1 is selected from one or more elements selected from Al, Mg, Ca, Na, B, Mo, W and transition metals of the first period of the Periodic Table of the Elements.
  • M 1 is selected from Ni, Co, Cr, Zn, Al, and most preferably M 1 is Ni.
  • manganese-containing spinels are selected from those of the formula LiNio.sMn-i.sC-d and LiM.sup.-C.
  • manganese-containing transition metal oxides having a layer structure of those of the formula (II) where the variables are defined as follows:
  • M 2 selected from Al, Mg, B, Mo, W, Na, Ca and transition metals of the first period of the Periodic Table of the Elements, wherein the or at least one transition metal is manganese.
  • At least 30 mol% of M 2 are selected from manganese, preferably at least 35 mol%, based on total content of M 2 .
  • M 2 is selected from combinations of Ni, Co and Mn which contain no other elements in significant amounts. In another embodiment, M 2 is selected from combinations of Ni, Co and Mn which contain at least one further element in significant amounts, for example in the range from 1 to 10 mol% of Al, Ca or Na.
  • manganese-containing transition metal oxides with a layered structure are selected from those in which M 2 is selected from Nio, 33Coo, 33Mno, 33, Ni 0 , 5Coo, 2Mn 0 , 3, Ni 0 , 4Coo, 3Mn 0 , 4, Ni 0 , 4Coo, 2Mn 0 , 4 and Ni 0 , 45Coo, ioMn 0 , 45.
  • lithium-containing transition metal oxide is in the form of primary particles agglomerated into spherical secondary particles, the average particle diameter (D50) of the primary particles being in the range of 50 nm to 2 ⁇ m, and the mean particle diameter (D50) of the secondary particles being in the range of 2 ⁇ to 50 ⁇ lies.
  • Cathode (A) may contain one or more other ingredients.
  • cathode (A) may contain carbon in conductive modification, for example selected from graphite, carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphene or mixtures of at least two of the aforementioned substances.
  • cathode (A) may contain one or more binders, also called binders, for example one or more organic polymers.
  • Suitable binders are, for example, organic (co) polymers.
  • Suitable (co) polymers, ie homopolymers or copolymers can be selected, for example, from (co) polymers obtainable by anionic, catalytic or free-radical (co) polymerization, in particular from polyethylene, polyacrylonitrile, polybutadiene, polystyrene, and copolymers of at least two comonomers from ethylene, propylene, styrene, (meth) acrylonitrile and 1, 3-butadiene, in particular styrene-butadiene copolymers.
  • polypropylene is suitable, furthermore polyisoprene and polyacrylates are suitable. Particularly preferred is polyacrylonitrile.
  • polyacrylonitrile is understood to mean not only polyacrylonitrile homopolymers, but also copolymers of acrylonitrile with 1,3-butadiene or styrene. Preference is given to polyacrylonitrile homopolymers.
  • polyethylene is understood to mean not only homo-polyethylene, but also copolymers of ethylene which contain at least 50 mol% of ethylene and up to 50 mol% of at least one further comonomer, for example ⁇ -olefins such as Propylene, butylene (1-butene), 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-pentene, furthermore isobutene, vinylaromatics such as styrene, for example
  • ⁇ -olefins such as Propylene, butylene (1-butene), 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-pentene, furthermore isobutene, vinylaromatics such as styrene, for example
  • Polyethylene may be HDPE or LDPE.
  • polypropylene is understood to mean not only homo-polypropylene, but also copolymers of propylene which contain at least 50 mol% of propylene polymerized and up to 50 mol% of at least one further comonomer, for example ethylene and Olefins such as butylene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene and 1-pentene.
  • Polypropylene is preferably isotactic or substantially isotactic polypropylene.
  • polystyrene is understood to mean not only homopolymers of styrene, but also copolymers with acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, (meth) acrylic acid, C 1 -C 10 -alkyl esters of (meth) acrylic acid, divinylbenzene, in particular 1, 3 Divinylbenzene, 1, 2-diphenylethylene and a-methylstyrene.
  • Another preferred binder is polybutadiene.
  • Suitable binders are selected from polyethylene oxide (PEO), cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyimides and polyvinyl alcohol.
  • binders are selected from those (co) polymers which have an average molecular weight M w in the range from 50,000 to 1,000,000 g / mol, preferably up to 500,000 g / mol. Binders may be crosslinked or uncrosslinked (co) polymers.
  • binders are selected from halogenated (co) polymers, in particular from fluorinated (co) polymers.
  • Halogenated or fluorinated (co) polymers are understood as meaning those (co) polymers which contain at least one (co) monomer in copolymerized form which has at least one halogen atom or at least one fluorine atom per molecule, preferably at least two halogen atoms or at least two fluorine atoms per molecule.
  • Examples are polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymers, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymers (PVdF-HFP), vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene copolymers, perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymers, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymers, vinylidene fluoride copolymers. Chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymers and ethylene-chlorofluoroethylene copolymers.
  • Suitable binders are in particular polyvinyl alcohol and halogenated (co) polymers, for example polyvinyl chloride or polyvinylidene chloride, in particular fluorinated (co) polymers such as polyvinyl fluoride and in particular polyvinylidene fluoride and polytetrafluoroethylene.
  • cathode (A) may comprise further conventional components, for example a current conductor, which may be configured in the form of a metal wire, metal grid, metal mesh, expanded metal, metal sheet or a metal foil.
  • a current conductor which may be configured in the form of a metal wire, metal grid, metal mesh, expanded metal, metal sheet or a metal foil.
  • Aluminum foils are particularly suitable as metal foils.
  • cathode (A) has a thickness in the range of 25 to 200 ⁇ , preferably from 30 to 100 ⁇ , based on the thickness without Stromableiter.
  • Inventive electrochemical cells also contain at least one anode (B).
  • anode (B) may be selected from anodes of carbon and anodes containing Sn or Si.
  • carbon anodes may be selected from hard carbon, soft carbon, graphene, graphite, and especially graphite, intercalated graphite, and mixtures of two or more of the aforementioned carbons.
  • Anodes containing Sn or Si can be selected, for example, from nanoparticulate Si or Sn powder, Si or Sn fibers, carbon-Si or carbon-Sn composites and Si-metal or Sn metal alloys.
  • Anode (B) may comprise one or more binders. In this case, one can choose as binder one or more of the aforementioned binders.
  • anode (B) may have further conventional components, for example a current conductor, which may be designed in the form of a metal wire, metal grid, metal mesh, expanded metal, or a metal foil or a metal sheet.
  • a current conductor which may be designed in the form of a metal wire, metal grid, metal mesh, expanded metal, or a metal foil or a metal sheet.
  • metal foils in particular copper foils are suitable.
  • anode (B) has a thickness in the range of 15 to 200 ⁇ , preferably from 30 to 100 ⁇ , based on the thickness without Stromableiter.
  • (C) at least one layer, also called layer (C), containing
  • ion exchanger at least one ion exchanger in particulate form, also called ion exchanger (a) for short, and
  • ion exchangers (a) are known as such. In the context of the present invention, ion exchangers can have an average particle diameter in the range from 0.1 to 50 ⁇ m, preferably from 1 to 10 ⁇ m.
  • ionic exchangers in particulate form are selected from cationic synthetic resin ion exchangers (eg polystyrene resin or polyacrylate), the active group being an anionic group, for example sulfonic acid group or carboxylic acid group, furthermore consisting of molecular sieves, zeolites and lithium containing molecular sieves.
  • molecular sieves are preferably selected from natural and synthetic zeolites, which may be in the form of spheres (beads), powders or rods.
  • Preference is given to molecular sieve 4A, more preferably molecular sieve 3A.
  • Ion exchangers can be used as shaped articles, for example in the form of beads or rods, or as powders. Preference is given to moldings, in particular powders.
  • cationic ion exchangers are used.
  • ion exchangers are selected from at least partially lithiated ion exchangers or at least partially lithiated molecular sieves. At least partially lithiated ion exchangers or at least partially lithiated molecular sieves are understood to mean those cationic ion exchangers which largely replace H + and / or Na + or K + by Li + .
  • binder (b) is selected from such binders as described in connection with binder for the cathode (s) (A).
  • binder (b) is selected from polyvinyl alcohol, styrene-butadiene rubber, polyacrylonitrile, carboxymethyl cellulose and fluorine-containing (co) polymers.
  • binders (b) as well as binders for cathode and for anode, if present, are the same in each case.
  • binder (b) differs from binder for cathode (A) and / or binder for anode (B), or binder for anode (B) and binder for cathode (A) are different.
  • layer (C) serves as a separator.
  • a separator may contain, for example, a nonwoven which may be of inorganic or organic nature, or a porous plastic layer, for example a polyolefin membrane, in particular a polyethylene or a polypropylene membrane.
  • layer (C) then contains two porous plastic layers, between which ion exchanger (a) is embedded.
  • ion exchanger (a) is inserted in a layer of binder on the cathode (A) or on the anode (B), for example pressed in.
  • layer (C) may further include a nonwoven fabric (c).
  • Fleece (c) may be organic or preferably inorganic in nature.
  • organic nonwovens (c) are polyester nonwovens, in particular polyethylene terephthalate nonwovens (PET nonwovens), polybutylene terephthalate nonwovens (PBT nonwovens), polyimide nonwovens, polyethylene and polypropylene nonwovens, PVdF nonwovens and PTFE fleeces.
  • inorganic nonwovens (c) are glass fiber nonwovens and ceramic fiber nonwovens.
  • layer (C) has a thickness in the range from 0.1 ⁇ m to 250 ⁇ m, preferably 1 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably at least 9 ⁇ m.
  • Cells according to the invention may further comprise customary constituents, for example conductive salt, nonaqueous solvent, furthermore cable connections and housings.
  • electrical cells according to the invention contain at least one non-aqueous solvent, which may be liquid or solid at room temperature, preferably selected from polymers, cyclic or non-cyclic ethers, cyclic and non-cyclic ethers and cyclic or non-cyclic organic Carbonates.
  • suitable polymers are in particular polyalkylene glycols, preferably P0IV-C1-C4-alkylene glycols and in particular polyethylene glycols.
  • Polyethylene glycols may contain up to 20 mol% of one or more C 1 -C 4 -alkylene glycols in copolymerized form.
  • polyalkylene glycols are polyalkylene glycols double capped with methyl or ethyl.
  • the molecular weight M w of suitable polyalkylene glycols and especially of suitable polyethylene glycols may be at least 400 g / mol.
  • the molecular weight M w of suitable polyalkylene glycols and in particular of suitable polyethylene glycols may be up to 5,000,000 g / mol, preferably up to 2,000,000 g / mol
  • non-cyclic ethers are, for example, diisopropyl ether, di-n-butyl ether, 1, 2-dimethoxyethane, 1, 2-diethoxyethane, preference is 1, 2-dimethoxyethane.
  • Suitable cyclic ethers are tetrahydrofuran and 1,4-dioxane.
  • non-cyclic acetals are, for example, dimethoxymethane, diethoxymethane, 1,1-dimethoxyethane and 1,1-diethoxyethane.
  • Suitable cyclic acetals are 1, 3-dioxane and in particular 1, 3-dioxolane.
  • non-cyclic organic carbonates examples include dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate.
  • Suitable cyclic organic carbonates are compounds of the general formulas (X) and (XI)
  • R 1 , R 2 and R 3 may be identical or different and selected from hydrogen and C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, for example methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec. Butyl and tert-butyl, preferably R 2 and R 3 are not both tert-butyl.
  • R 1 is methyl and R 2 and R 3 are each hydrogen or R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each hydrogen.
  • Another preferred cyclic organic carbonate is vinylene carbonate, formula (XII).
  • the solvent or solvents are used in the so-called anhydrous state, i. with a water content in the range of 1 ppm to 0.1 wt .-%, determined for example by Karl Fischer titration.
  • Inventive electrochemical cells also contain at least one conductive salt.
  • Suitable conductive salts are in particular lithium salts.
  • suitable lithium salts are LiPF 6, LiBF 4, UCIO4, LiAsF 6, UCF3SO3, LiC (CnF 2n + IS02) 3, lithium imides such as LiN (CnF 2 n + IS02) 2, where n is an integer ranging from 1 to 20 , LiN (SO 2 F) 2, Li 2 SiFe, LiSbF 6, LiAICU, and salts of the general formula (C n F 2n + i SO 2) m X Li, where m is defined as follows:
  • Preferred conducting salts are selected from LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 ,
  • LiCl 4 and particularly preferred are LiPF 6 and LiN (CF 2 SO 2) 2.
  • Electrochemical cells according to the invention furthermore contain a housing which can have any shape, for example cuboid or the shape of a cylinder. In another embodiment, electrochemical cells according to the invention have the shape of a prism. In one variant, a metal-plastic composite film prepared as a bag is used as the housing.
  • electrochemical cells provide a high voltage and are characterized by a high energy density and good stability.
  • electrochemical cells according to the invention are characterized by only a very small loss of capacity with prolonged use and repeated cycling.
  • Another object of the present invention is the use of electrochemical cells according to the invention in lithium-ion batteries.
  • Another object of the present invention are lithium-ion batteries, containing at least one electrochemical cell according to the invention.
  • Inventive electrochemical cells can be combined with one another in lithium-ion batteries according to the invention, for example in series connection or in parallel connection. Series connection is preferred.
  • Another object of the present invention is the use of inventive lithium-ion batteries in devices, especially in mobile devices.
  • mobile devices are vehicles, for example automobiles, two-wheeled vehicles, aircraft or watercraft, such as boats or ships.
  • Other examples of mobile devices are those that you move yourself, for example computers, especially laptops, telephones or electrical tools, for example in the field of construction, in particular drills, cordless screwdrivers or cordless tackers.
  • lithium-ion batteries in devices according to the invention offers the advantage of a longer running time before recharging as well as a lower capacity loss with a longer running time. If one wanted to realize an equal running time with electrochemical cells with a lower energy density, then one would have to accept a higher weight for electrochemical cells.
  • the lithiated molecular sieve (a.1) (LITHIUM SILIPORITE® G5000, Ceca) was dried for 16 hours at 200 ° C. in a vacuum oven. Thereafter, the thus dried lithiated Molsieb with mortar and pestle was crushed to a fine powder, which was seventh through a sieve with a mesh size of 32 ⁇ . The sieved fine powder was then mixed in a weight ratio of 9: 1 with polyvinylidene fluoride, commercially available as Kynar® FLEX 2801 from Arkema, (b.1), followed by dropwise addition of N-methylpyrrolidone until a viscous paste was obtained , The viscous paste thus obtained was stirred for a period of 16 hours.
  • polyvinylidene fluoride commercially available as Kynar® FLEX 2801 from Arkema, (b.1)
  • Example 1.1 The experiment of Example 1.1 was repeated under the same conditions, but the lithiated molecular sieve (a.1) was omitted. Comparative layer (V-C.3) was obtained.
  • Cathode (A.1) a lithium-nickel-manganese spinel electrode was used which was prepared as follows. One mixed with each other:
  • so-available paste was lazelte on 20 ⁇ thick aluminum foil and dried for 16 hours in a vacuum oven at 120 ° C. The thickness of the coating was 30 ⁇ after drying. Then punched out circular disk-shaped segments, diameter: 12 mm.
  • Anode (B.1) One mixed with each other
  • the so-available paste was lazelte on 20 ⁇ thick copper foil and dried for 16 hours in a vacuum oven at 120 ° C. The thickness of the coating was after drying 35 ⁇ . Then punched out circular disk-shaped segments, diameter: 12 mm.
  • the first two cycles were run at 0.2C rate for formation; Cycles # 3 through # 50 were cycled at 1 C rate.
  • the charging or discharging of the cell was carried out with the aid of a "MACCOR Battery Tester" at room temperature.
  • EZ. 1 and EZ.2 could be charged and discharged very well over 50 cycles.
  • the capacity hardly decreased (see Fig. 2 using the example of EZ.2). It could be shown that the battery capacity dropped from 7 mAh / g to 89 mAh / g after 50 cycles from initially 96 mAh / g, which corresponds to a capacity loss of 7.7%.
  • the charging / discharging efficiency reached values of over 99%.
  • Fig. 1 shows charge / discharge capacity (left axis, solid line) and charge / discharge efficiencies (right axis, dotted line) of the cell EZ.2 of the present invention

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
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  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Cell Separators (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne des cellules électrochimiques contenant (A) au moins une cathode contenant au moins un oxyde de métal de transition contenant des ions de lithium, lequel oxyde de métal contient du manganèse comme métal de transition, (B) au moins une anode, et (C) au moins une couche contenant (a) au moins un échangeur d'ions de forme particulière, (b) au moins un liant.
EP12767573.4A 2011-04-04 2012-04-02 Cellules électrochimiques qui contiennent des échangeurs d'ions Withdrawn EP2695222A4 (fr)

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US20020122986A1 (en) * 2001-03-02 2002-09-05 Labarge William J. Lithium battery with separator stored lithium
EP1965454A1 (fr) * 2005-12-08 2008-09-03 Hitachi Maxell, Ltd. Séparateur pour dispositif électrochimique et son procédé de production, et dispositif électrochimique et son procédé de fabrication

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DE10347566A1 (de) * 2003-10-14 2005-05-12 Degussa Keramischer Separator für elektrochemische Zellen mit verbesserter Leitfähigkeit
CN101276895B (zh) * 2007-03-27 2013-05-29 比亚迪股份有限公司 锂离子二次电池多孔隔膜层用组合物及锂离子二次电池
CN101281961A (zh) * 2007-04-06 2008-10-08 比亚迪股份有限公司 锂离子电池隔膜用的涂层组合物及该隔膜的制造方法
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US20020122986A1 (en) * 2001-03-02 2002-09-05 Labarge William J. Lithium battery with separator stored lithium
EP1965454A1 (fr) * 2005-12-08 2008-09-03 Hitachi Maxell, Ltd. Séparateur pour dispositif électrochimique et son procédé de production, et dispositif électrochimique et son procédé de fabrication

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JP2014513395A (ja) 2014-05-29
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EP2695222A4 (fr) 2014-09-17
WO2012137119A3 (fr) 2012-11-29
CN103460445A (zh) 2013-12-18

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