EP2695165A2 - Verfahren zur herstellung von kohlenstoff- und graphitwerkstoffen sowie dadurch hergestellte kohlenstoff- und graphitwerkstoffe - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung von kohlenstoff- und graphitwerkstoffen sowie dadurch hergestellte kohlenstoff- und graphitwerkstoffeInfo
- Publication number
- EP2695165A2 EP2695165A2 EP12723084.5A EP12723084A EP2695165A2 EP 2695165 A2 EP2695165 A2 EP 2695165A2 EP 12723084 A EP12723084 A EP 12723084A EP 2695165 A2 EP2695165 A2 EP 2695165A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- nitrogen
- under
- graphite
- carbon
- atmosphere
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C3/00—Reactor fuel elements and their assemblies; Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel elements
- G21C3/42—Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel
- G21C3/58—Solid reactor fuel Pellets made of fissile material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/05—Preparation or purification of carbon not covered by groups C01B32/15, C01B32/20, C01B32/25, C01B32/30
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/90—Carbides
- C01B32/914—Carbides of single elements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C3/00—Reactor fuel elements and their assemblies; Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel elements
- G21C3/42—Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel
- G21C3/58—Solid reactor fuel Pellets made of fissile material
- G21C3/62—Ceramic fuel
- G21C3/626—Coated fuel particles
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
Definitions
- the invention relates to a process for the production of carbon and graphite materials for nuclear applications, as well as carbon and graphite materials produced by the process.
- Radiotoxika represent a particular problem for disposal, if, as for example tritium (3 H), are volatile or, as 36 C1, durable and volatile or such as 60 Co, emit a particularly penetrating radiation.
- the carbon contained in the carbon / graphite material is activated with the atomic weight 13 itself to radiocarbon ( l4 C).
- the neutron capture cross section for this reaction is only 0.0014 barn, but is not negligible because of the significant concentration of 1.07% at 13 C.
- 1 C is generated by neutron capture of 12 C (0.0035 barn) during irradiation and thus contributes increasingly to the formation of 14 C at.
- radiocarbon is produced by neutron activation of nitrogen at atomic weight 14. At 99.64%, l4N accounts for the majority of naturally occurring nitrogen. The cross section for the neutron capture with subsequent emission of a proton is 1, 93 barn. In addition, radiocarbon is formed via the 0.038% naturally occurring oxygen isotope with atomic weight 17 via neutron capture (0.257 baro) with subsequent emission of an alpha particle. Nitrogen and oxygen in the neutron field can either be part of the reactor atmosphere or part of the chemical binder. fertilize (eg, oxides, nitrides) in reactor materials.
- fertilize eg, oxides, nitrides
- Radiocarbon differs only by its atomic weight from the stable isotopes of carbon. It therefore basically has the same chemical behavior as the other carbon isotopes. Furthermore, it is implemented in biological processes such as stable carbon and not recognized as a foreign substance. Its release into the biosphere is therefore to be avoided. For this reason, the limits for the disposal and potential release of radiocarbon are extremely stringent.
- the radiotoxic agents and in particular 14 C form only a few ppm (parts per million) of the total mass of graphite.
- the radiotoxic agents are, to the best of our knowledge of the prior art, distributed more or less homogeneously over their entire volume, so that the whole volume is considered as radioactive waste, which in some countries is intermediate-level waste (ILW) or half-life of 5730 years as long-lived low-level waste (LLLW).
- ILW intermediate-level waste
- LLLW long-lived low-level waste
- the methods of the main and subordinate claims are based on the common idea to reduce the proportion of activatable element nitrogen in the atmosphere in the production of carbon and graphite materials in that less adsorbed nitrogen and adsorbed nitrogen compounds are formed during the manufacturing process. Also, the use of binder resins and tar with no or only small nitrogen content serves this purpose. Depending on the application background are suitable for z. B. nitrogen-free phenolic resins or tars with no or very little nitrogen content.
- carbon and graphite materials is understood as meaning essentially almost completely graphitized, high-purity graphite (for example nuclear graphite) or carbonaceous material (pyrolyzed but incompletely graphitized carbon-based material).
- the invention has the goal of reducing long-lived activation products, in particular radiocarbon, which are usually uncritical in nuclear operation, but play a special role in the final disposal of irradiated graphite and coal.
- the inventors have recognized that the majority of the releasable radionuclides in neutron-irradiated nuclear graphite (eg 3 H 5 14 C, 36 Cl, 0 Co, W Sr, 137 Cs, etc.) are in the amorphous and microcrystalline portions of the former binder material.
- This binder material is pyrolyzed and graphitized during graphite production and forms the basis for the pronounced pore system of nuclear graphite.
- the former binder material consists of microcrystalline graphite components and amorphous carbon components.
- radionuclides are seen, which are built directly into the graphite lattice of the filler and larger binder particles due to their genesis (eg 1 C) or otherwise have no access to the outer surface or to the inner pore system of the graphite body. Such radionuclides can not be mobilized without complete destruction of the graphite lattice (that is, the entire graphite body) and are therefore less problematic in disposal.
- l 4 C content from 17 0 is about 1/15 of the 14 C content from l3 C.
- the relevant starting nuclide for the formation of 1 C in nuclear graphite is therefore , N. This situation is considered below.
- I4 N which is 99.6% contained in natural nitrogen, is incorporated into nuclear graphite primarily by the nitrogen atmosphere under which the carbon / graphite materials are made. Further nitrogen contents can also occur in the binder material in the form of heterocyclic organic compounds (eg in coal tar). Although nitrogen and carbon in elemental form are very inert However, nitrogen on c graphite surfaces still forms covalent bonds, as confirmed by quantum mechanical calculations [1, 2]. Accordingly, nitrogen is present on graphite surfaces as a chemisorbed film. This can also be detected by secondary ion mass spectroscopy using nitrogen depth profiles (see Figure 1). As can be seen in FIG. 1, the proportion of nitrogen decreases with increasing tread depth. The largest proportion of chemisorbed nitrogen is to be detected in the near surface area, ie in the pore system.
- the pore system of the carbon / graphite materials is lined with chemisorbed nitrogen, then it is likely that radiocarbon therefrom will also be on the surface or in near-surface regions of the pore system; because despite the relatively high recoil energy of the l4 C atom from the 14 N nuclear reaction of a maximum of 41.4 keV, which breaks all chemical bonds, the M C atom does not move so far from its origin due to numerous collisions with lattice atoms in that it is inside a graphite crystallite. In addition, there is a low probability that it will find a free lattice site there to be firmly bound into the graphite lattice.
- l4 C will be located near defect sites near the surface, as is known for neutron-induced radiation defects in graphite [3].
- those 4 C atoms formed from 13 C atoms are homogeneously distributed over the entire graphite body (see Fig. 2). It should be noted that additional l3 C is formed by neutron activation of C.
- IJ carbon black contained in the carbon black is formed during the cooling phase of the annealing and graphitization process at temperatures below 1000 ° C. in accordance with the back reaction of the Boudouard equilibrium
- soot is finely divided microcrystalline amorphous carbon having a specific surface area of 10 to 1000 m 2 / g, soot is an ideal adsorbent for gases (similar to activated carbon).
- a surface covered with soot such as the highly porous carbon and graphite materials increases the adsorption capacity of these materials for gases and other impurities many times over. The occupation of these surfaces with soot should therefore be strictly avoided.
- oxygen, hydrogen and even carbon atoms etc. can be chemisorbed on graphite surfaces [2].
- the raw materials or aggregate or filler materials such as petroleum cokes, pitch coke, carbon blacks or graphites are brought, for example by breaking, grinding or sieving in a defined grain size and mixed at elevated temperature with a binder or binder.
- binders are usually pitches on coal tar or petroleum base as well as synthetic resins into consideration.
- work is already carried out here during material preparation and mixing under a vacuum or inert gas atmosphere or carbon monoxide atmosphere or under a hydrogen atmosphere in order to prevent a chemisorbed or physisorbed addition of nitrogen to the surfaces of the material used.
- raw materials are selected which have a low nitrogen content or no nitrogen content.
- the use of phenolic resins as a binder material is particularly suitable because it has no nitrogen content.
- Binder materials and aggregates that have been treated by, for example, distillation and whose nitrogen containing moieties have been reduced are also suitable.
- synthetic resins e.g., phenolic resins
- the use of natural resins is suitable for economic reasons, in which case the resins available on the market should be selected which have the lowest nitrogen content.
- the 'green body' is then annealed to about 1200 ° C to decompose its volatile components by pyrolysis of the binder.
- the resulting binder coke then combines the crystalline aggregates of the filler material.
- the resulting carbon graphites or coal stones can then be used for special purposes.
- Charcoal has a much lower thermal conductivity than graphite and has therefore been used in high temperature reactors e.g. used extensively for the insulation of the graphite reflector.
- high temperature reactors e.g. used extensively for the insulation of the graphite reflector.
- coal rock represents a special disposal problem.
- coalstone shows that efforts have to be made to reduce the incorporation of nitrogen even in this preliminary stage of graphite production in order not to face considerable disposal problems later after neutron irradiation.
- the annealing process should be performed under a nitrogen-free inert gas atmosphere such as under vacuum or nitrogen-free inert gas atmosphere or carbon monoxide atmosphere or hydrogen atmosphere.
- the vacuum or the inert gas atmosphere is preferably also to be maintained during the cooling phase of the annealed body, because during this phase various chemical equilibria are passed through quasi 'backwards'.
- gaseous elements eg hydrogen or at temperatures below 500 ° C and oxygen
- gaseous chemical compounds that do not react with carbon eg CO
- the highly porous annealed body is used to achieve higher density and desired properties, e.g. impregnated with tar, pitch or resins and then post-treated for pyrolysis of the impregnated substances. This process is repeated until the specifications are reached.
- the impregnation also forms the inner pore system of the graphite. In this case, the pending during the preparation of gas atmospheres u.a. also included in the closed pore system of graphite.
- the impregnation should therefore be carried out under vacuum conditions or under a nitrogen-free inert gas atmosphere or under a carbon monoxide atmosphere or under a hydrogen atmosphere.
- materials should be used, which in the best case contain no nitrogen or contain only the lowest possible nitrogen content.
- the annealed hard blasting bodies are piled up and repackaged with coke powder.
- insulation z. B silicon carbide.
- the annealed bodies can then be heated to graphitization temperatures above 3000 ° C. A free air access and thus the oxidation of the carbon material are avoided by the insulation and by Kokspulver thoroughlyung.
- the Kokspulveranteile consume the atmospheric oxygen contained in this bed. Above all, the nitrogen and carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide as well as the oxygen already trapped in the pore system of the annealed body remain. In addition hydrocarbons from the further pyrolysis of the binder and possibly hydrogen from decomposition processes. The aforementioned gases usually form the atmosphere during graphitization (and during annealing). However, the high nitrogen content during the graphitization process has the undesirable consequence of the chemisorption of nitrogen and nitrogen compounds as precursors of the radiocarbon.
- the graphitization process in vacuo or under nitrogen-free inert gas such as. Helium perform, which has a small Neutroneneinfangquerites. This can be done in corresponding closed furnaces, which can be evacuated and / or filled with nitrogen-free inert gas.
- nitrogen-free inert gas for example, carbon monoxide can also be used.
- the cooling phase after graphitization proceeds for longer times (several days to weeks).
- the cooling phase is of great importance, because during this period, a large number of chemical equilibria are traversed "backwards" as the temperature decreases, and the bonds formed are frozen. That's why in particular also to control or influence the ambient atmosphere of the Rohgraphitwerk GmbH during the cooling phase to the effect that a physical and / or chemisorption is minimized in particular of nitrogen.
- Cooling under vacuum conditions or under a nitrogen-free inert gas atmosphere or under a carbon monoxide atmosphere or under a hydrogen atmosphere is therefore also particularly advantageous here.
- 'rozowski cracks' which are caused by different linear expansion of the ristallite parallel and perpendicular to the crystal planes.
- the Mrozowski cracks form a micropore system, which can also fill with nitrogen or provide additional surfaces for chemical and physisorption.
- the Boudouard equilibrium is shifted in the direction of the carbon dioxide, so that more carbon dioxide is formed again and carbon is deposited as soot in the bed.
- Excess carbon monoxide will burn off with increasing access of atmospheric oxygen to the surface of the bed.
- this process can also be supported by catalytic admixtures, for example by adding iron or platinum on the surface of the bed, or by pilot lights or detonators outside the bed. This also avoids problems related to the toxicity and ignitability of carbon monoxide.
- the carbon monoxide is completely withdrawn at cooling temperatures from 1000 ° C and replaced by a nitrogen-free inert gas (eg helium).
- oxygen is introduced to a maximum of 10 vol .-%.
- the oxygen causes the finely divided carbon black formed from the carbon monoxide upon cooling in accordance with the Boudouard equilibrium to be removed by oxidation.
- the 13 C content corresponding to the natural isotopic composition of carbon in the carbon black is activated to easily releasable L4 C.
- An advantageous saturation of the surfaces and the inner pore system is carried out according to the inventive method preferably after forming the graphitic structures during the cooling phase after graphitization by injecting the above-mentioned gases (hydrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide) at the appropriate temperatures to the activation energies.
- gases hydrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide
- the long cooling time allows sufficient exposure times in order to achieve the desired saturation effect.
- all the above-mentioned process steps are carried out under vacuum or under a nitrogen-free inert gas atmosphere or under a carbon monoxide atmosphere.
- the production process of carbon-Z-graphite materials for nuclear applications takes into account not only the aspect of an effective nuclear nuclear design, but also the facilitation of later disposal steps for the irradiated graphite and coal stone.
- Carbon and graphite materials which particularly preferably have no adsorbed nitrogen or nitrogen compounds. Carbon and graphite materials can continue to be provided which have a lower proportion of adsorbed nitrogen or nitrogen compounds compared to the prior art.
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic overview of the process steps known from the prior art for the production of carbon and graphite materials [5];
- Fig. 4 Acheson oven for graphite production for the AVR reactor (SIGRI).
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102011016273A DE102011016273A1 (de) | 2011-04-06 | 2011-04-06 | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Kohlenstoff- und Graphitwerkstoffen sowie dadurch hergestellte Kohlenstoff- und Graphitwerkstoffe |
| PCT/DE2012/000348 WO2012136192A2 (de) | 2011-04-06 | 2012-03-30 | Verfahren zur herstellung von kohlenstoff- und graphitwerkstoffen sowie dadurch hergestellte kohlenstoff- und graphitwerkstoffe |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2695165A2 true EP2695165A2 (de) | 2014-02-12 |
Family
ID=46148590
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP12723084.5A Withdrawn EP2695165A2 (de) | 2011-04-06 | 2012-03-30 | Verfahren zur herstellung von kohlenstoff- und graphitwerkstoffen sowie dadurch hergestellte kohlenstoff- und graphitwerkstoffe |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP2695165A2 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102011016273A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2012136192A2 (de) |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL104972C (de) * | 1955-08-03 | |||
| US3945629A (en) * | 1965-12-22 | 1976-03-23 | General Atomic Company | Refractory carbide particles with thin outer layer of highly crystalline carbon |
| DE1808550C3 (de) * | 1968-11-13 | 1975-02-20 | Kernforschungsanlage Juelich Gmbh, 5170 Juelich | Düse aus Graphit zur Zuführung von thermisch zersetzbaren Gasen zur Beschichtung von Brennstoff- oder Brutstoffkernen in einem Fließbett |
| DE2937652C2 (de) * | 1979-09-18 | 1981-12-10 | Kernforschungsanlage Jülich GmbH, 5170 Jülich | Düse zur Zuführung von Gasen |
| US5545687A (en) * | 1990-02-21 | 1996-08-13 | Dow Corning Corporation | Preparation of high density boron carbide ceramics with preceramic polymer binders |
| US6881680B2 (en) * | 2002-06-14 | 2005-04-19 | Toyo Tanso Co., Ltd. | Low nitrogen concentration carbonaceous material and manufacturing method thereof |
| DE102004036631B4 (de) * | 2004-07-28 | 2013-02-21 | Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Verfahren zur Behandlung einer mit Radiokarbon kontaminierten Keramik, insbesondere Reaktorgraphit |
-
2011
- 2011-04-06 DE DE102011016273A patent/DE102011016273A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2012
- 2012-03-30 WO PCT/DE2012/000348 patent/WO2012136192A2/de not_active Ceased
- 2012-03-30 EP EP12723084.5A patent/EP2695165A2/de not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2012136192A3 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2012136192A2 (de) | 2012-10-11 |
| WO2012136192A3 (de) | 2012-11-29 |
| DE102011016273A1 (de) | 2012-10-11 |
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