EP2590717B1 - Bunker de parcours de golf - Google Patents

Bunker de parcours de golf Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2590717B1
EP2590717B1 EP11746002.2A EP11746002A EP2590717B1 EP 2590717 B1 EP2590717 B1 EP 2590717B1 EP 11746002 A EP11746002 A EP 11746002A EP 2590717 B1 EP2590717 B1 EP 2590717B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
bunker
artificial grass
layers
golf course
layer
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EP11746002.2A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP2590717A2 (fr
Inventor
Richard Alec Allen
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Individual
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Individual
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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B57/00—Golfing accessories
    • A63B57/50—Golfing accessories specially adapted for course maintenance
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B69/00—Training appliances or apparatus for special sports
    • A63B69/36—Training appliances or apparatus for special sports for golf
    • A63B69/3661—Mats for golf practice, e.g. mats having a simulated turf, a practice tee or a green area
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B69/00—Training appliances or apparatus for special sports
    • A63B69/36—Training appliances or apparatus for special sports for golf
    • A63B69/3691—Golf courses; Golf practising terrains having a plurality of driving areas, fairways, greens
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C13/00—Pavings or foundations specially adapted for playgrounds or sports grounds; Drainage, irrigation or heating of sports grounds
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C13/00—Pavings or foundations specially adapted for playgrounds or sports grounds; Drainage, irrigation or heating of sports grounds
    • E01C13/08—Surfaces simulating grass ; Grass-grown sports grounds

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns a golf bunker and a method of constructing a golf bunker.
  • the maintenance of a golf course is crucial to the golfer and as such to the success of a golf course in general.
  • the level of maintenance is directly related to many issues, but it is the quality of the playing surfaces and the appearance of the golf course that matter most to the average golfer.
  • One of the most demanding areas in terms of the expense, time, effort and labour is the maintenance of golf course bunkers. Golf bunkers are critical to the strategy and appearance of most golf courses and this has been the case for hundreds of years. Despite this long time span, and the many efforts that have been made, no satisfactory solution has been developed that can substantially reduce the maintenance burden, whilst at the same time ensuring that bunker quality is retained.
  • bunkers Steep faced, or revetted face bunkers which are often critical components in the character of many golf courses (common on links land golf courses in the UK) are particularly susceptible to undermining and collapse.
  • golf courses favour non-synthetic (or “natural”) construction materials for facing bunkers so as to fit in and match the aesthetic look and feel of the rest of the golf-course.
  • the present invention seeks to mitigate the above-mentioned problems. Alternatively or additionally, the present invention seeks to provide an improved golf course bunker and/or an improved method of constructing a bunker.
  • EP 0753329 discloses a playground golf course, including a section designated as a bunker/"dummy pond", made using an artificial turf.
  • the bunker/dummy pond section is made from differently coloured artificial turfs fixed together with an adhesive, thus providing a bunker/dummy pond section that is reversible so as to provide one of two different externally exposed surfaces.
  • the present invention provides a golf course bunker including an upwardly extending sloped surface defined at least partly by a plurality of layers of artificial grass, the plurality of layers being substantially horizontal and arranged in a staggered arrangement corresponding to the gradient of the said sloped surface.
  • the plurality of layers of artificial grass may face an exterior surface of the bunker.
  • GB 2398508 discloses a practice golf bunker in the form of a free standing and static sand tray. The tray is higher at one end and curved to form the bunker wall which is covered with a single non-horizontal layer of artificial turf.
  • a bunker may be in the form of a depression in the course, typically filled at least partially with sand or other granular material, and/or grass.
  • the bunker need not be bounded on all sides by sloped surfaces that extend upwardly in a direction away from the bunker. It will be appreciated that the plurality of layers of artificial grass define a facing of at least part of such a sloped surface.
  • the present invention has particular advantage in relation to bunkers having at least one steeply sloped surface, but is not limited in application only to such steep bunkers.
  • a surface may (optionally) be considered as "steep" if it has a gradient steeper than 1:3 over a distance of more than 500mm.
  • a surface of the bunker may have an average gradient of steeper than 1:1 over a distance of more than 500mm.
  • the present invention has particular advantage in relation to bunkers having at least one revetted surface (i.e. a wall that forms or defines a revetment).
  • the revetment may be faced at least partially by the plurality of layers of artificial grass.
  • the revetted surface may have a gradient of steeper than 1:1 over a distance of more than 500mm.
  • the revetted surface may be in the form of a retaining wall.
  • the revetted surface preferably has an upper edge, from which a layer of turf, whether artificial or natural, extends away from the bunker.
  • the bunker has an upper surface having a layer of turf that terminates at this edge, and does not roll over the edge and down into the bunker.
  • the layers of artificial grass may be separated by other layers of material. It is preferred however for the layers of artificial grass to be arranged one on top of the other, preferably in direct contact with each other.
  • the plurality of layers of artificial grass are arranged in a substantially horizontal orientation. When constructing the bunker, having successive layers arranged substantially horizontally, may improve structural stability of the stack of layers. It will be understood that the layers need not be exactly horizontal.
  • the layers of artificial grass are staggered.
  • one layer of grass may have an upper surface that is only partially covered by the layer on top, thus leaving part of the upper surface exposed.
  • the layers may thus have a stepped appearance.
  • the layers may have a varying stagger.
  • the gradient of the wall/surface of the bunker defined by the layers may vary.
  • Each layer of artificial grass may be in the form of a piece of artificial turf.
  • Each layer of artificial grass may comprise synthetic grass fibres on a backing material.
  • the synthetic grass fibres may be made from or comprise polypropylene.
  • the backing material may be a rubber or plastic material, such as for example latex.
  • the backing material may support a granular material that fills at least some of the space between the synthetic grass fibres. Such a granular material, preferably sand, may increase the density of the layers. Providing such a granular material may assist in distributing load.
  • the depth of the pile (the height of the grass fibres above the backing material) is preferably greater than 10mm.
  • the depth of the pile is preferably less than 35mm and may be less than 25mm.
  • the depth of the pile may be greater than 15mm.
  • Each piece may have a width of between 100mm and 500mm.
  • Each piece may have a length of between 100mm and 1000mm.
  • Each piece is preferably arranged such that its length extends left-to-right (or right-to-left) across the exterior face of the bunker and such that its width extends into the bunker.
  • the layers of artificial grass advantageously define an exterior surface of the bunker.
  • the interior of the bunker is preferably formed of different material.
  • the different material may comprise soil.
  • the different material is preferably formed mostly, and more preferably substantially entirely, from the same material as was present in the vicinity of the bunker before the bunker of the present invention was installed. Such material will typically be of substantially the same composition as that of the ground immediately surrounding the bunker.
  • the bunker may be considered as comprising an exterior facing and infill material, the infill material filling in the interior of the bunker.
  • Such infill material may comprise soil for example.
  • One of the layers of artificial grass may extend further into the interior of the bunker so as to key-in to the different material.
  • the layers of artificial grass may be tied together.
  • one or more elongate tie members may pass through each layer of a plurality of stacked layers of artificial grass.
  • the or each elongate tie member may be substantially rigid, for example in the form of a screw, pin, post, bolt, or the like.
  • the layers of artificial grass may be anchored together by means of an anchor member.
  • the present invention also provides a method of constructing a golf course bunker.
  • the golf course bunker so constructed may be in accordance with the golf course bunker as described or claimed herein.
  • the method comprises the steps of (a) forming an excavation having an exterior surface; (b) cutting layers of artificial grass; and (c) laying the artificial grass in a plurality of horizontal layers in a staggered arrangement to create the required shape, height and gradient to face the exterior surface of the excavation, whereby the bunker so constructed has an upwardly extending sloped surface with a gradient corresponding to said staggered arrangement.
  • the method may include a step of cutting layers of artificial grass before laying them, for example to cut the layers to size.
  • the excavation is preferably formed in situ at the golf course for which the bunker is being constructed.
  • the step of cutting the layers of artificial grass is preferably by means of mechanised machinery (i.e. more than a simple knife that would be used by hand).
  • the mechanised machinery may be manually operable.
  • the mechanised machinery will typically need to be located at a site other than the golf-course.
  • the step of cutting the layers of artificial grass before laying them is preferably conducted at a site remote from the excavation, and preferably not on the golf course. Using mechanised machinery has been found to give a better finish and to be more reliable.
  • the method may include a step of cutting at least one layer of artificial grass to form an incision.
  • the incision may provide sufficient flexibility to allow the layer of artificial grass to be manipulated to suit the contours of the exterior surface of the excavation, whilst maintaining the appearance of the front facing surface of the bunker.
  • the incision is hidden from view in the final completed bunker.
  • the incision may be formed in the rear surface of the layer of artificial grass.
  • the incision may allow the layer of artificial grass to be more readily stretched along its rear surface.
  • the incision may facilitate removal of a portion, for example a wedge-shaped portion, of the layer of artificial grass to be removed this allowing the layer to be more readily compressed along its rear surface.
  • the layers of artificial grass are preferably impregnated with sand before being laid.
  • the layers of artificial grass may be at least partially impregnated with sand before the step of cutting the layers of artificial grass.
  • Mechanised cutting is preferable here, as more sand is retained than when cutting manually.
  • the step of laying the artificial grass in horizontal layers may include adding regulating material in between successive layers. There may be a step of laying a first layer, and then adding regulating material directly on top of the first layer to create an even and level surface on which to lay a second layer. There may then be a step of laying a second layer on top of the regulating material on the first layer.
  • the regulating material may comprise granular material.
  • the regulating material may comprise sand.
  • the regulating material may comprise soil.
  • the method may include a step of adding natural turf to the bunker.
  • the method may include a step of adding topsoil to the bunker.
  • the method may include a step of adding seed to the bunker.
  • Topsoil is preferably added on the uppermost surface of the bunker.
  • the topsoil has a depth of greater 30mm, and may be greater than 40mm.
  • a natural turf layer is preferably laid on the topsoil. In the case where the artificial grass layers hold sand, it is desirable to have some moisture retained within the layers to aid retention of the sand within the layers. Adding natural soil and turf on the top of the bunker can aid such moisture retention.
  • the layers of artificial grass are preferably formed from pieces of artificial grass turf that have been previously used as artificial grass for a different application.
  • artificial grass has the advantage of reducing cost, but also has the advantage of providing a viable second/further use of artificial grass turf that has been used in a conventional application (such as on a football pitch for example).
  • Artificial grass surfaces, as used in such conventional applications typically have a useable lifetime of several years, but will need nevertheless to be replaced from time to time. When replaced, it is common practice simply to dispose of used artificial grass as refuse in land-fill sites.
  • the present invention provides a means of re-using / re-cycling used artificial grass. It will be appreciated that the quality of the artificial grass required for the present invention is lower than that required for, for example, a football pitch and that therefore the present invention provides an advantageous means of extending the useful life of such artificial grass.
  • FIG. 1 A first embodiment of the invention is shown in Figure 1 , which illustrates in cross-section a bunker 10 on a golf course, the bunker 10 comprising a plurality of layers 11 of artificial grass.
  • the use of artificial grass, placed in horizontal layers at a varying stagger creates a durable, low maintenance, bunker, in particular the slopes and edges of the bunker 10.
  • Figure 2 shows a close-up / enlarged view of region "A" of Figure 1 . It will be seen from Figure 2 that the at least some of the layers 11 of artificial grass are staggered, thereby defining steps 12 between at least some adjacent layers 11.
  • Each layer 11 of artificial grass comprises a latex backing material 13 and a polypropylene pile material 14 attached to the backing material.
  • the depth of the pile 14 is 20mm.
  • the artificial grass is sand filled.
  • the interior of the bunker is formed from infill material 5 in the form of soil.
  • Artificial grass is provided. Artificial grass generally consists of synthetic grass fibres (nylon or polypropylene), a backing material (a range of products including polyurethane, canvas or latex) and an infill (typically sand). New artificial grass can be purchased from a wide range of suppliers, however the first embodiment of the present invention is best suited to the use of second hand ('used') artificial grass. Used artificial grass is also widely available as it has a finite lifespan in its primary use as a football pitch, tennis court, hockey pitch etc. At present a high proportion of used artificial grass ends up in landfill sites. This secondary use for the artificial grass would provide a new market for the material and significantly reduce waste.
  • the construction of the bunker of the first embodiment is undertaken in three principal stages. Firstly the bunker faces and edges are excavated to the client's required dimensions. Secondly the artificial grass is cut by a sharp knife to suit the dimensions of the excavation. When it is processed, care must be taken to retain the majority of the sand within the pile structure of the artificial grass.
  • the piece 4 of artificial grass is to be used to face a sharply curving portion of the bunker (i.e. curving in the horizontal plane to an extent that can not be accommodated by the inherent flexibility of the pieces of artificial grass being used)
  • one or more small incisions are made on the back facing surface of each strip 4 of artificial grass as shown in Figure 3 .
  • the incisions 2 provide a degree of flexibility which allows the artificial grass to be manipulated to suit the required contours of the bunker face 3, whilst maintaining the appearance of the front facing surface 3 which is seen by the golfer.
  • Figure 3 shows two incisions 2, but it would, as an alternative, be possible to use just one incision at the centre point of the back facing surface.
  • each layer 11 is formed of many strips 4 laid end-to-end. Typical (plan-view) dimensions of a strip are a width of between about 200mm and about 300mm and a length of about 500mm.
  • bunker faces are proposed to be more than 1200mm high, there may be a need for additional support / techniques of providing structural strength and/or integrity. Such additional support / techniques are described below with reference to the bunker of the second embodiment shown in Figures 4 and 5 .
  • Ongoing maintenance may also be required.
  • the maintenance of the artificial grass faces is minimal compared with traditional solutions that are formed from growing grass sod.
  • the artificial faces are not reliant on good natural growing conditions or regular watering to keep their integrity and are much more durable to everyday wear and tear. Maintenance will be limited to occasional brushing to remove excess sand build up.
  • Aesthetics are very important, and the horizontal layering is critical in delivering the desired appearance.
  • a very natural and pleasing appearance can be achieved by means of embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIGS 4 and 5 show sectional views of a revetted wall of a bunker 110 which has been faced by means of a second embodiment of the invention. Natural sand 3 provided in the base 116 of the bunker and turf is provided on the top 115 of the revetted wall. The principal differences between this second embodiment and the first embodiment will now be described.
  • the slope of the wall of the bunker defined by the artificial grass layers 111 is steeper. Consequently, a larger and more secure tie-member 106 is used.
  • the tie member 106 is an anchor member with a screw-thread. The staggering is less pronounced in view of the steepness of the wall.
  • Every 5 th or 6 th layer 121 is bigger in the direction/ dimension that extends into interior 105 of the bunker, which facilitates a key-in between the wall and the excavation, thus providing better stability.
  • the pieces of sand-filled artificial turf are cut to size with an angle-grinder with a suitable cutting disc attached.
  • FIG. 6 shows a bunker 210 according to a third embodiment, illustrating in highly schematic form the type of 3-dimensional shape of bunker made possible by means of the present invention.
  • the bunker 210 includes a base 216 that is substantially horizontal and filled with sand, which is surrounded by a steeply sloping retaining wall defmed by multiple staggered layers 211 of artificial turf.
  • the bunker is formed as a depression in the surrounding land and thus the top region 215 of the bunker is relatively flat, and is level with the surrounding land.
  • the top region 215 is in the form of natural turf which terminates at the edge between the flat level land at the top region 215 and the steeply sloping retaining wall.
  • the multiple layers 211 that form the side wall of the bunker are readily visible when close to the bunker, but are defined by materials such that from a distance the look and appearance of the bunker marries in well to its surroundings.
  • each bunker face may change or be modified.
  • the constant feature is artificial grass laid as (preferably horizontal) layers, and this is a unique solution to the problem of economically maintaining aesthetically pleasing bunker faces and edges.
  • a retaining wall as described above could be used as a landscaping tool in other contexts, not on golf courses.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)

Claims (14)

  1. Bunker de parcours de golf (10) comprenant une surface inclinée s'étendant vers le haut définie au moins en partie par une pluralité de couches (11) de gazon artificiel,
    caractérisé en ce que
    la pluralité de couches (11) est sensiblement horizontale et agencée en un agencement en quinconce correspondant à la pente de ladite surface inclinée.
  2. Bunker de parcours de golf (10) selon la revendication 1, dans lequel chaque couche (11) de gazon artificiel comprend des fibres de gazon synthétique (14) sur un matériau de soutien (13).
  3. Bunker de parcours de golf (10) selon la revendication 2, dans lequel le matériau de soutien (13) supporte un matériau granulaire qui remplit au moins une partie de l'espace entre les fibres de gazon synthétique.
  4. Bunker de parcours de golf (10) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel ladite pluralité de couches (11) de gazon artificiel définit une surface extérieure du bunker et l'intérieur du bunker est formé d'un matériau différent.
  5. Bunker de parcours de golf (10) selon la revendication 4, dans lequel l'intérieur du bunker comprend un matériau de remplissage (5).
  6. Bunker de parcours de golf (10) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel ladite pluralité de couches (11) de gazon artificiel sont liées ensemble.
  7. Bunker de parcours de golf (10) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel un organe d'ancrage (6) passe à travers ladite pluralité de couches de gazon artificiel.
  8. Procédé de construction d'un bunker de parcours de golf (10) sur un parcours de golf, dans lequel le procédé comprend les étapes suivantes :
    - la formation d'une excavation ayant une surface extérieure ;
    - la découpe de couches de gazon artificiel ;
    - la pose du gazon artificiel en une pluralité de couches horizontales (11) dans un agencement en quinconce afin de créer la forme, la hauteur et la pente souhaitées pour faire face à la surface extérieure de l'excavation, moyennant quoi le bunker (10) ainsi construit a une surface inclinée s'étendant vers le haut avec une pente correspondant audit agencement en quinconce.
  9. Procédé selon la revendication 8, dans lequel le procédé comprend en outre une étape de découpe d'au moins une couche de gazon artificiel afin de former une incision (2) qui fournit une flexibilité suffisante pour permettre la manipulation de la couche de gazon artificiel pour qu'elle s'adapte aux contours de la surface extérieure de l'excavation, tout en maintenant l'apparence de la surface de face avant du bunker.
  10. Procédé selon la revendication 8 ou la revendication 9, dans lequel les couches (11) de gazon artificiel sont imprégnées de sable avant d'être posées.
  11. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 8 à 10, dans lequel l'étape de pose du gazon artificiel en couches horizontales (11) comprend la pose d'une première couche, l'ajout d'un matériau de régulation directement par-dessus la première couche afin de créer une surface régulière et de niveau sur laquelle on peut poser une seconde couche, puis la pose d'une seconde couche par-dessus le matériau de régulation sur la première couche.
  12. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 8 à 11, dans lequel le procédé comprend en outre une étape d'ajout de pelouse naturelle, de terre végétale et de semence pour marier la structure artificielle avec les contours naturels du parcours de golf environnant.
  13. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 8 à 12, dans lequel chaque couche (11) de gazon artificiel a été préalablement utilisée comme gazon artificiel pour une application différente.
  14. Parcours de golf comprenant un bunker (10) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7 ou un bunker tel qu'il est construit par le procédé de l'une quelconque des revendications 8 à 13.
EP11746002.2A 2010-07-10 2011-07-11 Bunker de parcours de golf Active EP2590717B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB1011669.7A GB201011669D0 (en) 2010-07-10 2010-07-10 Method and assembly of bunker faces and edges
PCT/GB2011/051297 WO2012007741A2 (fr) 2010-07-10 2011-07-11 Fossé de sable pour terrain de golf

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2590717A2 EP2590717A2 (fr) 2013-05-15
EP2590717B1 true EP2590717B1 (fr) 2014-06-18

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP11746002.2A Active EP2590717B1 (fr) 2010-07-10 2011-07-11 Bunker de parcours de golf

Country Status (5)

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US (1) US20130116060A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2590717B1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2504097T3 (fr)
GB (2) GB201011669D0 (fr)
WO (1) WO2012007741A2 (fr)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8845443B1 (en) * 2012-02-20 2014-09-30 Sean Somers Weaver System and method of forming a golf course sand bunker having improved stability
GB2501257A (en) * 2012-04-16 2013-10-23 Christy Hammersley Worthington Blocks for bunker construction
GB201414012D0 (en) * 2014-08-07 2014-09-24 Allen Richard A Processing of artificial turf
US10220287B2 (en) 2016-01-06 2019-03-05 BunkersPlus LLC Golf course sand bunker with liner and method of making the same
US20170191230A1 (en) * 2016-01-06 2017-07-06 BunkersPlus LLC Golf bunker liner
US20200230483A1 (en) * 2016-07-29 2020-07-23 Ecobunker Limited Golf course bunker
WO2018020266A1 (fr) * 2016-07-29 2018-02-01 Ecobunker Limited Fosse de sable de parcours de golf améliorée
US9795854B1 (en) * 2017-03-22 2017-10-24 Casey Jones Accelerated water removal low maintenance multi-hole golfing facility
US10513829B2 (en) * 2018-05-25 2019-12-24 Casey Thomas Jones Edge stabilization assembly for golf courses, shorelines and playgrounds

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1011669A (en) 1963-09-09 1965-12-01 Ekco Products Company Stackable receptacles
JPH0975502A (ja) * 1995-07-12 1997-03-25 Tamapatsuku Kk 遊技場
US5830080A (en) * 1997-06-24 1998-11-03 Reynolds; Richard C. Turf simulating surface
US6623373B2 (en) * 2001-12-06 2003-09-23 Peter Carlton Golf practice platform
GB0226060D0 (en) * 2002-11-08 2002-12-18 Lengus Ltd Portable golf bunker
US8329265B2 (en) * 2004-06-16 2012-12-11 Astroturf, Llc Transition synthetic sports turf
US7147401B2 (en) * 2004-09-29 2006-12-12 Wickens Richard B Installation and drainage system for synthetic grass
US7344340B2 (en) * 2005-02-28 2008-03-18 Ames Rubber Corporation Method and assembly for maintaining structural stability and configuration of golf course sand bunker borders
KR100785530B1 (ko) * 2007-02-23 2007-12-13 스카이칠십이 주식회사 샷 메이킹 및 트러블 샷 연습용 골프코스
US20090038214A1 (en) * 2007-08-10 2009-02-12 Indian Valley Industries, Inc. Golf course bunker boundary protection system
USD682966S1 (en) * 2011-12-07 2013-05-21 Richard Alec Allen Golf course bunker
GB2501257A (en) * 2012-04-16 2013-10-23 Christy Hammersley Worthington Blocks for bunker construction

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB2490637B (en) 2013-03-20
ES2504097T3 (es) 2014-10-08
WO2012007741A3 (fr) 2012-03-08
WO2012007741A2 (fr) 2012-01-19
GB201011669D0 (en) 2010-08-25
US20130116060A1 (en) 2013-05-09
GB201215383D0 (en) 2012-10-10
EP2590717A2 (fr) 2013-05-15
GB2490637A (en) 2012-11-07

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