EP2406085B1 - Dispositif de marquage adhésif comportant un film support et procédé de réalisation d'un tel dispositif - Google Patents

Dispositif de marquage adhésif comportant un film support et procédé de réalisation d'un tel dispositif Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2406085B1
EP2406085B1 EP10714934A EP10714934A EP2406085B1 EP 2406085 B1 EP2406085 B1 EP 2406085B1 EP 10714934 A EP10714934 A EP 10714934A EP 10714934 A EP10714934 A EP 10714934A EP 2406085 B1 EP2406085 B1 EP 2406085B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
film
marking device
layer
carrier film
marking
Prior art date
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Active
Application number
EP10714934A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2406085A1 (fr
Inventor
Jean-Michel Hillereau
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ADHETEC
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ADHETEC
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Publication date
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Publication of EP2406085A1 publication Critical patent/EP2406085A1/fr
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Publication of EP2406085B1 publication Critical patent/EP2406085B1/fr
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
    • B44C—PRODUCING DECORATIVE EFFECTS; MOSAICS; TARSIA WORK; PAPERHANGING
    • B44C1/00—Processes, not specifically provided for elsewhere, for producing decorative surface effects
    • B44C1/10—Applying flat materials, e.g. leaflets, pieces of fabrics
    • B44C1/105—Applying flat materials, e.g. leaflets, pieces of fabrics comprising an adhesive layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
    • B44C—PRODUCING DECORATIVE EFFECTS; MOSAICS; TARSIA WORK; PAPERHANGING
    • B44C1/00—Processes, not specifically provided for elsewhere, for producing decorative surface effects
    • B44C1/16—Processes, not specifically provided for elsewhere, for producing decorative surface effects for applying transfer pictures or the like
    • B44C1/165—Processes, not specifically provided for elsewhere, for producing decorative surface effects for applying transfer pictures or the like for decalcomanias; sheet material therefor
    • B44C1/17—Dry transfer
    • B44C1/1733—Decalcomanias applied under pressure only, e.g. provided with a pressure sensitive adhesive
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
    • B41M7/00—After-treatment of prints, e.g. heating, irradiating, setting of the ink, protection of the printed stock
    • B41M7/0027—After-treatment of prints, e.g. heating, irradiating, setting of the ink, protection of the printed stock using protective coatings or layers by lamination or by fusion of the coatings or layers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T156/00—Adhesive bonding and miscellaneous chemical manufacture
    • Y10T156/10—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor
    • Y10T156/1052—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor with cutting, punching, tearing or severing
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24802—Discontinuous or differential coating, impregnation or bond [e.g., artwork, printing, retouched photograph, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24851—Intermediate layer is discontinuous or differential
    • Y10T428/24868—Translucent outer layer

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an adhesive marking device, for example for affixing informative notes or decorative elements, on flat or complex surfaces such as bodies and more particularly on vehicles such as trains, aircraft, etc. both outside and inside of them.
  • the invention also relates to a method for producing such a marking device.
  • markings must be affixed in and on aircraft. These markings can be informative, using text and / or pictograms or decorative such as airline logos, some of which use images or color photographs. These markings, and in particular those relating to safety, must have strength and durability over time and the aggressions of external agents (chemical, climatic, mechanical, etc.) which cause many constraints on the marking processes used. Direct or stencil painting techniques may be suitable for large patterns with few colors, but for reasons requiring high resolution and / or variable colors such as photographs, the adhesive label or the transfer remain unavoidable solutions .
  • the label of the transfer is distinguished in that the marking pattern is made above a support film for a label (with respect to a layer of adhesive intended to transfer the device to a substrate) whereas for a transfer, the marking is made between the support film and the adhesive layer.
  • the adhesive label proposed by the aforementioned document consists of a polymer support film bearing on one side a marking pattern and on the opposite side a layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive.
  • the document states that these three layers must be chemically compatible with each other and with the coating of the substrate to which the label is to be affixed and with a varnish that covers a layer continue the label and the substrate.
  • This compatibility requirement particularly between the inks or paints forming the marking pattern and the support film leads to the constitution of "systems" in which each manufacturer offers its support film and the associated marking inks.
  • the smooth and polished surface of the support film required by the gloss and transparency of the label must receive a primer, also compatible, allowing the adhesion of inks.
  • Another marking device is known from WO 02/081231 .
  • the invention therefore aims to provide an adhesive marking device to fulfill various requirements without having to use multiple "systems" of support films and associated inks.
  • the invention also aims to provide such a marking device whose support film is compatible with a wide variety of inks and / or paints and methods of applying the same.
  • the invention also aims to provide such a marking device which is of a reduced manufacturing cost and whose manufacturing process is simplified compared to known labels.
  • the invention further provides a marking device for use on a wide variety of substrates, smooth or textured.
  • the invention also relates to a marking device that can be produced using the same paints as those used for the substrate (aircraft cabin for example) on which the marking device is likely to be affixed, in order to replace the adhesive decorations made with tinted films in the mass that sometimes have differences in color with the aforementioned paintings.
  • the invention also relates to a marking device that allows the realization of unique artistic scenery without requiring the immobilization of the object (aircraft for example) on which the decor must be affixed.
  • the invention relates to an adhesive marking device, comprising a synthetic support film on a first face, said upper face, at least one marking pattern covered with a layer of protective varnish and on a second opposite side to the first, said lower face, a layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive protected by a protective sheet, characterized in that the support film is a polyester film with a thickness of between 20 and 50 ⁇ m, both sides of which have a state of frosted surface with a roughness adapted to obtain a surface energy of at least 58 mN / m according to the ASTM D2578 standard.
  • marking according to the invention and / or their respective faces, with reference to an axis normal to the surface of the substrate on which the marking device is to be affixed and oriented from the substrate to the outside of the marking device.
  • the frosted whether done by brushing or scratching mechanically of the surface of the film or, preferably, by a chemical etching, increases the roughness of the surface of the support film, removes the smooth and polished appearance of the raw film obtained by calendering or casting, improves the wettability and allows a good adhesion of marking inks of various types and provenances on the film surface without requiring primer or chemical compatibility.
  • This surface condition which has the side effect of making the surface of the film dull and gives it a milky appearance when the film is transparent, apparently goes against the goal of obtaining a marking device having a strong brilliant and very transparent.
  • the inventors have found that, surprisingly, the subsequent application of a transparent varnish on the upper face of the film makes it possible not only to render its gloss to the marking device, but also, in combination with a layer of transparent adhesive applied. on the underside of the film, to restore a perfect transparency to the marking device.
  • the support film is a transparent polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film with a thickness of between 20 and 30 ⁇ m.
  • PET polyethylene terephthalate
  • the marking device comprises a layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive which has a thickness of between one and three times the thickness of the support film, with a minimum thickness of 50 ⁇ m.
  • a layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive which has a thickness of between one and three times the thickness of the support film, with a minimum thickness of 50 ⁇ m.
  • Such an adhesive thickness which is greater than the thickness commonly encountered in self-adhesive labels, has many advantages, among them an improved rigidity of the support film / glue / protective film complex enabling it to be used in screen printing on a suction table without deformation, a better adhesive power. and better compensation of the differential expansions between the substrate and the marking device when it is affixed to its substrate without thereby causing the risk of decohesion between the glue and the support film thanks to the reinforced adhesion capacity offered by the frosted surface of the underside of the support film.
  • the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer has a thickness at least equal to 100 ⁇ m adapted for bonding said marking device on textured surfaces. It is thus possible to easily and reliably affix the marking device on surfaces such as grained panels forming the interior walls of the aircraft cabin, or the internal walls of carbon fiber engine nacelles, while it was previously necessary to affix markings on metal tags screwed or riveted.
  • the support film carries on its upper face a marking pattern in direct contact with said film. Thanks to the roughness of the frosted support film, and to the large surface energy that it allows, it is no longer necessary to interpose a layer of primer between the support film and the ink applied to the film .
  • the marking pattern has a minimum adhesion on the support film of at least 2.6 MPa according to ISO 4624.
  • the roughness of the support film obtained by the frosted surface state not only allows for to increase the wettability of the support but to reinforce the adhesion capacity of the inks and varnishes deposited there.
  • the marking pattern and the upper face of the support film are covered by a layer of protective varnish ensuring an optical smoothing of the upper face of the support film and a technical interface function with the external medium.
  • a layer of protective varnish ensuring an optical smoothing of the upper face of the support film and a technical interface function with the external medium.
  • the protective varnish forming said layer is compatible with this finish coating.
  • the varnish has an improved adhesion to the frosted upper surface of the support film, which makes it possible to directly use a varnish compatible with the paints and coatings used for the substrate on which the marking device is to be affixed. Therefore, for example for the affixing of markings on the cabin of an aircraft, it is possible to glue the marking device and cover it together with the cabin with a finishing varnish approved by the manufacturers. planes and / or airlines.
  • the protective varnish is chosen from a set of compositions ensuring, individually or in combination, that the external surface of the marking device has mechanical and / or chemical properties of resistance to graffiti, dirt, scratches, abrasion, impact, chemicals and / or anti-slip properties. Owing to the wettability and adhesion properties of the frosted surface of the support film, it is now possible to use a large number of transparent paint and varnish compositions capable of imparting these properties to the marking device but which have hitherto been incompatible with known support films. Advantageously, the expensive and difficult to use filming films used until now are replaced.
  • the outer face of the protective varnish layer has a clean surface state to facilitate the adhesion of the finishing coating to the marking device.
  • the outer face of the protective varnish layer comprises a frosting having properties similar to the frosting of the support film to allow a seamless coverage of the substrate and the marking device by the finishing coating.
  • the support film is coated with a chosen paint in a range of paints qualified for aeronautical use. It is thus possible, when the marking device is intended to be applied to a substrate covered by a paint, to have self-adhesive film surfaces coated with the same paint, for example used to paint all or part of the cabin of an aircraft, in order to produce self-adhesive decorations whose hue is identical to the chosen paint, unlike films tinted in the mass used until then whose limited range limited choices. In addition it is now possible to paint a unique artistic decor on a vehicle or other substrate without having to immobilize during the execution time of the work. Thanks to the marking device of the invention, the work is performed on a support film surface and then transferred to the vehicle.
  • the marking device further comprises a weakly adhesive handling film stuck on its upper face.
  • a handling film generally made of paper or transparent or semi-transparent polyethylene coated with a low adhesion adhesive rubber adhesive leaving no residue on the outer surface of the marking device allows to affix it accurately.
  • the layer of glue applied to the frosted polyester film can be applied by the manufacturer of the support film if minimum quantities are ordered, but it can also be applied by the manufacturer of the marking device for smaller areas, thus allowing the manufacturer of the marking device to choose the appropriate adhesive, in its thickness, its nature and its adhesiveness, to the intended application.
  • Such a process is therefore more flexible and more adaptable to the needs.
  • the adhesive layer is applied by bonding an acrylic adhesive film and the frosted backing film.
  • the rolling is carried out hot.
  • the rolling is operated in a controlled atmosphere and dusted.
  • the printing pattern is printed by digital ink jet printing. It is thus possible, even for small series, or even for single pieces, to produce mono or polychrome labels, where appropriate of photographic quality, from a definition in the form of a digital file.
  • the marking pattern is printed by screen printing.
  • the same support film can be used with screen printing inks of various origins and it was found that, surprisingly, the patterns thus produced had a greatly reduced drying time compared to the same patterns made by screen printing on smooth surface films of the prior art.
  • the step of covering the marking pattern and the support film with a layer of varnish is performed by screen printing.
  • the step of covering the marking pattern and the support film with a layer of varnish is carried out by spraying.
  • a step of treating the outer surface of the varnish layer is inserted before the step of covering the varnish with a handling film.
  • This surface treatment can be operated by a mechanical or chemical etching of the upper face of the varnish or by cleaning with a solvent, to promote the adhesion of a subsequent coating layer on the marking device.
  • the user can dispense with performing the usual surface preparation operations at the time of the transfer of the marking device and the coating thereof on the support.
  • the invention also relates to a marking device and a method of producing this device characterized in combination by all or some of the characteristics mentioned above or below.
  • the marking device 1 shown in section on the figure 1 comprises centrally a support film 2 polymer, more particularly a polyester film with a thickness of between 20 and 50 microns.
  • the support film 2 can be made of polyester comprising a pigment which makes it opaque, for example a titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) filler giving an opaque white support film or consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) which has the advantage of be transparent, of great clarity and very resistant to ultraviolet radiation.
  • TiO 2 titanium oxide
  • PET polyethylene terephthalate
  • the support film 2 has undergone a surface treatment on both sides, consisting of a roughening of its surface by mechanical or chemical means.
  • the support film may have been subjected to mechanical brushing, crossed or not, by means of emerized strips, so as to create on the surface of the film a network of microscopic stripes.
  • the etching can be carried out by chemical means, for example by subjecting the support film 2 to a bath or spraying with acids or other products adapted to attack the surface of the film on a very weak thickness, of the order of a few fractions of microns.
  • a chemical etching is preferred in that it is less likely to leave residues (abrasive grains) included in the surface of the film or glued on, which could be detrimental to subsequent operations.
  • the support film 2 is bonded on its underside to a layer 3 of pressure sensitive adhesive cold (that is to say at room temperature).
  • a layer 3 of pressure sensitive adhesive cold that is to say at room temperature.
  • a transparent, acrylic-type, ultraviolet-resistant adhesive composition can be advantageously used.
  • the composition and the thickness of this adhesive layer 3 are chosen as a function of the application, and in particular of the nature and characteristics (in particular surface state) of the surface of the substrate 10 or of its coating 11 on which the marking device must be affixed.
  • the layer 3 of adhesive has a thickness at least equal to the thickness of the support film 2, and in general of the order of one to three times this thickness, with a minimum of 50 microns.
  • This thickness makes it possible to improve the adhesion of the marking device to a metal substrate for example, and to more easily compensate for variations in relative size between the marking device and the substrate that it covers during large temperature variations, such as than those encountered by an aircraft, between -50 ° C in flight and + 50 ° C on the ground.
  • the thickness of the adhesive layer 3 may be necessary to increase the thickness of the adhesive layer 3, for example up to 100 ⁇ m and beyond, in order to take into account a textured surface condition of the substrate, such as the grain walls of the interior of an aircraft or the internal surfaces of engine nacelles that are made of carbon fiber. Thanks to the high thickness of the adhesive layer 3, it can flow around the asperities of the substrate and fill the hollows, thus allowing the adhesion of the marking device.
  • the adhesive layer 3 is covered with a protective sheet 4, for example made of silicone paper, which can be easily separated before use of the marking device.
  • the adhesive layer 3 can be transferred onto the support film 2 immediately after the grinding thereof by the support film manufacturer if large amounts of carrier film with a predetermined type of adhesive are required.
  • the adhesive layer 3 may also be transferred to the support film 2 at the time of manufacture of the marking device, by a roll of the support film 2 and an acrylic adhesive film adapted to the specifications of the marking device. , as presented in step S101 of the method for producing the marking device illustrated in FIG. figure 3 .
  • the acrylic adhesive film is held on a sheet of silicone paper and applied to the support film 2 by the rolling rolls.
  • this rolling step takes place in a so-called white or gray room, that is to say in a controlled environment having a level of dust and particles suspended in the room. reduced air so as not to trap between the support film 2 and the layer 3 of adhesive.
  • the rolling of the adhesive film on the support film is carried out at ambient temperature, or hot for better interpenetration. It has been noted that the rolling and in particular the hot rolling of the adhesive layer 3 on the support film 2 allowed a close bonding by penetration of the adhesive into the micro asperities of the surface of the support film and that the risks decohesion between the adhesive layer 3 and the support film 2 were significantly reduced.
  • this interpenetration makes it possible to restore its clarity at the interface between the support film 2 and the adhesive layer 3.
  • the bonding of the support film and the adhesive layer in the first stages of the manufacture of the marking device also makes it possible, given the relative stiffness of the protective sheet 4 of the adhesive layer, to obtain a "complex" (support film, adhesive layer, protective film) in the form of a sheet sufficiently rigid to be manipulated and. in particular, fixed by suction on printing or screen printing tables without causing deformation or marks on the sheet.
  • a marking pattern 5 is printed on the upper face of the support film. Due to the frosted surface state of the support film 2 which has a certain roughness, many inks can cover this surface without being rejected as is the case with smooth surfaces. It is therefore no longer necessary to use inks specially adapted to this or that type of support film, inks that would not be suitable for different methods of transfer to the film.
  • inks suitable for marking by digital inkjet printing.
  • This marking technique is particularly suitable for producing small series of labels, or even single parts because it does not require special tools.
  • digital printing allows the realization of photographic type marking patterns.
  • a print head moves over the upper face of the support film 2 and projects by numerous individually controlled nozzles droplets of ink (s) colored (s) which form the marking pattern to achieve.
  • the marking pattern 5 carried on the upper face of the support film 2 may be continuous or discontinuous, that is to say that some parts of the surface of the support film may not be covered. as in the case of informative markings consisting of text or symbols on a white or transparent background.
  • a layer 6 of transparent varnish is deposited on the entire surface of the marking device.
  • the layer 6 of varnish thus covers the marking pattern 5 and the part of the upper face of the support film 2 which is not covered by the pattern 5.
  • the varnish used is for example a varnish compatible with a coating intended to cover the surface. surface on which is affixed the marking device.
  • the marking device 1 can be affixed to the outer surface of an aircraft cabin consisting of a metal substrate (generally an aluminum alloy) optionally coated with a paint 11.
  • a finishing coating 12 for example consisting of a paint composition or clear varnish, compatible with the paint 11, is intended to cover the cabin of the aircraft, including the place where are affixed labels.
  • coating 12 mention may be made of the products of the AVIOX® range of the company AKZO-NOBEL which comprise a "clearcoat” varnish for finishing and protection.
  • the layer 6 of varnish deposited on the marking device 1 is advantageously compatible with this coating 12, so that when the marking device is affixed to the cabin of the aircraft, it can be covered by the coating 12 without it. there are problems of refusal or reaction between the coating 12 and the coating layer 6 of the marking device. To do this, it is possible, thanks to the reinforced adhesion properties of the frosted support film 2, to use the same varnish or a varnish of the same range as the coating 12 to produce the layer 6.
  • the varnish layer 6 may also consist of transparent paint compositions or technical varnishes for imparting special properties to the upper surface of the marking device.
  • soft varnishes can impart shockproof properties to the marking device, while compositions of high hardness once completely polymerized will provide scratch-resistant properties.
  • Still other compositions provide anti-fouling or anti-graffiti properties. All of these properties, which until now could only be obtained by subsequent coating on the marking device because of the incompatibility of most of the compositions with the existing ink systems, can now be obtained directly by means of remarkable surface tension due to the frosting of the support film.
  • the lacquer layer 6 covers the portion of the support film 2 not covered by the marking pattern 5, penetrates the micro-asperities of the surface of the support film and restores a smooth and shiny surface state to the marking device.
  • the adhesive layer 3 in the case of a transparent support film 2, the penetration of the varnish in the micro-roughness of the surface eliminates the milky appearance of the support film and renders it complete. clarity.
  • the lacquer layer 6 can be applied by screen printing to a surface corresponding to the finished marking device, i.e. leaving gaps not covered between separate labels printed on the same board or being sprayed on any the board.
  • a step S104 of cutting the different labels made on the same board is performed by conventional means such as a cut half-flesh contour of each label.
  • this treatment may comprise a cleaning of the outer surface with a solvent, for example with isopropyl alcohol in order to eliminate any trace of contamination of the surface that may hinder the subsequent recovery thereof by the coating 12 finishing.
  • a solvent for example with isopropyl alcohol
  • the marking device is likely to be used, but to facilitate its transfer to the exact location where it is provided, it is advantageous to use a handling film 8 paper or semi-transparent polyethylene for example, having a layer of adhesive 7 whose adhesiveness is greater than the adhesive strength of the adhesive layer 3 on its protective sheet 4 but much less than the adhesive strength of this same layer of adhesive on the substrate 10 or the paint 11 on which the marking device is to be glued.
  • the handling film 8 is then transferred onto the label sheet in a step S105 of the method for producing the marking device.
  • the marking pattern 5 and the layer 6 of varnish are replaced by a layer of paint directly applied to the support film 2.
  • the paint layer can thus be made from a paint identical to the paint 11 used to cover the substrate 10 (the cabin of the aircraft). It is thus possible to obtain self-adhesive sheets composed of a "complex" support film 2 / layer 3 of adhesive / protective sheet coated with a layer of paint of a hue identical to that used for certain parts of the cabin.
  • This variant of the marking device according to the invention makes it possible to obtain a marking on a first part of a contrasting two-tone surface by using a paint of a hue exactly similar to the color of the second part, unlike the self-adhesive films colored in the mass currently used, whose hues do not always match.

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  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Adhesive Tapes (AREA)
EP10714934A 2009-03-11 2010-03-10 Dispositif de marquage adhésif comportant un film support et procédé de réalisation d'un tel dispositif Active EP2406085B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0901119A FR2943164B1 (fr) 2009-03-11 2009-03-11 Dispositif de marquage adhesif comportant un film support et procede de realisation d'un tel dispositif
PCT/FR2010/050404 WO2010103232A1 (fr) 2009-03-11 2010-03-10 Dispositif de marquage adhésif comportant un film support et procédé de réalisation d'un tel dispositif

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2406085A1 EP2406085A1 (fr) 2012-01-18
EP2406085B1 true EP2406085B1 (fr) 2012-12-26

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EP10714934A Active EP2406085B1 (fr) 2009-03-11 2010-03-10 Dispositif de marquage adhésif comportant un film support et procédé de réalisation d'un tel dispositif

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Country Link
US (1) US20120135208A1 (zh)
EP (1) EP2406085B1 (zh)
CN (1) CN102369112B (zh)
CA (1) CA2754029C (zh)
ES (1) ES2401765T3 (zh)
FR (1) FR2943164B1 (zh)
WO (1) WO2010103232A1 (zh)

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US20070036929A1 (en) * 2005-08-09 2007-02-15 The Boeing Company Thin film applique
JP2008080719A (ja) * 2006-09-28 2008-04-10 Dainippon Printing Co Ltd 加飾シート

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US20120135208A1 (en) 2012-05-31
EP2406085A1 (fr) 2012-01-18
FR2943164B1 (fr) 2011-04-15
CN102369112A (zh) 2012-03-07
WO2010103232A1 (fr) 2010-09-16
CA2754029A1 (fr) 2010-09-16
ES2401765T3 (es) 2013-04-24
FR2943164A1 (fr) 2010-09-17
CN102369112B (zh) 2014-01-29
CA2754029C (fr) 2016-04-26

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