Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10J3/58—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels combined with pre-distillation of the fuel
  • C10J3/60—Processes
  • C10J3/64—Processes with decomposition of the distillation products
  • C10J3/66—Processes with decomposition of the distillation products by introducing them into the gasification zone
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
  • C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
  • C10B53/02—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form of cellulose-containing material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10J3/46—Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension
  • C10J3/48—Apparatus; Plants
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10J3/46—Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension
  • C10J3/48—Apparatus; Plants
  • C10J3/482—Gasifiers with stationary fluidised bed
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10J3/72—Other features
  • C10J3/721—Multistage gasification, e.g. plural parallel or serial gasification stages
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
  • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
  • C10J2300/0903—Feed preparation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
  • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
  • C10J2300/0903—Feed preparation
  • C10J2300/0909—Drying
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
  • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
  • C10J2300/0983—Additives
  • C10J2300/0986—Catalysts
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
  • C10J2300/12—Heating the gasifier
  • C10J2300/123—Heating the gasifier by electromagnetic waves, e.g. microwaves
  • C10J2300/1238—Heating the gasifier by electromagnetic waves, e.g. microwaves by plasma
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
  • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel

Definitions

• the invention relates to a method and a device for the thermochemical production of synthesis gas from carbonaceous energy carriers, in particular from biomass.
• the resulting largely tar-free synthesis gas is particularly suitable for chemical syntheses, in particular for the production of hydrogen.
• Synthesis gas consists predominantly of hydrogen (H 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ).
• thermochemical production of synthesis gas from biomass Essentially three methods are known for the thermochemical production of synthesis gas from biomass. For the small power range one finds predominantly fixed-bed gasifier in different variants. Fixed bed gasifiers rely on a consistently high quality of biomass and are not suitable for the production of synthesis gas of high quality, which is suitable for further processing to hydrogen.
• the entrained-flow gasifier is particularly suitable for high powers starting at 1 GW, because the reactor size of the entrained-flow gasifier is relatively small. For small systems the Klistromvergaser is uneconomical because of the high equipment cost.
• the entrained flow gasifier requires largely dry biomass or precursors, because the entrained flow gasifier operates at high temperatures with pure oxygen. The ash melts like glass and can not be used as a mineral fertilizer. This is problematic in view of expensive and scarcer fertilizers.
• the fluidized bed reactor has its strengths in the medium industrial power range of 1 MW to 1 GW.
• the ash from fluidized bed reactors can be used as a mineral fertilizer for agriculture.
• processes with fluidized bed reactors a distinction is made between autothermal gasification and allothermal gasification.
• the coupling of the necessary heat takes place by heat transfer. This can be done for example by heating rods in a fluidized bed, as described in DE 199 26 202 C1. Also circulating heat transfer between a burner and a
• Synthesis gas reactor are known.
• the heat carrier used is usually sand, which is heated in a second reactor by burning part of the biomass.
• Such a gasifier with a thermal output of 8 MW is located in Güssing, Austria. This facility was presented at the International International Conference on BIOMASS FOR ENERGY; September 23-27, 2002 Kyiv, Ukraine by M. Bolhar-Nordenkampf et. all under the title: "Scale-up of a 100 KW th pilot FICFB to 8 MW ⁇ FICFB-gasifier demonstration is planned in Güssing (Austria)"
• Synthesis gas reactor serves water vapor.
• the provision of water vapor requires an additional expenditure of energy, in many cases reduces the efficiency and increases the investment costs.
• the biomass is fed directly into the synthesis gas reactor, which has a very high tar content result, because coarse parts of the biomass can reach after a few seconds in the upper part of the fluidized bed and enter the formed tar-containing outgassing directly into the synthesis gas.
• the recovery of sensible heat is very restricted because deposit below 350 0 C tars of apparatus walls.
• the tar problem is currently the biggest obstacle to the gasification of biomass.
• a process for the production of low-tar synthesis gas from biomass, in which a) the biomass is decomposed in at least one first fluidized bed reactor into at least the components pyrolysis gas and pyrolysis, b) the gas generated in the first fluidized bed reactor as fluidizing gas at least one subsequent
• the invention further comprises an apparatus for carrying out the method according to the invention with the features of claims 13 to 18.
• the production process according to the invention produces synthesis gas whose tar content is considerably lower than that of synthesis gas produced by conventional fluidized bed processes. Under "tarerarm" syngas in the sense of
• Invention is understood in particular synthesis gas having a tar content of less than 1000 mg / m 3 .
• the synthesis gas produced by the process according to the invention has a much lower tar content.
• the tar content of the synthesis gas produced by the process according to the invention is preferably less than 500 mg / m 3 , more preferably less than 200 mg / m 3 .
• the inventive method is also suitable for the production of synthesis gas having a tar content of less than 100 mg / m 3 , in particular less than 50 mg / m.
• synthesis gas is produced by the process according to the invention a tar content of less than 10 mg / m 3 , in particular less than 2 mg / m 3 , more preferably less than 1 mg / m 3 understood.
• Synthesis gas with a tar content of ⁇ 1 mg / m 3 is directly suitable for use in chemical syntheses, in particular for the production of hydrogen.
• the process according to the invention is therefore suitable for the production of essentially tar-free synthesis gas.
• the production process according to the invention provides inter alia that the pyrolysis coke is discharged in fine particles with the gas from the first fluidized bed reactor and fed to the subsequent fluidized bed reactor.
• fine particles are understood to be particles which, owing to their size or their mass, are capable of being discharged from the first fluidized-bed reactor under the conditions prevailing in the reactor Suitable pyrolysis coke particles preferably have one average particle size less than 5 mm, in particular less than 2 mm, more preferably less than 1 mm.
• the advantages attainable with the invention are in particular due to the fact that with the method according to the invention the tar content in the synthesis gas can be very greatly reduced compared to the prior art by primary measures.
• the synthesis gas produced by the process according to the invention is also characterized by a low nitrogen content.
• the synthesis gas is therefore particularly suitable for downstream syntheses.
• the extensive absence of tar saves time-consuming cleaning of the synthesis gas and a complicated cleaning of tar-loaded wastewater.
• the sensible heat of the synthesis gas can be used well for heating the incoming material flows, because in the heat exchangers no tars can condense.
• the use of sensible heat can be facilitated by cascading fluidized bed reactors and / or by integrating biomass drying.
• the method Due to the predominantly electrical heating of the process, there are neither exhaust gases nor exhaust gas losses.
• the method therefore has a very high efficiency.
• the ashes of the biomass can be used as mineral fertilizer. This is especially important for the shortage of phosphorus. Because of the growing importance of energy from renewables, the invention is described against the background of a biomass-based solar hydrogen economy.
• System size between 1 MW and 1 GW, preferably between 20 MW and 500 MW. Although large-scale plants are more economical, they often reach logistical limits. A hydrogen economy is a regional and decentralized energy industry. The plants should therefore be able to operate under elevated pressure between 5 and 50 bar, so that the gas produced can be easily cleaned and fed directly into the regional medium pressure gas network. For this reason, the process according to the invention is preferably operated with an inlet pressure of 20 to 40 bar, in particular with an inlet pressure of approximately 30 bar, against the background of a plant for producing hydrogen.
• the synthesis gas is produced in a cascade of at least two fluidized-bed reactors.
• the biomass is split into pyrolysis gas and pyrolysis coke.
• an inert bed material such as sand
• the pyrolysis coke is finely ground in a fluidized bed.
• a stationary fluidized bed is therefore for the inventive method better suited as a circulating fluidized bed, are discharged in the sand and coarser coke particles.
• Finely ground coke particles have hardly any primary and secondary tars in their interior, because the mass transfer of heat and heat is very large for small particles. This coke can therefore be described as largely tarry. This is the prerequisite for the production of tar-free synthesis gas.
• the loaded with pyrolysis pyrolysis gas enters the downstream fluidized bed reactor.
• the pyrolysis gas is thus the fluidizing gas for the downstream fluidized bed reactor.
• the pyrolysis gas encounters finely ground hot coke, which catalytically cleaves the tars contained in the pyrolysis gas into H 2 , CO, CO 2 and CH 4 . If this fluidized-bed reactor is the last fluidized-bed reactor in a cascade of several fluidized-bed reactors, then the biomass used is finally converted into synthesis gas.
• the term "pyrolysis reactor” and "reformer" is more than two
• Fluidized bed reactors are no longer appropriate. Rather, they are reactors whose temperatures increase in the downstream reactors and whose tar content decreases in the downstream reactors. Temperatures of 850 ° C. to 1000 ° C. are generally required to quantitatively convert the coke, and it is therefore preferable for at least one fluidized-bed reactor to be heated, for example with an electrical
• the first fluidized bed reactor in a cascade of several requires only a small heat input, because the cleavage of the biomass in pyrolysis gas and pyrolysis coke has almost no heat of reaction.
• This reaction almost goes by itself.
• This gives a largely tar-free coke for the downstream fluidized bed reactor, which improves the quality of the synthesis gas.
• the heat input into the pyrolysis reactor is advantageously carried out by tubes in the fluidized bed, in which the hot synthesis gas is passed through.
• the sensible heat of the synthesis gas can also be used to generate and overheat the water vapor, which serves as a fluidizing gas to the pyrolysis reactor.
• the tar-containing gas are heated prior to entry into a subsequent fluidized bed reactor.
• the heated gas cools again due to the endothermic reaction of coke particles in the subsequent reactor, which is known as chemical quenching.
• the heating can be done, for example, by an electric heating coil, which is installed in the form of a tube bundle heat exchanger between two fluidized bed reactors. If the pyrolysis gas contains coke particles, the wall temperature should not exceed this heating coil in the use of wood the ash softening point of 1,200 0 C preferably.
• biomass with low ash softening point according to claim 3 it is better for biomass with low ash softening point according to claim 3, to separate the pyrolysis from the pyrolysis gas and to heat only the dust-free pyrolysis gas.
• the temperature increase can be driven much further here. Also a locally strong heating by the addition of pure oxygen is possible at this point.
• a particularly effective method of destroying tars is, according to claim 4, the generation of a plasma by electrical discharges.
• the plasma also destroys the circular molecules that have a particularly strong bond.
• the plasma can be generated, for example, by arc between at least two electrodes.
• Arc discharges are so much more effective than a simple heater.
• the gas is of course also heated in total.
• an arrangement of at least two electrodes in the gas space between two fluidized bed reactors can also use an array of hollow electrodes, which are housed in a separate housing. The discharges take place here in one
• Tube between annular electrodes Such devices are known as "plasma converters.”
• the tube may be traversed by a portion of the pyrolysis gas or by a carbon-free gas, such as water vapor.
• Hydrocarbons are decomposed in the arc mainly into hydrogen and carbon (cracked soot) be reacted directly or in the subsequent fluidized bed reactor to synthesis gas.
• the superheated tar-containing gas can be passed through a catalyst bed.
• a reduction of the tar content is possible even at relatively low temperatures.
• Proven here are nickel-based catalysts.
• the effect of a catalyst can be significantly improved according to claim 6, when the tar-containing gas before contacting with the catalyst of pollutants, in particular halides and / or alkalis, is released.
• Particularly effective is also a desulfurization.
• hot gas desulfurization is generally sufficient.
• Suitable for this purpose are metal oxides such as Ca, Fe and Zn, even in mixtures with other metal oxides. Some of these oxides can also break up organic compounds of sulfur and nitrogen (COS, HCN). Many metal oxides can be regenerated with air or water vapor.
• the tar-containing gas may need to be cooled to 600 ° C. However, this has no influence on the efficiency of the process because the released heat can be coupled into the upstream process stages.
• a dry cleaning with consuming chemicals such as calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH) 2 ). Such a solution is simply injected into the gas stream and removed pollutant loaded with filters.
• a particularly simple arrangement of fluidized bed reactors is obtained according to claim 7, characterized in that the Fluidized bed reactors arranged directly above each other. This gives the reaction characteristics of a
• the direct feeding of moist biomass with a water content of significantly more than 40% in the pyrolysis reactor can lead to efficiency losses, because the additionally required as fluidizing gas steam would only be considered as ballast, which deteriorates the heat balance.
• the biomass should preferably be heated to not more than 280 0 C in this drying process, because otherwise uses an exothermic decomposition of the biomass.
• the drying apparatus should also preferably include a vapor circuit having heat exchanger for coupling process heat. The vapor circuit is generated by a compressor.
• the device for drying the biomass can be preceded by a similar device for preheating the biomass according to claims 10 and 11, which preferably also has a compressor and heat exchanger for coupling process heat.
• the temperature level of this preheating is significantly lower than the temperature level of the device for drying the biomass.
• the water vapor pressure is 234 0 C.
• the preheating would be carried out in this case advantageously at a temperature level of 8O 0 C to 150 0 C. This provides two heat sinks that allow almost complete utilization of the sensible heat from the process. That means an extremely high efficiency.
• this CO 2 -containing gas is passed on to the device for drying the biomass, the drying takes place at a lower temperature level.
• the introduced CO 2 serves as an additional source of carbon for the synthesis gas.
• This requires an increased use of electrical energy, this has no influence on the available useful energy per unit of biomass in the production and use of hydrogen. Only the share of electric energy in the useful energy decreases slightly, if one does not exaggerate the supply of CO 2 .
• the ratio of current / heat decreases from 52/48 to 47/53 if, instead of the external reference of electrical energy, which relates electrical energy for the method according to the invention from the hydrogen derivatives, the fuel cells with an electric
• Fig. 1 shows a simple embodiment of the invention
• FIG. Figure 2 shows an embodiment of the invention with integrated preheating and drying of the biomass
• Fig. Figure 3 shows an arrangement with 4 fluidized bed reactors and integrated catalyst bed
• Fig. Fig. 4 is a modification of Fig. 3 with additional gas purification in front of the catalyst bed;
• Fig. Fig. 5 shows an arrangement in which tars are destroyed by generation of a plasma.
• the device according to the invention consists of the two fluidized bed reactors 3 and 11, which preferably have a stationary fluidized bed.
• the fluidized-bed reactors each have a nozzle bottom 4, a fluidized bed 5 and a free space 6 above the fluidized bed.
• the biomass 1 is introduced, for example, by a screw conveyor 2 in the fluidized bed reactor 3 and heated by an internal heater 7.
• the heater consists of tubes through which the hot synthesis gas 15a flows.
• the fluidizing gas used is water vapor, which is supplied through the line 10.
• the entering in line 8 water water is evaporated in the heat exchanger 9 and overheated. In this case, the sensible heat of the synthesis gas 15a is used.
• the biomass is split into pyrolysis gas and pyrolysis coke.
• the pyrolysis coke passes with the pyrolysis gas in the downstream fluidized bed reactor 11.
• the grain size of the sand used and the fluidizing gas velocity it can be achieved that only coke particles of less than 0.8 mm reach the fluidized-bed reactor 11.
• the cross section of the free space 6 can be widened to retain large coke particles.
• the largely freed from volatiles coke particles that have entered the fluidized bed reactor 11, serve to split the tars of the pyrolysis gas catalytically. So that the coke can be converted to synthesis gas are in the fluidized bed reactor 11 in the rule
• the heating 12 of this reactor is preferably carried out electrically, for example in the form of vertically arranged rods with electrical resistance heating. The heated part of these rods is completely surrounded by the fluidized bed.
• the synthesis gas 15a leaves the fluidized-bed reactor 11 via the free space 6, whose cross-section is preferably widened. In the particle separator 13, the ash 14 is deposited.
• the sand in the reactors 3 and 11 can be continuously renewed by means known per se conveyors, which are not shown here.
• a device which has two fluidized bed reactors 3 and 11 on the right side, as previously described with reference to FIG. 1.
• a heater 16 is arranged in the free space 6 between the two fluidized bed reactors 3 and 11, however.
• This heater may for example consist of a tube bundle heat exchanger, the tubes are electrically heated.
• the pyrolysis gas and the coke particles are heated here to a temperature above the temperature the fluidized bed reactor 11 is located.
• a large part of the tars and the coke particles is already converted to synthesis gas.
• woody biomass with a high ash softening point overheating can be driven so far that the heater 12 can be omitted in the fluidized bed reactor 11.
• the fluidized bed reactor 11 In the fluidized bed reactor 11 then only coarser coke particles are ground and reacted. By this chemical quenching occurs a lowering of the temperature.
• the cascade of at least two fluidized-bed reactors is preferably preceded by a preheating and / or drying whose temperature level is below the decomposition temperature of the biomass of about 280 ° C.
• the biomass 1 is introduced with a special screw conveyor 2 in a container under pressure.
• a preheating of the biomass to a temperature level of 80 0 C to 15O 0 C.
• the biomass 18 is thereby traversed by a gas circuit of compressor 25 and heat exchanger 26.
• the gas loop further includes a separator 23 which returns fine biomass dust 24 into the container.
• the gas passes through the nozzle bottom 19 in the moving bed 18 of the biomass.
• the biomass then passes into a downcomer 20 with an opening 21.
• the biomass is formed with a device 17 known per se into pieces of uniform size.
• Fluidized bed of biomass 29 Entrained particles are removed with the separator 31 and added at the point 43 of the biomass. 36 indicates a subsequent process for the further processing of the synthesis gas. All of these processes are exothermic and can provide waste heat for drying or preheating the biomass.
• the heat exchangers 34 and 35 can be used.
• the preheated and dried biomass passes through a conveyor 42, such as a metering screw conveyor, in the first fluidized bed reactor 3, the pyrolyser.
• the vapors arrive via the line 40 and the superheater 41 as fluidizing gas in the fluidized bed reactor 3.
• oxygen 41 can be added without any problems.
• An additional heating of the fluidized bed reactor 3 is only required if in this reactor to further
• Product improvement is aimed at further implementation of carbon.
• Capacitor 37 and the condensate 38 are removed. This bypass is controlled by the valve 39 and should only serve the fine-tuning. If possible, the biomass should be prepared by mixing, pressing and / or drying to the optimum water content before it is introduced into the process.
• This additional cycle is suitable for the final drying and the further preheating of the biomass to just below the decomposition temperature of about 280 ° C.
• An additional cycle is particularly advantageous if the process is to be operated under a high pressure, for example at 30 bar.
• a cascade of four fluidized bed reactors 45, 46, 47 and 48 is shown. This cascading alone already allows a high product quality.
• the product stream of gas and coke is here after the fluidized bed reactor 46 deflected by means of baffle plate 57a on the separator 49.
• the coke is fed through line 50 to the fluidized bed reactor 47.
• the particle-free gas in line 51 can now be heated irrespective of ash softening, for example by the electrical heating coil 52.
• a nickel-based catalyst bed 53 can be arranged below the fluidized bed reactor 47, for example in the form of honeycombs known per se. To refresh the catalyst activity, it is expedient to arrange a plurality of tubes 56 with nozzles.
• the heated gas through the line 55 cooled synthesis gas or another cool gas from a subordinate process to mix.
• Methane-containing gases from a downstream process should be better supplied at the point 54, ie before the catalyst bed, so that the methane can be split.
• the heating section is located here in the middle of the cascade. Depending on the temperature control, this section can also be arranged elsewhere. The arrangement shown aims at high carbon turnover at relatively low temperatures.
• the cascade of fluidized bed reactors is preheated
• the lower fluidized bed reactor 45 can be heated in the heating device 7 with process heat, but does not necessarily have to. However, a heater is advantageous for commissioning.
• the downstream fluidized bed reactors 46, 47 and 48 should preferably be heated with an electric heater 12.
• Oxygen may be added at the locations indicated 44, but need not. In a hydrogen economy, oxygen only increases the average proportion of electricity used by the end customer. Oxygen has almost no effect on efficiency.
• Fig. 4 shows a device according to the invention, which is almost identical to Fig. 3. The difference is only that the gas after the separation of the coke one
• Hot gas cleaning step 60 passes.
• catalysts which have a good Rein ⁇ tion effect for sulfur, metal oxides are particularly suitable.
• the gas purification should preferably be carried out in duplicate. Hot gas cleaning is beneficial for high sulfur biomass because then the catalyst bed 53 has a high efficiency and long life even at lower temperatures.
• the gas should preferably be cooled to temperatures below 600 0 C. This can be done by diverting a portion of the vapors from line 40 to the radiator 59 with the valve 58. The cooling of the gas with cooler 59 has virtually no effect on the efficiency. It only changes the temperature grading in the cascade of the fluidized bed reactors and the amount of electrical energy to be injected in each case.
• Fig. 5 shows an arrangement similar to Fig. 3.
• the catalyst bed is here replaced by a plurality of electrodes 68, between which electronic discharges are triggered in alternating directions and short distances.
• the gas is thereby partly put into the plasma state.
• the resulting radicals split all the hydrocarbons with which they come into contact with carbon (cracked soot) and hydrogen, which are then either directly or downstream
• Fluidized bed reactor 47 are converted into synthesis gas.
• the "lightning thunderstorm” produces high turbulence in the gas, which results in a high reaction rate, and the generation of plasma also causes an increase in temperature, which in itself causes a split of the tars, so that the plasma heating is a particularly effective form of tar destruction or poisoning, such as a catalyst bed, is thus bypassed.
• the replacement and replacement of the bed material may, as mentioned, be performed separately for each fluidized bed reactor by means known per se.
• a advantageous solution is to add a small amount of sand to the biomass and to remove the sand only at the hottest fluidized bed reactor 48.
• the trigger can be done for example with a screw 69.
• the sand coarsened by sintering is then separated from a sieve 64 and discharged via sluices.
• the unused sand is then fed to the lowermost fluidized bed reactor 45, for example by a pneumatic conveyor.
• baffle plates 62 or radial bores can be arranged.
• the sand bed management is particularly suitable for fluidized bed reactors, which are operated in the boundary region of the stationary to the circulating fluidized bed.

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