EP2286429A1 - Einrückrelais für starter von brennkraftmaschinen - Google Patents
Einrückrelais für starter von brennkraftmaschinenInfo
- Publication number
- EP2286429A1 EP2286429A1 EP09753840A EP09753840A EP2286429A1 EP 2286429 A1 EP2286429 A1 EP 2286429A1 EP 09753840 A EP09753840 A EP 09753840A EP 09753840 A EP09753840 A EP 09753840A EP 2286429 A1 EP2286429 A1 EP 2286429A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- relay
- resistance element
- conductors
- winding
- engaging
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 abstract 2
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000013011 mating Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000004382 potting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 2
- UAOUIVVJBYDFKD-XKCDOFEDSA-N (1R,9R,10S,11R,12R,15S,18S,21R)-10,11,21-trihydroxy-8,8-dimethyl-14-methylidene-4-(prop-2-enylamino)-20-oxa-5-thia-3-azahexacyclo[9.7.2.112,15.01,9.02,6.012,18]henicosa-2(6),3-dien-13-one Chemical compound C([C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@]23C(C1=C)=O)C[C@H]2[C@]12C(N=C(NCC=C)S4)=C4CC(C)(C)[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@]3(O)OC2 UAOUIVVJBYDFKD-XKCDOFEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001369 Brass Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000570 Cupronickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 description 1
- YOCUPQPZWBBYIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Cu] YOCUPQPZWBBYIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H51/00—Electromagnetic relays
- H01H51/02—Non-polarised relays
- H01H51/04—Non-polarised relays with single armature; with single set of ganged armatures
- H01H51/06—Armature is movable between two limit positions of rest and is moved in one direction due to energisation of an electromagnet and after the electromagnet is de-energised is returned by energy stored during the movement in the first direction, e.g. by using a spring, by using a permanent magnet, by gravity
- H01H51/065—Relays having a pair of normally open contacts rigidly fixed to a magnetic core movable along the axis of a solenoid, e.g. relays for starting automobiles
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
- F02N11/08—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines
- F02N11/087—Details of the switching means in starting circuits, e.g. relays or electronic switches
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H50/00—Details of electromagnetic relays
- H01H50/54—Contact arrangements
- H01H50/541—Auxiliary contact devices
- H01H50/543—Auxiliary switch inserting resistor during closure of contactor
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01C—RESISTORS
- H01C3/00—Non-adjustable metal resistors made of wire or ribbon, e.g. coiled, woven or formed as grids
- H01C3/02—Non-adjustable metal resistors made of wire or ribbon, e.g. coiled, woven or formed as grids arranged or constructed for reducing self-induction, capacitance or variation with frequency
Definitions
- the invention relates to an engagement relay for starters of internal combustion engines according to the preamble of claim 1.
- Such contact relays usually have a pull-in winding and a holding winding.
- the starter pinion is first axially slidably meshed by energizing the two windings while simultaneously being slowly rotated by the starter motor into the ring gear of the internal combustion engine.
- the relay armature then actuates a changeover contact, with which the pull-in winding is switched off and the starter motor is connected directly to the electrical power supply.
- a disadvantage here is that the dynamic behavior of the engagement relay is influenced when the starter pinion meshes with the holding winding of the relay. This can lead to Einspurproblemten the starter pinion by the pinion too little twisted or too slow in a too fast toe-in
- the resistance is a meandering wound resistance wire. It is aligned with its connection ends to the changeover contact and placed around the relay winding outside. By this arrangement of the resistor, this acts at the same time as an inductive winding. This leads to an undesirable influence on the magnetic dynamics of the engagement relay.
- the present solution seeks to make the dynamics of the contactor as independent as possible of the series resistor of the starter motor, but still to integrate it in the engagement relay.
- An engagement relay with the characterizing features of claim 1 has the
- the Einspurzeit the starter pinion is only determined or regulated by a corresponding dimensioning of the relay winding by the largely electromagnetically neutral design of the resistance element and that on the other hand, the gentle turning of the starter motor during Einspurvorgang done exclusively by the dimensioning of the resistive element. A mutual vote of the two components is no longer required.
- a clever structural design and arrangement of the resistance element on the support body of the relay winding can also be avoided larger outer dimensions of the relay.
- the two mutually parallel conductors and the end connection of a wound through and correspondingly bent Widerstansdraht are formed in the simplest way.
- a bare Widerstansdraht is preferably used for the preparation of the resistive element, whose mutually parallel conductors spaced from each other on
- Winding support of the relay winding are fixed.
- a spatially optimal arrangement of the resistance element with the shortest possible connection connections results from its arrangement on the changeover contacts facing end side of the winding support.
- the resistance element is arranged concentrically within an end region of the relay winding in a frontally open annular chamber of the winding carrier.
- the two conductors of the resistance element arranged around the longitudinal axis of the relay are concentric with one another and spaced apart by a web projecting axially at the bottom of the annular chamber and embedded in a sealing compound filling the annular chamber and / or closed by a cover.
- the resistance element can also be integrated in a preassembled state in the engagement relay.
- the resistance element can also be integrated in a preassembled state in the engagement relay.
- the resistance element fixed under a cover, preferably injected in plastic at least in several plastic sections, which can be used as a prefabricated component in the annular chamber of the winding support and having a free conductor ends receiving breakthrough.
- a cover preferably injected in plastic at least in several plastic sections, which can be used as a prefabricated component in the annular chamber of the winding support and having a free conductor ends receiving breakthrough.
- the two bare conductor of the resistance element on the back of the lid are arranged concentrically parallel to each other and spaced apart by an integrally formed on the cover, axially projecting web.
- the two mutually parallel conductors are expediently at an angle of ⁇ > 180 ° and preferably of ⁇ ⁇
- the size of the resistor element is primarily dependent on the starter motor. So it may be necessary that the two leaders of the Resistor element must be arranged with more than one complete turn around the longitudinal axis of the relay around.
- the two conductors are in the simplest way at an angle of ⁇ ⁇ 360 ° in the region of their axially angled free ends by more than one conductor thickness, preferably by at least two conductor thicknesses to an axially offset
- the two conductors extend at an angle ⁇ > 360 ° in several turns spirally at a distance from each other.
- Another alternative with little space is obtained by the two mutually parallel conductors at an angle ⁇ > 180 ° are fixed or injected threadably about the longitudinal axis of the relay in a Isolierstoffhülse, which is preferably axially insertable on the inside of the winding support.
- FIG. 3 shows a first exemplary embodiment of a resistance element in a three-dimensional representation
- FIG. 4 shows an enlarged longitudinal section of the winding carrier of Figure 1 and Figure 4a shows a variant of Figure 4 with potting compound
- FIG. 5 shows a lid with an injected resistance element according to FIG. 3 in a three-dimensional view
- FIG. 6 shows a variant of the cover according to FIG. 5 with the resistance element
- FIG. 8 shows a second exemplary embodiment of the resistance element in a three-dimensional representation
- FIG. 9 shows a third embodiment of the resistance element in a schematic representation
- FIG. 10 shows a fourth exemplary embodiment of the resistance element in an insulating sleeve in a three-dimensional representation
- FIG. 11 shows a resistance element with U-shaped bent conductors
- FIG. 12 shows a flow chart for the magnetic flux in the engagement relay during a starting process.
- Figure 1 shows the structural design of a designated 10 engagement relay for the starting system of an internal combustion engine in motor vehicles.
- Engagement relay 10 has a relay winding 11 on a made of plastic winding support 12 which is mounted on a magnetic core 13.
- the relay winding 11 is inserted in a metallic housing 14, in the front, open end of the magnetic core 13 is added.
- an armature 15 of the relay is axially guided in an opening, which dips into the relay coil 11.
- a plunger 16 is fixed, the head-side end of a so-called paddle
- FIG. 2 shows the circuit structure of a starting system with the contactor 10.
- a starter motor 31 is connected by a vehicle battery 32 as an electrical power supply via the terminals 30 and 45 of the contactor 10 directly from the changeover 20 of the contactor 10 to positive potential.
- the positive potential of the vehicle battery 32 is also located at a start switch 33, which is followed by a starter relay 34. Via the switching contact 34a of the starting relay 34, the positive potential of the vehicle battery 32 is switched to the engagement relay 10.
- engagement relay 10 the positive potential on the one hand to the grounded relay winding 11 and on the other hand via the normally closed contact 20 b to the resistance element 26 and from there via the terminal 45 to the starter motor 31.
- the shift rod 18 of the contactor 10 of the normally closed contact 20 b of the contact bridge 20 of the changeover contact is opened and the countercontact 20a is closed.
- the resistance element 26 is switched off and the starter motor 31 is connected directly to the electrical supply at the end of the engagement path.
- the resistance element 26 is shown in FIG. 3 as a largely electromagnetic neutral winding. It consists of two mutually parallel conductors 27a, 27b, which is arranged around the longitudinal axis x of the engagement relay 10 around and whose ends are connected by an end connection 27c with each other in series.
- the two conductors 27a, 27b of the resistance element 26 and their end connection 27c consist of a continuous and correspondingly bent resistance wire, which in the present embodiment has a diameter of 2 mm and resistance R of approximately 1.5 ⁇ .
- the resistance wire made of a copper-nickel alloy has two angled in the axial direction of the contactor 10 free terminal ends 27d.
- the two mutually parallel conductors 27a, 27b are here with a uniform curvature in An angle ⁇ of about 350 ° about the longitudinal axis x of the engagement relay 10 around.
- the two concentric parallel conductors 27a, 27b are spaced apart in the annular chamber 35 fixed by being spaced apart by a at the bottom of the annular chamber 35 axially projecting web 35a.
- the annular chamber 35 is closed by a plastic cover 36 and fixed by a serving for receiving the armature 15 brass sleeve 37.
- the terminal ends 27 d of the resistance element 26 are guided through an axial collar 38 of the winding support 12. Since the resistance element 26 is made of a bare resistance wire, its two conductors 27a, 27b can alternatively be embedded in a potting compound 28 filling the annular chamber 35, as shown in FIG. 4a, as an alternative to the plastic cover 36. Optionally, the resistance element 26 also initially embedded in potting compound and then the annular chamber 35 are closed by a cover 36.
- FIG. 5 shows, in a three-dimensional view, a plastic lid 36a under which the resistance element 26 of FIG. 3 is fixed by being injected there in a plastic material 39.
- the plastic material 39 for a holding tool of the plastic lid 36 a plurality of recess 40.
- the free conductor ends 27d are passed through an opening arranged in the collar 38 of the plastic lid 36a.
- Figure 6 shows an alternative to Figure 5 embodiment of the plastic cover 36a in a spatial representation turned upwards, in which the
- Resistance element 26 of Figure 3 at the bottom of the plastic cover 36a is embedded only in a plurality of mutually uniformly spaced plastic portions 39a.
- a preassembled unit from the plastic lid 36a and the resistance element 26 can be seen in a spatial representation.
- the two bare conductors 27a, 27b of the resistance element 26 on the back of the plastic lid 36a concentric with each other extending parallel to each other by an integrally formed on the cover, axially projecting web 41 from each other.
- the two free ends 27d of the conductors 27a, 27b of the resistance element 26 are guided in the collar 38 of the plastic cover 36a through an aperture 42 to the outside.
- the pre-assembled in this way resistance element 26 is then shown in Figure 6 by the plastic sections 39a or by the almost complete
- FIG. 8 shows a further embodiment of the resistance element and designated by 26a.
- the two concentric parallel conductors 27a, 27b arranged in almost two complete turns about the longitudinal axis x of the contactor 10 with uniform curvature.
- the two conductors 27a, 27b bent in the region of their axially bent free ends 27d by more than one conductor thickness to an axially offset bend 27e.
- Figure 4 used or fixed according to Figure 5 and 6 on the underside of the plastic lid 26a in plastic material 39 or 39a.
- Figure 9 shows a schematic representation of another, designated 26b embodiment of the resistance element 26.
- the two concentric parallel conductors 27a, 27b are arranged in almost two complete turns spirally spaced from each other.
- Such a resistance element 26b can be attached in the simplest manner to the upper end side of the winding support 12 from FIG.
- FIG. 10 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a resistance element 26c in three dimensions.
- the two mutually parallel conductors 27a, 27b at an axial distance from each other with more than one turn ( ⁇ > 360 °) thread-like about the longitudinal axis x of the engagement relay 10 in one
- the resistance element 26c in the insulating sleeve 43 only dashed recognizable, since only the free, axially angled ends 27c at the upper end side of the insulating sleeve 43 exit from the insulating material of the sleeve.
- the dimensions of the insulating sleeve 43 are selected so that they are on the inside of the
- Winding support 12 of Figure 1 is axially used.
- FIG. 11 shows, as a further exemplary embodiment, a resistance element 26d which consists of a continuous resistance wire with a rectangular cross section in the form of a three / four turn of the two conductors 27a, 27b running concentrically parallel to one another.
- the resistance element 26d is formed with two right-angled bends U-shaped, wherein the two bare conductors 27a, 27b to each other at a distance.
- This resistance element 26d can likewise be inserted into a corresponding recess on the upper end side of the winding carrier 12 according to FIG.
- FIG. 12 shows in a time diagram the magnetic flux ⁇ of the engagement relay 10 from FIG. 1 during a starting process carried out with the circuit arrangement according to FIG. At time tl, the start switch 33 is closed and the starter relay 34 is the
- Relay winding 11 of the contactor 10 energized. With the magnetic flux ⁇ RW thus generated, the armature 15 of the engagement relay 10 is retracted until finally at time t2 the changeover contact 20 of the engagement relay 10 is actuated. As a result, the normally closed contact 20b is opened and the mating contact 20a is closed. Until this time, a metered current flows over the
- the invention is not limited to the illustrated embodiments, since the design and arrangement of the resistance element 26 allows numerous alternatives.
- a circular or U-shaped design of the resistance element as an oval, polygonal or non-uniform design can be used. It is also possible, instead of a wound through resistance wire, the two parallel
- Ladder 27a, 27b as a single conductor with a separately prepared end connection 27c to each other to the resistance element 26 in series.
- various known materials for the resistance element 26 can also be used.
- By fixing the resistance element 26 on the winding support 12 of the contactor 10 is dispensed with a paint insulation of the resistance wire.
- a web arrangement between the two conductors 27a, 27b of the resistance element 26 increases the shock and vibration resistance of the resistance wire and in addition, when inserting the resistance element 26 in the annular chamber 35 of the winding support 12, the Head 27a, 27b jammed in the chamber and thus securely positioned for further assembly steps.
- the resistance element 26 can be pre-assembled with separate spacer clips in the annular chamber 35 and the plastic lid 36a.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Connection Of Motors, Electrical Generators, Mechanical Devices, And The Like (AREA)
- Details Of Resistors (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PL09753840T PL2286429T3 (pl) | 2008-05-30 | 2009-05-25 | Przekaźnik włączający do rozruszników silników spalinowych |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102008002098A DE102008002098A1 (de) | 2008-05-30 | 2008-05-30 | Einrückrelais für Starter von Brennkraftmaschinen |
PCT/EP2009/056271 WO2009144185A1 (de) | 2008-05-30 | 2009-05-25 | Einrückrelais für starter von brennkraftmaschinen |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2286429A1 true EP2286429A1 (de) | 2011-02-23 |
EP2286429B1 EP2286429B1 (de) | 2016-07-13 |
Family
ID=40974658
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP09753840.9A Active EP2286429B1 (de) | 2008-05-30 | 2009-05-25 | Einrückrelais für starter von brennkraftmaschinen |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP2286429B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP5254434B2 (de) |
CN (1) | CN102113078B (de) |
DE (1) | DE102008002098A1 (de) |
PL (1) | PL2286429T3 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2009144185A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102011014022A1 (de) * | 2011-03-15 | 2012-09-20 | Auto-Kabel Managementgesellschaft Mbh | Startstrombegrenzungsvorrichtung |
DE102011014023B4 (de) * | 2011-03-15 | 2013-08-14 | Auto-Kabel Managementgesellschaft Mbh | Startstrombegrenzungssystem, Verfahren zum Begrenzen eines Startstroms sowie Verwendung eines Startstrombegrenzungssystems |
DE102011088722A1 (de) * | 2011-12-15 | 2013-06-20 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Starterrelais für den Starter eines Verbrennungsmotors |
JP6057677B2 (ja) * | 2012-11-16 | 2017-01-11 | 日立オートモティブシステムズ株式会社 | 電磁スイッチ |
DE102013010166A1 (de) | 2013-06-19 | 2015-01-08 | Auto-Kabel Management Gmbh | Polnischenintegrierter Startstrombegrenzer |
DE202014010575U1 (de) | 2014-05-21 | 2016-01-07 | Ellenberger & Poensgen Gmbh | Leistungsrelais für ein Fahrzeug |
FR3024586A1 (fr) * | 2014-07-31 | 2016-02-05 | Valeo Equip Electr Moteur | Contacteur de demarreur, demarreur et systeme de demarrage associe |
Family Cites Families (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR930980A (fr) * | 1943-07-14 | 1948-02-10 | Int Standard Electric Corp | Perfectionnements aux résistances électriques bobinées |
FR1022487A (fr) * | 1950-07-25 | 1953-03-05 | Procédé de fabrication de résistances électriques bobinées et résistances obtenues par ce procédé | |
DE4117242C1 (de) * | 1991-05-27 | 1992-07-16 | Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart, De | |
DE19814504A1 (de) | 1997-11-18 | 1999-06-02 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Einrückrelais für Starter |
WO1999026266A1 (de) * | 1997-11-18 | 1999-05-27 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Einrückrelais für starter |
US6452477B1 (en) * | 2000-09-06 | 2002-09-17 | Marconi Medical Systems, Inc. | High voltage low inductance circuit protection resistor |
US20020158519A1 (en) * | 2001-03-13 | 2002-10-31 | Delco Remy America, Inc. | Multiple coil pull-in coil for a solenoid assembly for a starter motor assembly |
FR2827342B1 (fr) * | 2001-07-10 | 2004-08-13 | Valeo Equip Electr Moteur | Demarreur pour vehicule automobile |
DE102004007393A1 (de) * | 2003-02-28 | 2004-09-09 | Denso Corp., Kariya | Maschinenanlasser mit einem Anlassermotor |
US20040196136A1 (en) * | 2003-04-07 | 2004-10-07 | Tai-Her Yang | Low-inductance resistance device with bi-directional archimedian spiral layout |
DE102004032373B4 (de) | 2004-06-30 | 2018-05-24 | Seg Automotive Germany Gmbh | Elektromagnetischer Hilfsantrieb und Vorrichtung zur Verschiebung eines Antriebselements mit einem solchen elektromagnetischen Hilfsantrieb |
JP5168128B2 (ja) * | 2008-02-20 | 2013-03-21 | 株式会社デンソー | 電磁スイッチ |
DE102008001750A1 (de) * | 2008-05-14 | 2009-11-19 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Starter für eine Brennkraftmaschine |
DE102008002114A1 (de) * | 2008-05-30 | 2009-12-03 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Einspurrelais und Starter |
JP5569349B2 (ja) * | 2009-12-11 | 2014-08-13 | 株式会社デンソー | 電磁継電器 |
JP5504899B2 (ja) * | 2010-01-12 | 2014-05-28 | 株式会社デンソー | 電磁継電器 |
-
2008
- 2008-05-30 DE DE102008002098A patent/DE102008002098A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2009
- 2009-05-25 EP EP09753840.9A patent/EP2286429B1/de active Active
- 2009-05-25 PL PL09753840T patent/PL2286429T3/pl unknown
- 2009-05-25 JP JP2011510965A patent/JP5254434B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-05-25 CN CN200980130283.9A patent/CN102113078B/zh active Active
- 2009-05-25 WO PCT/EP2009/056271 patent/WO2009144185A1/de active Application Filing
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2009144185A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
PL2286429T3 (pl) | 2017-04-28 |
CN102113078B (zh) | 2014-03-26 |
EP2286429B1 (de) | 2016-07-13 |
DE102008002098A1 (de) | 2009-12-03 |
JP5254434B2 (ja) | 2013-08-07 |
WO2009144185A1 (de) | 2009-12-03 |
JP2011523761A (ja) | 2011-08-18 |
CN102113078A (zh) | 2011-06-29 |
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