EP2260236A2 - Centrale au charbon et procédé d'exploitation de la centrale au charbon - Google Patents

Centrale au charbon et procédé d'exploitation de la centrale au charbon

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Publication number
EP2260236A2
EP2260236A2 EP09710549A EP09710549A EP2260236A2 EP 2260236 A2 EP2260236 A2 EP 2260236A2 EP 09710549 A EP09710549 A EP 09710549A EP 09710549 A EP09710549 A EP 09710549A EP 2260236 A2 EP2260236 A2 EP 2260236A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
flue gas
gas
steam generator
steam
combustion
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP09710549A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Andreas Rohde
Christian Bergins
Friedrich Klauke
Martin Ehmann
Thorsten Buddenberg
Bernd Vollmer
Thomas Krause
Alfred Gwosdz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hitachi Power Europe GmbH
Original Assignee
Hitachi Power Europe GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hitachi Power Europe GmbH filed Critical Hitachi Power Europe GmbH
Publication of EP2260236A2 publication Critical patent/EP2260236A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J15/00—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
    • F23J15/006—Layout of treatment plant
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
    • F22B1/02—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers
    • F22B1/18—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being a hot gas, e.g. waste gas such as exhaust gas of internal-combustion engines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C9/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for returning combustion products or flue gases to the combustion chamber
    • F23C9/003—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for returning combustion products or flue gases to the combustion chamber for pulverulent fuel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
    • F23L7/00—Supplying non-combustible liquids or gases, other than air, to the fire, e.g. oxygen, steam
    • F23L7/007—Supplying oxygen or oxygen-enriched air
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
    • F23L2900/00—Special arrangements for supplying or treating air or oxidant for combustion; Injecting inert gas, water or steam into the combustion chamber
    • F23L2900/07007—Special arrangements for supplying or treating air or oxidant for combustion; Injecting inert gas, water or steam into the combustion chamber using specific ranges of oxygen percentage
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/32—Direct CO2 mitigation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/34—Indirect CO2mitigation, i.e. by acting on non CO2directly related matters of the process, e.g. pre-heating or heat recovery

Definitions

  • the invention is directed to a method for operating and for controlling a coal-fired steam generator comprising a power plant, the steam generator of which is designed for combustion with combustion coal combustion in the steam generator by the heat transfer to the steam mass flow achievable steam parameters.
  • the invention is directed to a coal-fired power plant with a coal-fired steam generator, the steam generator is designed for achievable with combustion air coal combustion in the steam generator by the heat transfer to the steam mass flow achievable steam parameters.
  • the CO 2 concentration in the flue gas is greatly increased by using a mixture of recirculated flue gas and almost pure oxygen instead of air to burn the coal.
  • the purity of the oxygen obtained from an air separation plant (LZA) the quality of the flue gas cleaning plants (denitrification, desulfurization, dedusting) and the process control, which is decisive the location of the flue gas recirculation (eg the locations / locations 1-6 in Fig. I) - on the purity of the process after a flue gas drying (condensation of the water by cooling) leaving CO 2 .
  • the CO 2 concentration should be so high and the exposure to pollutants so low that the CO 2 can be directly compressed and fed to storage.
  • the advantage of this concept is that both steam generator and steam cycle and turbine design, which are designed for a conventional air operation, do not differ fundamentally from those that are designed for oxyfuel operation.
  • the proportion of other aggregates required for conventional energy generation compared to conventional power plants is ⁇ 15%.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object to provide a solution that makes it possible to operate for an air operation designed coal power plants with a successful after the oxyfuel process combustion of the fuel in the furnace chamber of the steam generator of the coal power plant.
  • this object is achieved in that in the steam generator combustion of the carbonaceous fuel after the oxyfuel process with approximately pure, more than 95 vol .-% O 2 containing oxygen and recirculated, high CO 2 -containing flue gas is carried out such that the mass flows of all the coal-fired burners and the steam generator supplied fuel streams and combustion gas, conveying gas and process gas streams of combustion oxygen and / or recirculated flue gas formed in their respective composition ratio of oxygen and / or flue gas and each other be agreed that the heat transfer in the steam generator by flame radiation, gas radiation and convection on the steam mass flow in the steam / water cycle of the steam generator compared to the air combustion is kept the same, in particular the same steam parameters are obtained.
  • the above object is achieved analogously in that in the steam generator combustion of the carbonaceous fuel after the oxyfuel process with approximately pure, more than 95 vol .-% O 2 containing oxygen and recirculated , high C ⁇ 2 ⁇ containing flue gas such that the mass flows of all the coal-fired burners and the steam generator supplied fuel streams and combustion gas, conveying gas and process gas streams of combustion oxygen and / or recirculated flue gas formed in their respective composition ratio of oxygen and / or flue gas and are matched to one another that the heat transfer in the steam generator by flame radiation, gas radiation and convection on the steam mass flow in the steam / water cycle of the steam generator compared to the air combustion remains the same overall, in particular the D obtained ampfparameter are the same.
  • the invention achieves that a coal-fired power plant designed for combustion with air can also be operated without difficulty as a CO 2 -free or CO 2 -free power plant operating according to the oxyfuel process with recirculated flue gas and converted to the oxyfuel process or oxyfuel operation. or can be retrofitted.
  • the burners are then operated with a supply of pure oxygen> 95 vol .-% O 2 or a mixture of pure oxygen and recirculated, highly CO 2 -containing flue gas.
  • flue gas resulting from the combustion process is returned to the burner and the burner or combustion chamber, ie recirculated.
  • treated and / or untreated flue gas can be recirculated to the steam generator in accordance with the invention.
  • untreated flue gas is meant that which is branched off in the flue gas path to the steam generator for recirculation, before in the flue gas flue gas treatment such as by an electrostatic precipitator, a flue gas desulfurization or a flue gas dryer.
  • the invention further provides that an existing, in particular a so-called 600 0 C - power plant with the method according to claim 1 or 2 is retrofitted.
  • the recirculation rate of the flue gas is 65% to 80%, in particular 74% to 78%.
  • a designed for air operation power plant can operate in oxyfuel operation when the flue gas behind a desulfurization or flue gas desulfurization or one, in particular additional and / or retrofitted, flue gas cooler is withdrawn for recirculation, which the Invention also provides.
  • Flue gas desulphurisation plant is used as absorbent fire lime (CaO).
  • the invention provides that between a induced draft and a desulfurization or desulfurization a heat transfer system is installed. As a result, the heat balance of the recirculating flue gas stream and the temperature of the recirculated flue gas can be influenced by energy dissipation.
  • the power plant according to the invention finally characterized by the fact that the flue gas duct in the flow direction after a denitrification, one in particular parallel to a Air preheater (LUVO) guided bypass line having arranged therein gas-gas heat exchanger.
  • LUVO Air preheater
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a process and system diagram of the gas and fire side of a
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a process scheme of the gas and fire side of a steam generator
  • 3 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of a gas and fire side process scheme of a steam generator
  • FIG. 5 shows a comparison of the temperature profile over the furnace height in the radiation part of a steam generator in FIG.
  • Fig. 10 in tabular table form a comparison between the air operation and the oxyfuel operation with respect to various physical properties
  • Fig. 11 is a representation corresponding to FIG. 2 with additional indication of the gas temperatures in ° C and the mass flows in kg / s.
  • FIG. 2 shows a process diagram of the gas side of a coal power plant, according to and with which the coal power plant on the burner side can be operated both in air operation and in oxyfuel operation.
  • the combustion air is preheated after being sucked by the fresh ventilator 7 in a possibly existing heat displacement system (WVS) 35 (WÜ3).
  • WVS heat displacement system
  • WÜ3 possibly existing heat displacement system
  • the air preheater (LUVO) 8 After further heating in the air preheater (LUVO) 8, the air in carrying air, other burner air, upper air and - if available - divided into a Mühlenniklaufström.
  • the carrying air is fed to the mill before a further blower (primary fan) 9, by its increase in pressure, the discharge of the coal is ensured to the burners 10.
  • the Mühlenniklaufström is used for heat displacement (WÜ1 and WÜ2) from the exhaust gas in the feedwater pre-heating. This has a positive effect on the overall efficiency of the system, because a larger heat flow of the exhaust gas is used and thus the exhaust gas losses are reduced. In addition, bleed steam for the feedwater pre-heating can be saved.
  • the flue gas After combustion in the steam generator 11, in addition to the heat exchange with the combustion air (LUVO), the flue gas furthermore undergoes catalytic nitrogen removal 12, a dedusting 13 and a desulfurization 14 in order to comply with the respective emission limit values.
  • the flue gas which is enriched as recirculation gas with oxygen and used as a replacement for the combustion air, therefore, in a preferred embodiment behind the desulfurization 14, 15 at the point 5 or in the described here method of oxyfuel operation behind a additionally installed flue gas cooler 16 deducted at the point 6, which of course also admixtures of recycled at the points 1 to 4 or 1 to 5 or one of these points flue gas are possible.
  • the flue gas has a very high purity (in terms of dust, SO 2 / SO 3 content) and a sufficiently low temperature. This ensures that when converting to oxyfuel operation, all existing units and air / flue gas ducts can continue to be used.
  • FIG. 5 shows that the temperature profile curve 43 for the oxyfuel operation 43 agrees well with the curve 44 for the air operation.
  • 6 also shows in a comparison of the result shown in the left partial image in an oxyfuel operation with the air operation shown in the right partial image, that in oxyfuel operation essentially the same temperatures can be set on the firing side as well as on the steam side, as the respective specified temperature values over the height of a steam generator 11 show.
  • the firing side i. H. adapted the flue gas / gas side of the steam generator 11.
  • the water / steam cycle should remain at least substantially unchanged.
  • the total amount of recirculation gas is determined so that the heat transfer in the convective heating surfaces corresponds to the old design data.
  • FIG. 8 shows, which lists in terms of mean values the variables characterizing the heat transfer in the convective heating surfaces, this is achieved in the oxyfuel case with a recirculation gas quantity which has a smoke gas density which is 38.5% higher than that of the air, a higher heat transfer (alpha) Radiation (+ 23%) and convection (+ 6.8%), causes a 7.8% increase in flue gas mass flow and a reduction in the mean logarithmic temperature difference by 11.2% or brings.
  • the recirculation rate of the flue gas is 75.7%. However, this value depends on the exact fuel characteristics and the basic design of the power plant and can assume values between 65 and 80%.
  • the recirculation rate is the proportion of the recirculated flue gas to the total amount of flue gas.
  • Power plants are nowadays equipped as a primary measure against nitrogen oxide emissions with low NOx burners and firing systems, which in addition to the fuel carrying carrier "air” at least one mostly twisted - secondary "air” and the swirl stage burner also an outer tertiary "air” and a inner core “air” stream have.
  • Optimum control of coal burnup and NOx emission by controlling oxygen-rich and oxygen-depleted zones in the flame is possible by appropriate selection of convolutions and pulse / momentum ratios of the individual streams.
  • such a burner is also able to work with different gas compositions and thus offers the possibility of burnup and temperature in a suitable manner in oxyfuel operation set so that the air operation analog heat quantities are transmitted in the combustion chamber and also a low-emission combustion takes place , Furthermore, virtually no thermal NO x is formed in oxy-fuel operation due to the largely nitrogen-free flue gas, so that lower NO x emissions (in comparison to air operation) occur.
  • the proportion of the recirculated flue gas, which is required in the oxyfuel operation for the burner, results in the first approximation from the requirement for maintaining the pulse currents at the burners in the different modes of operation.
  • the portion 47 of the burner "air”, which is used as a partial flow of the combustion gas to discharge the coal from the mill 36 (carrier gas), must also be determined according to the equality of the impulse forces acting on the carbon particles.
  • the carrier gas is capable of discharging the coal from the mill 36 with the momentum current maintenance at the burner depends on the flow resistance (equation 3), the buoyancy force (equation 4), and the weight force (equation 5).
  • the oxygen content of the burner gas streams 38 or the burner "vent” is adjusted so that the adiabatic combustion temperature remains nearly constant.
  • the oxygen contents of transport gas and the other gas streams should also differ by up to 15% by mass.
  • the burnout speed in the flame can be controlled in order to make the temperature curves in the combustion chamber 25 of the steam generator 11 similar to those of the air combustion.
  • Temperature course and temperature level are finally responsible for the dominating in the combustion chamber 18 of the steam generator 11 heat transfer by radiation in this area, which is the relevant design criterion to to comply with the required Brennschendtemperatur or transferred to the working fluid water in the combustion chamber walls amount of heat.
  • FIG. 2 Not shown in Figure 2 is the so-called veil or side gass injection used in some power plants to reduce the risk of reducing areas near the walls of the combustion chamber and to avoid the risk of increased wall corrosion.
  • Their proportion of the total quantity of gas or "air" supplied in the area of the burners 10 remains unchanged in the exemplary embodiment, in order to continue to provide the momentum flow necessary for the penetration depth and coverage of the entire wall, but their oxygen content is compared in oxyfuel operation up to 20 percentage points of pure air operation to effectively protect against the higher levels of CO (in this part of the firebox) due to the Boudouard balance and high CO 2 levels.
  • the proportion of the recirculated flue gas which is added as burnout gas (ABL) or overfire air (OFA) 37 in the upper part of the combustion chamber 25 of the steam generator 11 is determined by the determination of the other gas flows.
  • the oxygen content set in the combustion air (ABL) is determined from the total stoichiometry, ie from the excess of oxygen necessary for the safe combustion of all coal constituents and minimizing the CO content - in the exemplary embodiment the stoichiometric factor is 1.17. However, depending on the design basis of the power plant, it may assume values between 1.1 and 1.25, but should be as low as possible in the oxyfuel case to avoid further dilution of CO 2 by excess oxygen.
  • the rinsing and / or sealing gas 40 air used today in / at rotating parts of the coal mills associated with the power plant 36 is replaced by CO 2 during the conversion to the oxyfuel operation.
  • the LUVO (air preheater) 8 remains required in the illustrated embodiment.
  • the recycled recirculated flue gas amount can not absorb the entire amount of heat due to the lack of oxygen, since the oxygen is not mixed before the LUVO 8 in the flue gas.
  • this is not desirable because conventional regenerative air preheater in the design case for an air operation between the two flowing in opposite directions gas streams (exhaust gas and recirculated flue gas) a have unavoidable leakage in the direction of the flue gas. Therefore, in oxyfuel operation, oxygen losses (and higher energy expenditure) and a lower CO 2 purity would have to be expected.
  • a gas-gas heat exchanger 19 for preheating the oxygen is installed together with a control flap for dividing the flue gas to be cooled for the oxyfuel operation in the bypass to the LUVO 8.
  • the seal against the environment can be improved with more or less effort, since there is still a negative pressure on the flue gas side at this point.
  • Dry ash is installed. In wet scrubbing is by sealing the water-filled tub against the
  • Electrostatic filters 13 are performed gas-tight (for example, gas-tight
  • the absorbent should be converted from limestone (CaCO 3) to quicklime (CaO), since the CO 2 required for the solution of the limestone ⁇ Release the solution process by the saturation of the washing suspension with CO 2 is hindered.
  • the systems of Absorbensanmischung be modified accordingly. Since in the flue gas desulphurization according to the method commonly used today, the calcium sulphide formed in the solution is oxidized by air injection to calcium sulphate, this process step is also modified during the conversion / conversion to the oxyfuel operation.
  • This high desulfurization can be achieved and SO 2 / SO 3 values of 20-40 200mg / Nm 3 (dry, at current oxygen content). Further cleaning takes place before the compression and after the flue gas recirculation in order to clean only the necessary flue gas flow to the required by the compression clean gas values.
  • the thus purified flue gases are fed to the compressor station 24.
  • the residues of O 2 and N 2 which are still present in the gas stream are removed from the liquefied CO 2 by a phase separator, since these gases do not liquefy under these conditions. Now the CO 2 is available for storage and onward transport.
  • liquid nitrogen produced in the LZA (air separation plant) 20 can be used in combination with a cooling water stream (if the products of the air separation oxygen and nitrogen are liquid).
  • the nitrogen is initially used in the cooling system of the multi-stage CO 2 compressor 24 in order to minimize the energy requirement of the compressor.
  • the energy transferred to the "superheated” nitrogen is removed by means of an expansion turbine partially recovered, the temperature of the nitrogen decreases again.
  • the mass flow of nitrogen is then used via coupling heat exchanger both for cooling the NaOH recirculation as well as for cooling the arranged according to REA 15 flue gas condensation dryer 21 and there supplemented by cooling water streams. Thereafter, the nitrogen can optionally be routed again via expansion turbines for energy recovery and recycled through a chimney into the environment.
  • the described procedure for designing the firing of a oxyfuel steam generator can also be iteratively coupled with the normal design of the convective heating surfaces of a steam generator and used to reduce the Schundiere while increasing the flue gas velocity by reducing the cross section of the combustion chamber for cost-optimized design of a new plant.
  • a direct analogy of the momentum ratios must be deviated from on the fluid mechanics side:
  • the case of air combustion can then be designed with correspondingly reduced power (partial load for startup / shutdown processes and malfunctions) (with the same flow velocity limiting under erosion aspects).
  • the aim of the oxyfuel process is to achieve the highest possible CO 2 - to achieve concentration in the flue gas to the energy-intensive CO can be saved 2 scrubbing of the "post-combustion process" During the compression of CO 2, the energy consumption can be reduced. If the CO 2 has a high concentration, the compressor capacity is then only related to the CO 2 and not to the impurities When burning with air, the nitrogen content of about 78% by volume prevents high CO 2 enrichment in the flue gas By contrast, when burned with pure oxygen, significantly higher CO 2 levels of up to 80% by volume can be achieved in the combustion of dry lignite and over 90% by volume for hard coal, which may vary depending on the firing conditions and coal composition nevertheless good conditions for a capture and storage of CO 2 .
  • Oxyfuel operation lacks the nitrogen, on the one hand as
  • the heat transfer in the steam generator 11 takes place convective or by radiation.
  • convective heat transfer changed values with regard to heat capacity, viscosity and thermal conductivity as well as flue gas density result with an altered flue gas composition, as FIG. 8 shows. This also changes the flow velocity of the flue gas.
  • the heat transfer ratios can be adjusted by adjusting the molar recirculation ratio.
  • Optimum molar recirculation ratios of 3.25 are determined for the moist recirculation of the flue gas (removal at location 5) and 2.6 at a recirculation at location 6 after flue gas drying 21. As the recirculation ratio increases, heat transfer by radiation decreases due to lower flame temperatures.
  • the radiative heat transfer changes mainly depending on the composition and the temperature of the
  • the high nitrogen content in the flue gas during air combustion is replaced by CO 2 in the oxyfuel process.
  • the flue gas contains more or less water.
  • CO 2 and H 2 O are not diathermanic like N 2 and O 2 , but they absorb and emit heat radiation as a function of the gas temperature.
  • the increased heat capacity of the combustion gas caused mainly by CO 2 and water, changes important flame properties.
  • the emissivity of the flame in oxyfuel operation and in air operation are similar. It depends mainly on the coal, the fly ash, soot particles in the flame, but not on the CO 2 concentration.
  • Ignition delay is calculated by dividing the distance the coal particles travel before ignition by the particle velocity. The ignition delay increases
  • the other parameters remained constant.
  • the ignition delay is greater for the same oxygen contents than in a nitrogen-rich atmosphere (air operation).
  • the gas In order to achieve the same ignition delay as in air combustion, in oxyfuel operation the gas must consist of 30% by volume of oxygen and 70% by volume of CO 2 .
  • the support tube bulkhead 49 has the peculiarity of having as Konvektivschreib Chemistry also a large proportion of radiation. This can be explained by the position as the first bundle heating surface above the combustion chamber 18.
  • the power amplifiers of the HP (high pressure) and MD (medium pressure) section as well as the economizer heating surface are flowed through in the sense of a direct flow. This is used in the final stages to reduce the tendency to corrosion due to lower material temperatures and to protect the turbine from temperature fluctuations. In the Economizer Schuflache 32, the discharge of possibly resulting vapor bubbles should be guaranteed.
  • the goal is to convert a 600 0 C or 700 ° C power plant designed for air operation to the oxyfuel process.
  • Neither existing regenerative air preheater 8 nor a heat transfer system 16 in front of the flue gas desulfurization system 14, 15 are necessary in oxyfuel operation, since at a diversion of a large part of the flue gas before the LUVO 8 the material flow to be cooled and the material to be heated are missing.
  • An existing E-filter 13 and the flue gas desulfurization system 15 are oversized for oxyfuel operation. It may be possible to adjust the flow conditions for optimum dust separation or desulphurisation rate by shutting down individual e-filter lanes or laundry levels. The intended only for the oxyfuel operation dryer 21 can be designed in this case for small flow rates.
  • the heating of the oxygen stream is then carried out in an additional heat exchanger 33, which is arranged in front of the E-filter 13. There, the flue gas has a temperature of about 380 0 C.
  • the temperature of the flue gas after LUVO 8 is controlled by the inlet temperature of the heated, countercurrent medium.
  • the problem is that by heating of the recirculated flue gas in the recirculation fan, the mass flow to be heated at the LUVO re-entry is hotter than the mass flow to be cooled at the outlet.
  • This problem can be solved by installing a heat sink in the form of a heat exchanger.
  • the discrepancy between flue gas mass flow on the cooling and the heating side of the LUVO is solved by a LUVO bypass 34 with oxygen preheating 33.
  • the flue gas In a recirculation of the flue gas from the point 4, behind the electrostatic precipitator 13, the flue gas enriches with sulfur oxides and water. The dust load for flue gas ducts and fans drops significantly.
  • the E-filter 13 is then designed and used for both the air and the oxyfuel operation.
  • the flue gas In a recirculation of the flue gas from the point 5, behind the desulfurization 14, 15 off, the flue gas enriches only further with water, since the sulfur is largely removed in the flue gas desulfurization 14,15. This reduces the risk of corrosion due to sulfuric acid.
  • the quenching effect in the REA 15 cools the flue gas by partial evaporation of the absorber suspension. In this case, the water content and the outlet temperature of the flue gas in dependence on the saturation temperature.
  • the flue gas In a recirculation of the flue gas from the point 6, behind the dryer 21, the flue gas is fully dedusted, desulfurized and dried sucked back or recycled (recirculated). With this quality of flue gas, the fresh air blower can be used as a recirculation blower. All used in air operation heat exchanger and flue gas treatment components can be operated unchanged in oxyfuel operation compared to air operation. However, the entire flue gas mass flow over the Dryer 21 passed so that it must be designed to be large enough to dissipate large heat flows can.
  • a sub-stream routed through all flue gas treatment components is appropriately cleaned, thereby reducing the levels of pollutants such as dust, water and sulfur oxides.
  • a second partial flow can then be recirculated very close to the steam generator 11, for example at the point 1, at a high energy level. This eliminates the cooling and subsequent reheating of this flue gas partial stream.
  • the recirculation mass flow which together with the mixed oxygen mass flow with unchanged flue gas temperature profile, primarily changes the flow rates in and on the heating surfaces affected. Due to the higher density of CO 2 (oxyfuel operation) compared to the N 2 (air operation) results in the same mass flow, a slower flow.
  • the flow velocity of the flue gas in addition to physical properties such as viscosity, thermal conductivity and heat capacity, plays an important role in the heat transfer from the flue gas to the heating surface. Despite the changed heat transfer conditions, the required steam parameters are achieved.
  • the control introduces as much and as long as fuel until the high pressure (HP) mass flow, the temperature is controlled by the enthalpy control and injection, is reached. Influence on the medium pressure (MD) outlet temperature can be taken over the height, thus the quantity, of the recirculation mass flow, which ensures favorable flow velocities for the heat transfer.
  • the oxygen excess ⁇ 02 is understood as meaning the ratio of the supplied oxygen stream m O 2 to the stoichiometrically required oxygen stream m O 2, min. When burning air, it becomes the required one
  • combustion oxygen mass flows supplied combustion gas, conveying gas, process gas.
  • the denominator is the stoichiometric oxygen demand, which is calculated from the reaction of the carbon components C, H, 0 and S to CO 2 , H 2 O and SO 2 .
  • FIG. 9 A comparison of the emerging flue gas compositions between the air operation and the oxyfuel operation with flue gas circulation behind the E-filter 13 at the point 4 and behind the dryer 21 at the point 6 is shown in FIG. 9.
  • FIG. 10 shows the higher density of the flue gas in the oxyfuel process (+23.9%, + 33.3%).
  • Heat capacity, dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity of the flue gases change little when taken at the point 6 compared to the air operation.
  • the higher heat capacity and the higher thermal conductivity at point 4 compared to point 6 are due to the even higher water content of the flue gas there.
  • the mass flow of fuel and the recirculation mass flow are adjusted. Due to the higher density of the flue gas in the oxyfuel process, the flow in the convective part slows down despite higher flue gas mass flow.
  • the material values from FIG. 10 enter into the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers, which in turn lead to the Nusselt number.
  • the Strahlungssammlungfest are the Konvektivußflachen 28 to 32, 49 along the flue gas path in the combustion chamber 25 and the radiation chambers 26, 27 upstream.
  • the water flows through the Economizer Bankflache 32 first convective heating, then the Strahlungssammlung lake for evaporation and finally convective heating surfaces to overheat the steam.
  • the flue gas is significantly colder due to the higher heat capacity in the oxyfuel process in the combustion chamber 25 and slightly hotter at the end before LUVO than in the air process.
  • the achievement of the adiabatic combustion temperature of the air process is therefore not absolutely necessary.
  • the most important conversion to oxyfuel operation is the recycling of some of the flue gases.
  • the recirculation gases are branched off behind the induced draft 17 and returned.
  • the return is shown, in Fig. 11 in addition, the temperature and mass flow data of the recirculated flue gas stream, the oxygen supplied from the oxygen preheater and thermal energy flows are listed.
  • the opposite one Air components to be converted or added are grayed out.
  • the necessary pressure increase to overcome the flow resistance and to produce a pressure gradient in the LUVO 8 and in the gas channels is accomplished by a recirculation fan 48, 48 a, 48 b.
  • the temperature recirculation side in the flow direction before the LUVO 8 is higher than flue gas side in the flow direction behind the LUVO 8.
  • a cooling of the flue gas in the LUVO 8 before entering the E-filter 13 to a lower temperature is therefore not possible without further action.
  • the flue gas side cooling in the LUVO 8 is therefore controlled via the heat exchanger 35 (WÜ3), 16 by setting a recirculation side temperature in front of the LUVO 8.
  • the heat transfer in the LUVO 8 is determined by the mass flows. In order to achieve the same flue gas temperatures at the entrance of the REA 15 as in the air process, the flue gas is cooled further after the induced draft 17.
  • the designed for air operation flue gas desulphurisation plant 15 is usually oversized for oxyfuel operation and it may be necessary to adapt to the reduced flow and the higher sulfur concentration. This is made possible by a design in which a larger part of the scrubber can be shut down in oxyfuel operation. In the smaller part used then appropriate flow velocities are set. In air operation, the entire REA 15 would be used. The air supplied during the air process to improve the reaction must be replaced by external oxygen injection (external oxidation) 39 in oxyfuel operation, so that the CO 2 concentration in the flue gas is not lowered. These two heat exchangers are used Feedwater. Due to the increased density of the flue gas, the flow velocity decreases during the oxyfuel operation compared to the air operation.
  • the flue gas side heat transfer changes due to changed material values. It is transmitted a smaller heat flow.
  • the Mühlenniklaufström can be increased by about 60%. This results in negative feedbacks on the taps of the turbine and a positive increase in the heat-absorbing mass flow in the LUVO.
  • the temperature of the hot gas required for drying the coal can be determined. To control this temperature, cold air is added to the mill during the air process. For a high CO 2 concentration in the exhaust gas recirculated CO 2 -containing flue gas is used instead in the oxyfuel process. Correspondingly cold flue gas is branched off behind the flue gas dryer and condenser 21 with about 25 0 C. After pressure increase and heating by an additional fan, it is mixed in front of the mill 36 with 30 0 C in the required proportion.
  • the flue gas can absorb the fuel humidity and the usual sifter in the mills 36 of 9O 0 C need not be increased from the viewpoint of saturation.
  • the dew point temperature of the sulfuric acid is in the mills
  • the flue gas recirculation mass flow has a decisive influence on the flow rate of the flue gases in the convective part of the steam generator and on the adiabatic combustion temperature.
  • a reduction of the flue gas mass flow at the burner has an effect on the processes in the combustion chamber 25 and the combustion chamber 18, such as an increase in the oxygen content.
  • the flue gases are branched off behind the flue gas dryer 21 and returned. Since the flue gas cools in the dryer 21 to 25 ° C and is highly dedusted and desulfurized, the fresh ventilator 7 can also be used as a recirculation fan.
  • the recirculated flue gas is warmed up to 107 0 C in the heat transfer system (WÜ3) 35.
  • This temperature has an effect on the cooling of the flue gas in the LUVO 8, which should be at most above the sulfuric acid dew point.
  • the heat displacement system (WÜ3) 35 is no longer designed as a regenerative heat exchanger in oxyfuel operation, because it could not achieve the desired media temperatures.
  • the heat transfer in the LUVO 8 is controlled by the distribution of the flue gas mass flow to the LUVO 8 and the LUVO bypass 34.
  • the inlet temperature into the REA 14, 15 is determined by the
  • Predetermined heat flow which can be transferred in the heat transfer system (WÜ3) 35, 16 to the recirculated flue gas, without adversely affecting the cooling of the flue gas in the LUVO 8.
  • the flue gas in the REA 14, 15 is 12% warmer than in the air process.
  • the adiabatic combustion temperature increases because a smaller flue gas mass flow must be heated at the burner. In the evaporator, a larger heat flow is thereby absorbed. The smaller flue gas mass flow cools down faster in the convective part, so that the flue gas behind the reheater heating surfaces 31 is colder than in air operation.
  • the steam outlet temperature in the HP section is 17 K higher than in air mode. This is mainly due to the increased heat absorption in the evaporator.
  • the MD part of the steam generator 11, consisting of pure Konvektivostflachen, however, does not reach the required warm-up, so that the temperature before the turbine 17 K lower than in air operation.
  • the recirculated mass flow is reduced by 20%, and the conditions for momentum conservation and oxygen content in the carrier gas are maintained, then the recirculated Gas mass flow beyond that not to the momentum conservation in the secondary gas. It is then out less flue gas on the secondary gas and no more over the top gas nozzles in the steam generator.
  • the fuel mass flow is now adjusted so that the required HD outlet mass flow is achieved. This is followed by an adaptation of the oxygen mass flow so that the desired oxygen excess of 1.17 is maintained.
  • the injected for cooling water mass flow upstream of the reheater 31 is used to control the MD outlet temperature. As a result, the fuel mass flow is reduced by 2.5% compared to the optimal state during air operation. As a result, the adiabatic combustion temperature increases less and it is absorbed by the radiant heating a slightly lower heat flux.
  • the flue gas cools faster due to the smaller heat flow introduced and is already behind the Matterhitzersammlung vom 29 colder than in the optimal case of air operation. This, together with the lower flue gas mass flow, has an effect on the heat transfer in the MD part. Despite the reduction of the injected cooling mass flow by 100%, the required outlet temperature at the reheater heating surfaces 31 can not be achieved.
  • the required HD outlet mass flow can be achieved by adjusting the mass flow of fuel.
  • the oxygen excess of 1.17 should be retained.
  • the water injected for cooling Mass flow in front of the reheater heating surfaces 31 is used to control the MD outlet temperature.
  • the steam generator control reacts to the steam temperature not reached at the outlet of the HP section with an increase of the fuel mass flow by 2.5%.
  • the slightly larger volume flow due to the increased flue gas temperatures ensures better heat transfer in the convective part of the steam generator.
  • the MD part is negatively affected.
  • the heat-up margins of the heating surfaces before the water injection increase, which can be compensated by quadrupling the injected Wassermassestroms.
  • Figures 31 and 29 show increased warm-up margins.
  • the required outlet temperature is exceeded by 5 K in the MD section.
  • the effects are similar to those of increased recirculation mass flow, albeit weaker.
  • the heat transfer in the convective part is improved, while it is lower at the radiant heating surfaces.
  • the radiation exchange coefficient of the combustion chamber 18 is increased by 30% from 1.636 to 2.127 and the fuel, oxygen and recirculation mass flows are kept constant, a larger heat flow is absorbed in the combustion chamber 18, whereby the flue gas leaves the combustion chamber more cooled.
  • a lower heat flow is transferred overall.
  • the exit temperature of the HD part is a bit too high and the MD part a bit too low. This is comparable with the effects of reducing the recirculation mass flow.
  • a smaller radiation exchange coefficient C can be achieved by minimizing the mass flow of fuel and increasing the
  • the required steam parameters can thus be achieved in the oxyfuel process without changes to the steam generator heating surfaces.
  • the heat transfer can be adjusted by adjusting the fuel, oxygen and recirculation mass flows. Increasing the fuel mass flow, however, lowers the overall efficiency and should therefore be avoided. On the other hand, if variable combustion gas compositions are used to influence the heat transfer in the steam generator, this has an effect much cheaper. Due to the possibility of mixing the oxygen into the primary, secondary and upper gas, thereby adjusting the oxygen content as desired, the oxyfuel process has an additional degree of freedom for controlling the flame temperatures.
  • both the radiation processes in the evaporator can be influenced via the flame temperature as well as the convective heat transfer via flue gas temperature and flow velocity.
  • the adiabatic combustion temperature of the air process can not be achieved.
  • the effects, in the form of a lower heat absorption in the combustion chamber due to the high temperature influence during radiant heat transfer, can be compensated in the convective part, so that the required steam parameters are achieved.
  • the energy consumption increases. Nevertheless, it can be expected with lower conversion costs than at a recirculation at the point 4 behind the e-filter 13. Consequently, the variant with recirculation of the flue gas at the point 6 behind the flue gas dryer 21 is technically and economically more advantageous.
  • the efficiency decreases in both variants by the additional electrical intrinsic demand of the air separation 20 and the CÜ 2 -Verdichtung 24 by about 10 percentage points percentage. Compared to flue gas scrubbing (MEA), however, the efficiency losses are low.

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Abstract

L'invention se rapporte à un procédé d'exploitation et de commande/régulation d'une centrale comprenant un générateur (11) de vapeur fonctionnant au charbon, ledit générateur étant conçu pour des paramètres de vapeur obtenus par transfert au flux massique de vapeur de chaleur résultant de la combustion de charbon avec de l'air de combustion dans le générateur de vapeur (11). Le but de l'invention est d'élaborer une solution permettant de faire fonctionner une centrale au charbon conçue pour fonctionner avec de l'air, avec une combustion du combustible par un processus d'oxycombustion dans la chambre de combustion du générateur de la centrale au charbon. À cette fin la combustion du combustible carboné est réalisée dans le générateur de vapeur (11) par le processus d'oxycombustion avec de l'oxygène presque pur, contenant plus de 95% en volume d'O2 et des gaz brûlés recirculés à teneur élevée en CO2, de telle manière que les flux massiques de tous flux de combustible ainsi que les flux de gaz de combustion, de gaz de transport composés d'oxygène de combustion et/ou de gaz brûlés recirculés, alimentant les brûleurs (10) au charbon et le générateur de vapeur (11), contiennent des proportions respectives d'oxygène et/ou de gaz brûlés déterminées et adaptée les unes relativement aux autres pour que le transfert de chaleur par rayonnement des flammes, rayonnement de gaz, et convection, au flux massique de vapeur dans le circuit vapeur/eau, dans le générateur de vapeur, soit maintenu à un niveau égal à celui obtenu avec l'air de combustion, et en particulier pour que les mêmes paramètres de vapeur soient conservés.
EP09710549A 2008-02-14 2009-02-10 Centrale au charbon et procédé d'exploitation de la centrale au charbon Withdrawn EP2260236A2 (fr)

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DE102008009129A DE102008009129A1 (de) 2008-02-14 2008-02-14 Kohlekraftwerk und Verfahren zum Betrieb des Kohlekraftwerkes
PCT/EP2009/000925 WO2009100881A2 (fr) 2008-02-14 2009-02-10 Centrale au charbon et procédé d'exploitation de la centrale au charbon

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US20110014578A1 (en) 2011-01-20
WO2009100881A3 (fr) 2010-07-15
CA2715625A1 (fr) 2009-08-20
DE102008009129A1 (de) 2009-08-20
WO2009100881A4 (fr) 2010-09-10
AU2009214317A1 (en) 2009-08-20

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