EP2193002A1 - Membranes perméables à l'hydrogène, en un matériau composite métallique - Google Patents

Membranes perméables à l'hydrogène, en un matériau composite métallique

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Publication number
EP2193002A1
EP2193002A1 EP08801921A EP08801921A EP2193002A1 EP 2193002 A1 EP2193002 A1 EP 2193002A1 EP 08801921 A EP08801921 A EP 08801921A EP 08801921 A EP08801921 A EP 08801921A EP 2193002 A1 EP2193002 A1 EP 2193002A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
metal
matrix material
coating
hydrogen
particles
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP08801921A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Leslaw Mleczko
Jürgen KINTRUP
Ralph Weber
Andre Dammann
Rafael Warsitz
Aurel Wolf
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Bayer Intellectual Property GmbH
Original Assignee
Bayer Technology Services GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bayer Technology Services GmbH filed Critical Bayer Technology Services GmbH
Publication of EP2193002A1 publication Critical patent/EP2193002A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/02—Inorganic material
    • B01D71/022—Metals
    • B01D71/0221—Group 4 or 5 metals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0039—Inorganic membrane manufacture
    • B01D67/0041—Inorganic membrane manufacture by agglomeration of particles in the dry state
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0039—Inorganic membrane manufacture
    • B01D67/0041—Inorganic membrane manufacture by agglomeration of particles in the dry state
    • B01D67/00411—Inorganic membrane manufacture by agglomeration of particles in the dry state by sintering
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0039—Inorganic membrane manufacture
    • B01D67/0076—Pretreatment of inorganic membrane material prior to membrane formation, e.g. coating of metal powder
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
    • B01D67/0093—Chemical modification
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/12—Composite membranes; Ultra-thin membranes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/02—Inorganic material
    • B01D71/022—Metals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/02—Inorganic material
    • B01D71/022—Metals
    • B01D71/0223—Group 8, 9 or 10 metals
    • B01D71/02231—Palladium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/17—Metallic particles coated with metal
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/50—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification
    • C01B3/501—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by diffusion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
    • B01D2323/219—Specific solvent system
    • B01D2323/225—Use of supercritical fluids
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
    • B01D2325/30—Chemical resistance
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
    • B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0405—Purification by membrane separation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12181—Composite powder [e.g., coated, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12479—Porous [e.g., foamed, spongy, cracked, etc.]

Definitions

  • the invention relates to hydrogen permeable membranes which separate hydrogen from gas mixtures by selective diffusion through a membrane while blocking the diffusion of other gas components through the membrane.
  • the invention relates to the possible use of the membrane according to the invention in membrane reactors for hydrogen separation.
  • Hydrogen can be used as a clean fuel to drive numerous aggregates of different sizes from the gas turbine to power generation to the smallest fuel cell. It is also possible to use hydrogen to drive automobiles, ships and submarines. Furthermore, large quantities of hydrogen are used in the chemical and petrochemical industry. In particular, in the chemical industry can be carried out by the use of hydrogen-permeable membranes, the purification of hydrogen. Furthermore, such membranes may be e.g. be used to shift the equilibrium in Hyd ⁇ réelles- and Dehyd ⁇ réellesre hopeen. Highly pure hydrogen is also needed in the semi-alloy industry, so that hydrogen-permeable membranes can also be used here. In the nuclear industry, membranes are used to separate hydrogen isotopes, helium, and other components.
  • Metal membranes are characterized by a significantly higher selectivity for the field of hydrogen separation compared to other membrane materials such as ceramic, glass or polymer. At the same time, the metal membranes also have increased thermal stability.
  • the membranes used for hydrogen separation often consist of palladium, which has a high hydrogen storage capacity even at room temperature and low hydrogen pressures. Because of these advantages, the Pd based membranes have been extensively studied and the state of the art has been reviewed in various reviews (A. Dixon, Int. J. Chem. Reactor Eng., 1, 2003, R6). However, the initially developed Pd Fohenmembranen could be produced only up to a thickness of about 75 microns usually. At this thickness, however, the permeability is insufficient. For this reason, Pd layers were applied to ceramic bodies, as described, for example, by Zhao et al. (Catal. Today, 1995, 25, 237).
  • Pd As an alternative to Pd offer the so-called refractory metals tantalum, vanadium or niobium, because they have a significantly higher hydrogen permeability and are cheaper than Pd or Pd alloys.
  • a direct use of these metals as hydrogen-permeable membranes fails due to their lack of chemical resistance, especially by oxidative attack in an oxygen-containing atmosphere.
  • the oxides formed on the metal surface act as a diffusion barrier and thus prevent hydrogen transport through the membrane.
  • DE10057161C2 (Heraeus) describes the preparation of a metallic membrane for hydrogen separation, for example by coating a niobium sheet with palladium on both sides, wherein a 50 ⁇ m thick palladium foil is plated on a 2 mm thick niobium sheet.
  • a high-temperature sintering at 1400 ° C. produces a targeted Pd / Nb alloy over the entire film thickness (85% Pd / 15% Nb). Before use, the film is heated in a hydrogen atmosphere to remove oxides.
  • Such a membrane was also produced by means of a palladium sputtering layer and with an alloy of Nb and Zr.
  • further publications on such membranes are known, which differ only in the method of application of the Pd protective layer.
  • US Pat. No. 5,149,420 (Buxbaum and Hsu) describes methods for coating Group IVB and VB metals, such as niobium, vanadium, zirconium, titanium and tantalum, with palladium from aqueous solution.
  • the solution was carried out by a material according to main claim 1, and by a method for its preparation according to the main claim. 7
  • such a metal matrix Mate ⁇ al can prevent complete oxidation of the molding produced therefrom (eg a membrane) and that this at the same time compared to a conventionally coated Metallfohe a higher mechanical stability by a more homogeneous stress distribution in the change in volume of the metallic phases as a result of hydrogen uptake or thermal expansion.
  • the hydrogen permeability of a metal is the value K 0 , calculated in relation to a membrane of the metal of an area A,
  • Thickness 1 with a hydrogen flux in moles across the membrane of Q 11- , at a
  • Membrane surface permeates p F and a hydrogen partial pressure on the side of the membrane from which the permeating hydrogen exits p P. This is preferably greater than
  • Chemically stable in the context of the invention is a substance which does not undergo chemical bonding with other atoms or molecules under the conditions of use envisioned for the invention with another substance.
  • Chemical bond in the context of this invention refers to a covalent and / or ionic bond.
  • a special form of chemically stable referred to in the present invention the term oxidation resistant. This here denotes a chemically stable substance, which does not undergo any covalent bonding with oxygen, in particular under the uses conceivable according to the invention.
  • metal 1 in the metal matrix material according to the invention is a metal, or an alloy, or an intermetallic phase or a mixture thereof, which can take up hydrogen and has a higher permeability with respect to hydrogen than metal 2.
  • metal 1 is a metal from the group of refractory metals.
  • it is one of the metals such as niobium, vanadium, tantalum or a mixture (alloys) of these. Very particular preference is given to niobium.
  • average particle sizes of from 0.1 to 1000 ⁇ m are preferred. Particularly preferred are average particle sizes of 1 to 500 microns, particularly preferred are average particle sizes of 10 to 300 microns.
  • Metal 2 in the metal matrix material according to the invention is preferably an oxidation-resistant metal.
  • Particularly preferred metal 2 is one of the list: palladium, platinum, nickel, cobalt, gold, iron, rhodium, iridium, titanium, hafnium, zirconium or an alloy of said metals and / or an alloy with niobium, vanadium and tantalum.
  • metal 2 Particularly preferred for metal 2 are palladium and its alloys, since they are resistant to the formation of hydrides and Oberfiumbleenoxidation and have a particularly high H 2 permeability.
  • Palladium alloys can be used particularly preferably with alloying partners of at least one metal from groups IB, IVB, VB or VLB of the periodic table.
  • metal 2 is also a non-hydrogen embrittling alloy such as "Nb 1% Zr, Nb 10 Hf 1 Ti”, Vanstar (Trademark) and V15Cr5Ti.
  • a metal matrix material according to the invention or a molded article produced therefrom has a porosity of less than 1%.
  • Another object of the present invention is a method by which the metal-matrix material according to the invention can be produced.
  • the process according to the invention for producing a metal-matrix material according to the invention in this case comprises at least the following steps:
  • FIG. 1 An exemplary, schematic production by means of the method is shown in FIG.
  • metal 1 comprises the metals and / or alloys specified in the metal matrix material according to the invention as metal 1 and is preferably a powder.
  • the selection of powders of metal 1 of the method according to the invention is usually carried out on the basis of the parameters particle size, purity and porosity and target properties of the metal matrix material with respect to the mass fraction of metal 1 to be achieved in the resulting metal matrix material.
  • Porosity is in terms of the invention a value expressed in percent. Calculated by
  • Density (total) is in this case that value which is obtained by dividing the weighted mass of the particle, or of the shaped body, or of the metal-matrix material according to the invention by the measured volume of particles or moldings, or of metal-matrix material according to the invention. For particles, this is an average over a set of particles in a powder.
  • Measuring a volume is done by measuring the external dimensions and calculating them.
  • Density material is the specific density of a substance as a property of matter; or, in the case of mixtures (alloys), the resulting density, determined by proportionate addition of the specific densities of the components of the mixture (alloy) contained in particles or moldings or metal-matrix materials.
  • average particle sizes of 0.1 to 1000 ⁇ m are preferred. Particularly preferred are average particle sizes of 1 to 500 microns, particularly preferred are average particle sizes of 10 to 300 microns.
  • the purity of metal 1 is usually from 98% to 99.99%, preferably from 99.8% to 99.99%.
  • metal 1 relative to metal 2 on the resulting metal-matrix material it is preferred to use nonporous metal 1 having a high mean particle diameter, within the limits given above. Is a lower one
  • porous metal 1 having a small mean particle diameter within the limits given above.
  • a pretreatment according to step 1 of the method according to the invention is desirable, then this can preferably be effected by one or a combination of the methods etching, nucleation of metal 2 to metal 1, and mechanical rounding. Particularly preferred in this case is a pretreatment which uses the methods of etching, mechanical rounding and / or nucleation of metal 2 on metal 1.
  • the method of etching is desirable as a pretreatment, this can preferably be done by using an etchant selected from the group of acids and / or alkalis. Particularly preferred for this purpose, for example, as acids HCl, H 2 SO 4 , HNO 3 , H 3 PO 4 , and as the alkali NaOH. Further preferably, the etching is carried out at elevated temperature. In this case, temperatures between 80 ° C. and 150 ° C. are particularly preferred.
  • This process step is advantageous because an etching leads to a chemical attack on the material surface.
  • a cleaning effect can also be a roughening of the
  • Particle surface can be achieved, which can lead to an increase in the particle surface, which has the possibly desired higher mass fraction of metal 2 relative to metal 1 on the resulting metal-matrix material result. Furthermore, the roughening can lead to a better behavior of metal 1 and / or metal 2 in the subsequent, inventive process step 2, insofar as that more homogeneous coatings can be obtained. Furthermore, it may be desirable to smooth sharp edges and / or scaly ones
  • SEM images (eg with the device SFEGSEM Sirion 100 T or ESEM Quanta 400 T from the company FEI according to manufacturer's operating instructions) allow a control of the effect of the etching.
  • the method of nucleation of metal 2 on metal 1 is desirable as a pretreatment, this may be, for.
  • Example by the embodiments chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition or wetting with a metal-2-salt solution are made possible.
  • both embodiments of the chemical vapor deposition include the use of a precursor of metal 2 and the use of a reactant.
  • the precursor preferably comprises an organometallic or inorganic compound of the metal 2 which is vaporizable and thermally stable under evaporation conditions.
  • Particularly preferred are compounds containing metal 2 from the series: Palladiumdichlo ⁇ d, Pdacac 2 , Pd (hfac) 2 , pad (allyl) 2 , Pd (Me allyl) 2 , Pd (Me allyl) 2 , CpPd (allyl), Pd (allyl ) (hfac), Pd (Me allyl) (hfac), PdMe 2 (PMe 3) ;,, PdMe 2 (PEt 3); ,, Pd (acetate) 2, Pd (C 2 H 4) 2 and PdMe 2 ( tMEDA).
  • reducing or oxidizing gases e.g. Hydrogen as reducing, or oxygen used as oxidizing gas.
  • the single-stage vapor deposition preferably comprises the steps:
  • the two-stage chemical vapor deposition preferably comprises the steps:
  • the conversion of the precursor of metal 2 is preferably carried out by elevated temperature, more preferably by temperatures of 0-1000 0 C, most preferably by temperatures of 10 to 900 0 C and particularly preferably by temperatures of 20 to 600 0 C.
  • a plasma-assisted evaporation used under high vacuum conditions, so that in particular preferably atoms or molecules containing metal 2 by the action of physical mechanisms - such as the supply of thermal energy or impulse transfer by bombardment with high energy particles - are transferred to the gas phase and then condensed in solid form on the substrate ,
  • the wetting according to step 1 is carried out so that the powdered metal 1 is completely immersed in a metal 2 - salt solution.
  • This is particularly preferably carried out at elevated temperatures. Elevated temperatures preferably comprise 0-300 0 C, more preferably 10-250 0 C and particularly preferably 20-200 0 C.
  • the aftertreatment preferably comprises the complete removal of the solvent under reduced pressure and, if appropriate, elevated temperature, with constant movement of the pulverulent metal 1 with metal 2 salt now present on it.
  • Increased temperature here preferably comprises 200 ° C. to 700 ° C., particularly preferably 500 ° C.
  • wetting / aftertreatment steps are repeated several times with the same or different salt solutions of metal 2.
  • the reduction preferably comprises the treatment of the metal 2 wetted particles of metal 1 in an oven of 200 0 C to 700 0 C, preferably at about 500 0 C under reductive conditions.
  • Reductive conditions include, for example, a hydrogen atmosphere.
  • the reduction of the deposited metal 2 salt leads to the formation of metal 2 nuclei on the surface, which leads to an improvement of the coating according to step 2 of the method according to the invention.
  • step 1 of the method according to the invention by mechanical rounding is desirable, then this is preferably carried out so that the preferably powdered metal 1 of the method according to the invention after mechanical rounding comprises a powder with particles having a sphericity near 1.
  • a sphericity close to 1 is advantageous since, for reasons of symmetry, such particles can be coated more homogeneously in accordance with step 2 of the method according to the invention and a more homogeneous coating enables better delimitation of the metal 1 regions in the metal-matrix structure resulting from the method according to the invention.
  • this preferably comprises a sphericity of 0.25-1, more preferably 0.5-1, more preferably 0.75-1.
  • round off the particles are chemical (e.g., etching) or physical (e.g., erosion) methods or combinations thereof.
  • suitable physico-mechanical methods systems can be considered in which the particles are either deformed to round off or in which the particles are rounded off by breaking off parts of the particles on the surface and the dust resulting from mechanical stress is properly dispersed and the rounded particles is separated.
  • Methods for the physical-mechanical rounding of particles in the preferably powdered metal 1 of the method according to the invention include those which provide high stresses for metals and can be inertized to prevent the oxidation of emerging surfaces and usually operated cooled.
  • LSM50 As an example of a e.g. suitable spiral jet mill is called LSM50, Bayer.
  • the mill can usually be operated under argon atmosphere with argon as the grinding gas at 5 to 10 bar, preferably at 6 to 8 bar pre-pressure and 200 to 800 g / h, preferably 300 to 500 g / h throughput.
  • the hybridizer type NHS-O from the company. Nara is called, in which the particles of metal 1 usually in a with Nitrogen inertized and cooled machine can be claimed at a speed of 8000 rev / min to 12000 rpm for 1 to 10 min.
  • the classifier speed of the mill for separating the ultrafine particles is usually 5,000 to 20,000 rpm, preferably 8,000 to 15,000 rpm.
  • liquid media in which the physico-mechanical rounding takes place are, for example, liquid nitrogen or supercritical media (scCO 2 , etc.) which, on the one hand, largely avoid the contact of surfaces with oxygen and, on the other hand, optionally disperse any separated fines.
  • the particles of the powdered metal 1 of the inventive method can also be processed in other conventional technical systems for the rounding of particles, preferably granules.
  • Preferred systems are then rotating plates with static wall in batch or Konti operation (Shäronizer, Fa.- Fuji Paudal) or annular gap systems with rotating inner and / or outer ring (eg Nebulasizer, Fa. Nara), and systems containing the particles cutting stress, wherein a suitable hardness ratio between the particles and the Schneidtechnikzug and a suitable order of particle size of the powdered metal 1 is particularly preferred.
  • step 2 of the method according to the invention for producing a metal matrix material according to the invention coating methods from the series of mechanical coating, electroless deposition, electrochemical coating, chemical vapor deposition (as described above) and physical vapor deposition (as already described) can be used.
  • Preferred variants of step 2 of the inventive method are electroless deposition and mechanical coating.
  • metal 2 preferably comprises a powder with high purity and a particle size matched to the particles of metal 1 present in the preferably pulverulent state.
  • the purity of metal 2 is then preferably from 99.8% to 99.999%, more preferably from 99.85% to 99.999%, most preferably from 99.9% to 99.999%.
  • the particle sizes of the preferably powdery particle of metal 2 are preferably in a size ratio in which they are finer than the particles in the preferably powdered metal 1. Especially a powder of metal 2 with particles that at least a factor of 10 smaller than the preferred particles of the powder of metal 1. Especially preferred are powders of the metal 2, which comprise particles in the sub- ⁇ m.
  • the mechanical coating comprises a purely mechanical mixture of the above-mentioned preferred powders of metals 1 and 2 in order to achieve a suitable mixture or coating by adhesive forces.
  • Preferred devices for such a mechanical coating are 1-D free-fall mixers (e.g., Röhnrad mixers, drum mixers, container mixers, twin-cone mixers, trouser mixers, etc.) or 2-D / 3-D tumble mixers (e.g., Turbula mixers).
  • 1-D free-fall mixers e.g., Röhnrad mixers, drum mixers, container mixers, twin-cone mixers, trouser mixers, etc.
  • 2-D / 3-D tumble mixers e.g., Turbula mixers
  • Particularly useful devices are mixers with rotating internals and rigid mixing vessels (single shaft horizontal mixers (eg plowshare mixers) or two-shaft horizontal mixers (eg multi-flow centrifugal mixers) and single-shaft vertical mixers (eg intensive mixer for mixed granulation) or two-shaft vertical mixers (eg twin-shaft screw mixers) or rigid internals and rotary mixing vessels or combinations thereof (eg Eirich mixers) All such mixers may be equipped with additional fast rotating mixing tools in addition to the main mixer shaft.
  • single shaft horizontal mixers eg plowshare mixers
  • two-shaft horizontal mixers eg multi-flow centrifugal mixers
  • single-shaft vertical mixers eg intensive mixer for mixed granulation
  • two-shaft vertical mixers eg twin-shaft screw mixers
  • rigid internals and rotary mixing vessels or combinations thereof eg Eirich mixers
  • a powder mixture having a suitable particle size ratio is charged and the machine is operated at a suitable product fill level of suitable speed, stress duration and cooling so that the core and coating particles come into contact in the internal centrifugal-based cycle flow and the coating particles are mechanically fixed on the core particles by forces from particle-particle contacts or particle-wall contacts.
  • An alternative embodiment of the coating of the particles, preferably of the metal powder 1, comprises the electroless deposition.
  • this comprises the electroless deposition of metal 2 from the liquid phase onto the particles of the metal 1 preferably present as powder.
  • the method preferably comprises at least the steps:
  • the coating solution according to step 1 comprises a solvent and at least one precursor.
  • the releasable form of metal 2 is preferably a metastable metal salt of metal 2 or a metal complex containing metal 2 or both.
  • the solvent used for the coating solution is preferably water or methanol or a mixture of both.
  • the coating solution according to step 1 comprises a hydrazine hydrate solution in solvent which preferably contains this in a concentration of 0.1-50% by weight and more preferably of 2-35% by weight.
  • the execution of step 2 is preferably carried out by stirring particles of metal 1 in the coating solution.
  • step 3 is preferably carried out for a long time under elevated temperature.
  • the longer time preferably comprises a period of 1 minute to 24 hours, more preferably between 10 minutes and 6 hours.
  • the elevated temperature preferably comprises between 10 0 C and 200 0 C, more preferably between 20 0 C and 150 0 C.
  • the deposition is carried out by autocatalytic chemical reduction of the preferably releasable form of metal 2 without applying a voltage.
  • This method is advantageous because hereby metal layers can be applied to almost any workpiece geometry. Furthermore, it is particularly cost-effective, since it dispenses with the use of additional energy and requires only a small amount of equipment.
  • the effect of the method can be suitably controlled by SEM mounting (FEI, type ESEM Quanta 400 T according to the manufacturer's instructions) or by ESCA analyzes (Ametek, type EDAX Phoenix according to the operating instructions of the manufacturer).
  • a composite metal powder whose particles have a mean diameter d50 of 1-10,000 .mu.m, preferably 10-1000 .mu.m, more preferably 30-300 microns and their layer thickness of the coating with metal 2 0.1-100 ⁇ m, preferably 0.1-10 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.2-5 ⁇ m.
  • step 3 of the process according to the invention for producing a metal matrix material according to the invention the composite metal powder is pressed to form a so-called pressure.
  • step 2 The processing of the composite metal powder obtained according to the invention in step 2 to form the metal matrix material according to the invention according to step 3 of the method according to the invention is carried out, for example. after one or more powder metallurgical processes. These include pressureless or pressurized compression and are performed at room temperature or higher temperature. After compaction, a heat treatment (sintering) may optionally follow in step 3.
  • Pressure-less powder metallurgical processes include, for. As the pouring (eg filters), shaking or vibration and Schlickergie. Pressured powder metallurgical processes include, for. For example, densification by single or multi-sided static pressure in dies with upper and lower punches, sintering, (hot) isostatic pressing (HIP), extrusion and rolling.
  • step 3 of the process according to the invention comprises pressurized pressing, which is particularly preferably carried out at elevated temperature. Especially preferred is hot isostatic pressing.
  • Preferred compressive strengths of the preferred pressurized pressing method according to step 3 in this case include 1000 to 2500 N / mm 2 , more preferably 400 to 2000 N / mm 2 , most preferably from 500 to 1800 N / mm 2 .
  • Preferred temperatures include temperatures of 10- 1000 0 C and more preferably temperatures of 20-750 ° C.
  • a particularly preferred variant of step 3 of the process according to the invention is obtained by carrying out the preferred variants under an inert atmosphere such as. Argon.
  • step 3 of the method according to the invention is obtained if the possibly still porous sintered body (often 10-15% porosity) is subsequently made free of pores by means of forming technology.
  • a most preferred method is hot isostatic pressing (HIP) in an inert gas atmosphere such as argon.
  • HIP hot isostatic pressing
  • the components to be joined Under the influence of an isostatic pressure (the pressure medium is generally argon), the components to be joined are connected together at elevated temperature. The components maintain a solid state, it does not form a molten phase. Therefore, this so-called "hooking" is suitable for the cohesive joining of materials with different properties. Also, with this technique often multiple welds can be performed simultaneously.
  • the high contact pressure ensures a plastic deformation of the surfaces and thus favors the running diffusion processes.
  • the components are, for example, initially typically maintained at a starting pressure of 1 MPa and up to a set temperature of 500 0 C to 1200 0 C, preferably from 700 0 C to 1100 0 C, more preferably from 800 0 C to 1000 0 C heated with a temperature increase of 0.1 to 50 K / min, preferably 0.5 to 40 K / min, more preferably 5 to 15 K / min.
  • the component is usually held at target pressure and set temperature for 1 to several hours.
  • the erfmdungssiee metal matrix material in the form of a compact can be used according to step 4 of the inventive method for the production of moldings.
  • these shaped bodies comprise sheets or membranes, particularly preferably gas-separating membranes. The use of these is also the subject of the present invention.
  • step 4 of the process of the present invention may comprise different processes.
  • known cutting or non-cutting shaping methods are applicable.
  • Another possible method for producing sheets and membranes is rolling in all the technically known embodiments such as cold rolling and hot rolling. Also conceivable is a direct (hot) Verwalzung of metal powder at high temperature, optionally with temperature aftertreatment, to the target thickness of the membrane.
  • Freewheeling, rolling and / or wire eroding are preferably used.
  • the membrane surface is coated after step 4 in a further step with metal 2, to possibly exposed metal.
  • Powder coating described methods such as electrochemical coating, electroplating, electroless deposition, chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, mechanical coating.
  • the membranes according to the invention, obtained from step 4, usually have a membrane thickness of 0.01 ⁇ m to 10 mm, preferably 0.05 ⁇ m to 5 mm, particularly preferably 0.1 ⁇ m
  • the hydrogen-permeable membrane layer is applied to a substrate, preferably to a porous substrate.
  • Suitable substrates are, for example, porous oxides such as Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , ZrO 2 , TiO 2 or mixtures thereof.
  • the membranes of the invention usually have a high permeability to hydrogen, which is significantly greater than the specific permeability of palladium.
  • the membranes of the invention are characterized by a high stability. After 3 weeks of operation, no decrease in permeability was observed.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of the method according to the invention, wherein in step 1 a pretreatment, in step 2 a coating, in step 3 a pressing and in step 4 a forming is carried out.
  • Example 2 shows in a) and b) each of the starting material used in Example 1 in scanning electron microscopic (SEM) recording, wherein in a) an 80-fold magnification and in b) a 300-fold magnification is shown.
  • SEM scanning electron microscopic
  • FIG. 3 shows an SEM image in which a nucleation according to Example 4 can be recognized.
  • FIG. 4 shows an SEM image in which nucleation according to example 5 can be seen.
  • Fig. 5 shows the result of a rounding in a fluidized bed counter-jet mill AFG100 according to Example 6 in transmitted light micrograph.
  • Fig. 6 shows in a) and b) the result of a rounding in a spiral jet mill LSM50 according to Example 7, wherein in a) an SEM image and in b) a transmitted light micrograph is shown.
  • FIG. 7 shows in a) and b) the result of a rounding by the Hosokawa Mechanofusion AM-Mini system according to Example 8, in each case in a transmitted-light micrograph at different light settings.
  • Fig. 8 shows in a) and b) the result of a rounding by the system Nara Hybridizer according to Example 9 in SEM-recording, wherein in a) the system NHSO at 12000 U / min for 3 min. at 30 x g is shown and in b) the system NHSl at 8000 rpm for 3 min at 120 x g.
  • FIG. 10 shows a SEM image of a coating of niobium particles with palladium by mechanical mixing according to Example 11.
  • FIG. 11 shows a transmitted-light microscopic image of a coating of niobium particles with palladium by means of Hosokawa Mechanofusion AM Mini according to Example 12.
  • FIG. 12 shows an SEM image of a coating of niobium particles with palladium by means of Nara Hybridizer NHS-O according to Example 13.
  • FIG. 13 shows the result of a cold compression of Nb / Pd powder according to Example 14 in an SEM image.
  • Fig. 14 shows the result of successive cold pressing and sintering of Nb / Pd powder according to Example 15 in an SEM photograph.
  • FIG. 15 shows SEM images for producing a membrane by means of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) according to Example 16, in each case in 500 ⁇ magnification and recorded at 25 kV voltage;
  • A Nb / Pd powder mixture, Pd unevenly distributed with residual pores;
  • B Pd powder applied by Nara hybridizer, 10% Pd;
  • C 5.4% Pd electroplated on rounded Nb particles;
  • D 5.4% Pd electroplated on non-rounded Nb particles.
  • Fig. 16 shows the structure of the test equipment for determining the hydrogen permeability using hydrogen (H2) and inert gases (IG) which can be combined to form the feed (F), the membrane (M), the actual test cell (T ), and a heater ( ⁇ T), so that a permeate (P) and a retentate (T) can be obtained.
  • H2 hydrogen
  • IG inert gases
  • the measuring points shown in the circles show the type of measuring point in the upper line and their name in the lower line.
  • the circle with the first row “TIC” and the second row “T2” indicate a temperature measuring point labeled T2, which indicates the measured temperature and which can control the temperature by means of its connection to the heating device ( ⁇ T).
  • Examples 1 to 27 illustrate the present invention without being limited thereto.
  • Example 1 educt selection
  • Example 2 200 g of niobium powder according to Example 1, which was subjected to an etching step according to Example 2, was placed in a rotary evaporator, which was heated to 60 ° C by means of a water bath.
  • Example 4 Wetting of niobium particles with thermal aftertreatment
  • Example 5 Wetting of niobium particles with thermal aftertreatment and reduction
  • 900 g of a niobium powder (as in Example 1, but with a particle size distribution of d 50 about 100 ⁇ m, d 90 about 200 ⁇ m, d ] 0 about 50 ⁇ m) were in a fluidized bed counter-jet mill (AFG100, Fa. Alpine). 2 h with 6 bar pre-pressure of the two side jets and 2 bar pre-pressure of the floor nozzle with nitrogen as grinding gas to avoid O 2 contact with the existing and emerging surfaces claimed. The classifier speed of the mill to remove the fines was 11,000 rpm.
  • Figure 5 shows the rounding success of the stress in the fluidized bed counter-jet mill.
  • Example 1 Rounding off the product from Example 1 (product amount 200 g) was achieved by the stress in a spiral jet mill (LSM50, Fa Bayer). The mill was operated in an argon-purged glove box with argon as the mill gas at 7.5 bar inlet pressure and 400 g / hr throughput.
  • FIG. 6 shows the rounding result of the stress in the spiral jet mill.
  • Mechanofusion AM-Mini, Fa. Alpine Hosokawa were 90 g of niobium particles according to Example 1, which were previously sieved to 100 microns by air jet sieving (type ALS 200, Fa. Hosokawa
  • the product was cooled down before opening the machine.
  • the rounded powder was sieved to 32 ⁇ m after the stress (type ALS 200, Hosokawa Alpine,
  • FIG. 7 shows the
  • the rounding of 100 g of niobium particles according to Example 1 was carried out in the Hybridizer system from Nara. The particles were cooled and stressed under inert gas at a speed of 8000 or 12000 rpm for 3 min. The rounding of the niobium particles in the scale-up of the hybridizer system are shown in FIG.
  • Example 10 Coating of pretreated Nb particles by electroless deposition
  • An acidic receiver solution was prepared by adding 20 ml of concentrated HCl solution (37%) to about 900 ml of deionized water. To this solution was added 10 g of PdCl 2 . Then, to 1 liter of the acidic PdCl 2 -solubilizing solution was added 120 ml of deionized water and 715 ml of ammonia solution (28% by weight). After 3 days of aging, 1.75 g of Na 2 EDTA salt were added to 25 ml of the solution thus prepared. The coating solution thus prepared and 15 g of niobium according to Example 1, which had been pretreated in accordance with Example 2 and Example 4, were added to a 250 ml stirred glass apparatus with glass stirrer.
  • the stirred tank was heated to 30 0 C by means of a water bath. Subsequently, 10 ml of a 25 wt .-% hydrazine hydrate solution were added at a metering rate of 5 ml / h over a period of 2 h and then stirred for one hour at the same temperature.
  • the coated niobium particles were washed, filtered and dried at 60 ° C. in a drying oven. The particles showed almost complete coverage.
  • FIG. 9 shows the result of coating experiments according to this coating specification.
  • Example 11 Intensive mixing as the simplest case for mechanical coating
  • Example 1 The simplest case of a coating moderately rounded niobium polver according to Example 1 (LSM50, argon, 8.5 bar, 400 g / h) with ultrafine disperse palladium powder (manufacturer Ferro, type 3101, particle size 0.6-1.8 microns) in a laboratory vibration mill (type MM200, Retsch) for 1 hour at 30 Hz oscillation frequency in a 10 ml zirconia cup intensively mixed. For the mixture, 18 g of niobium powder and 2 g of palladium powder were used.
  • FIG. 10 shows the purely mechanical coating of niobium particles with very finely dispersed palladium powder.
  • Example 12 Mechanical Coating by Hosokawa Mechanofusion
  • niobium particles rounded off in Example 8 in the Mechanofusion AM-Mini system were subsequently coated with very finely dispersed palladium in this system.
  • about 95.5 g of rounded niobium particles were mixed with about 10.6 g ultrafine palladium powder and stressed in the cooled, inactivated system Mechanofusion AM-Mini at a speed of 3820 U / min for ten minutes.
  • FIG. 11 shows the mechanical coating of niobium particles with very finely dispersed palladium powder in the Mechanofusion System.
  • Example 9 The particles rounded off in Example 9 in the system Hybridizer NHS-O were subsequently coated with ultrafine disperse palladium in this system.
  • about 27 g of rounded niobium particles were mixed with about 3 g of very finely divided palladium powder and subjected to stress in the cooled inerted system Hybridizer NHS-O at a speed of 12000 rpm for one minute.
  • FIG. 12 shows the mechanical coating of niobium particles with very finely dispersed palladium powder in the hybridizer system.
  • Example 14 Cold compression of metal powder by means of tablet press
  • niobium powder was pressed in accordance with Example 1 in a tablet press.
  • a porosity of approx. 5% by rearranging and deforming the particles with a pressure of up to approx. 1500 N / mm 2 .
  • the gas tightness of these compacts could be increased by sintering.
  • FIG. 13 shows an SEM image of the surface of the cold-pressed material.
  • Example 15 Successive pressing with tablet press / sintering under argon:
  • FIG. 14 shows an SEM image of the surface of the successively cold-pressed and sintered material.
  • Example 16 HIPing a single membrane:
  • Coatings were for this purpose in a steel capsule (diameter 25 mm) with a Tantalum foil filled as a separating layer between powder and steel and vacuum-sealed.
  • the nominal temperature was first set at 10 K / min at 1 MPa pressure and held for 1 h.
  • the pressure was then superimposed and the setpoint pressure was set at 4 MPa / min to 200 MPa (200 N / mm 2 ) and held for 2 h under simultaneous temperature action.
  • pressure and temperature were run at the same rates as during heating or increasing the pressure.
  • metallic moldings with a diameter of about 20 mm and a thickness of about 3 mm were removed without coolant.
  • a metallic bond with a porosity of ⁇ 1% was achieved with the stated experimental setting.
  • Nb material according to example 1 • Pd coating (including etching according to Example 2, nucleation according to Example 4) according to Example 10
  • Figure 15 shows the matrix structure of the coated and then hot isostatically pressed products.
  • niobium and palladium To produce a larger amount of the desired matrix material from niobium and palladium, approximately 250 g of a rounded and coated niobium powder were hot isostatically pressed. As in the previous example, the amount of material was filled into a 25 mm diameter capsule, then vacuum sealed and subjected to the same pressure and temperature process. After cooling, metallic moldings with a diameter of about 20 mm and a thickness of about 60 mm were removed without coolant. In the HIP process, a metallic bond with a porosity of ⁇ 1% was achieved with the stated experimental setting.
  • the membranes prepared in Example 17 were uncoated on a standard lathe without the use of cooling liquid to avoid chemical effects on the surface and in particular in deeper layers of the membrane. During free rotation of the capsule material of the HIP process, a membrane thickness of about 1 mm and a diameter of about 20 mm was achieved. The membranes obtained were used for the determination of theoretical porosities and for gas-tightness tests.
  • Example 19 sawing thin slices of the composite material by means of a diamond disk
  • membranes were prepared from the composite material according to the invention by diamond saw (Labcut 1010 type, Agar Scientific Ltd., diamond disc 0.5 mm) of the bars produced in Example 20 by hot isostatic pressing separated from about 0.3 to 1.0 mm.
  • Example 20 Wire eroding to achieve minimum material slice thickness without forming
  • a membrane with a thickness of 1 mm and a diameter of 20 mm was placed in a 250 ml stirring apparatus of glass with glass stirrer. 50 ml of a coating solution according to Example 10 was added. The stirred tank was heated to 30 0 C by means of a water bath. 2 ml of a 25% strength by weight hydrazine hydrate solution were added at a metering rate of 5 ml / h. After Hydrazinhydratzugabe one hour at the same temperature was stirred. The coated niobium particles were washed, filtered and dried at 60 ° C. in a drying oven.
  • Example 23 Coating by Sputtering / Physical Vapor Deposition
  • the outer surface on which metallic niobium exuded without coating was coated with palladium prior to testing.
  • the coating was carried out after grinding and polishing of the surface and a cleaning in an acetonic ultrasonic bath by means of sputtering with a sputter Ceater 208HV the company. Cressington.
  • a current of 80 mA was set at a sputtering time of 100-200 s with the aim of a 100 nm thick layer thickness. Thickness measurement is done using quartz crystals calibrated on the sputtering material.
  • Permeation experiments were performed in a test cell at up to 575 ° C.
  • the test cell had a receptacle for flat, round membranes with a diameter of 20 mm.
  • the Additional sealing was carried out by metallic O-rings made of Inconel X-750, the active membrane area is 2,0i + IO "4 m 2.
  • the heating and temperature control was carried out via an electric heating jacket.
  • the membrane temperature was in the core of the test cell with a thermocouple of the type Feed gas was supplied from compressed gas cylinders and was regulated by flow regulators type Brooks 5850.
  • the flow diagram of the test apparatus is shown in Figure 16.
  • the permeability was determined using a PdAg 25 membrane (palladium-silver alloy Pd: Ag 75: 25wt%; manufacturer: Alfa Aesar, membrane thickness: 0.25 mm, membrane area: l, 77 * 10 '4 m 2 , permeate pressure: 1 bar abs) sealed in the test cell and under inert gas argon flushing at 1 bar abs
  • the inert gas (argon) was slowly replaced by hydrogen and kept under hydrogen atmosphere for a few hours
  • an H 2 charge or an H 2 permeate flow was generated.
  • the hydrogen flux m 3 / m 2 h
  • the membrane permeability K 0 was obtained in mol * m / (m 2 * s * Pa 0 ' 5 ) according to the following formula:
  • K 0 membrane permeability [mol-m / m 2 -s-Pa 0 ' 5 ]
  • P P hydrogen partial pressure permeate side [Pa 0 ' 5 ]
  • the membrane was run in the reverse approach sequence, ie the steps pressure release, inert gas (argon) conversion and cooling to room temperature followed
  • Nb material according to example 1 particle size 80-150 ⁇ m
  • Nb material analogous to Example 1 Particle size 80-150 ⁇ m
  • Nb material according to Example 1 particle size 80-150 microns
  • Pd coating according to example 10 (including etching according to example 2, nucleation according to example 4)
  • the membrane permeability of the own new membranes is well above the membrane permeability of the commercial PdAg 2s membrane.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un matériau à matrice métallique comprenant un métal (1) perméable à l'hydrogène, et un métal (2), également perméable à l'hydrogène, stable chimiquement, présentant une structure formée de nombreux centres en métal (1) entourés de métal (2). L'invention concerne en outre un procédé de production dudit matériau, comprenant les étapes suivantes : a) éventuellement, prétraitement d'un métal (1) et/ou (2); b) revêtement du métal (1) par un métal (2), de manière à obtenir une poudre métallique composite; c) compression de la poudre métallique composite, de manière à obtenir un matériau à matrice métallique conforme à l'invention, sous forme d'une ébauche; d) éventuellement, déformation de l'ébauche obtenue en une pièce moulée. Le matériau à matrice métallique présente, par rapport aux feuilles métalliques revêtues conventionnelles, une stabilité mécanique plus élevée, du fait d'une répartition plus homogène des tensions, lors du changement de volume des phases métalliques, par suite de l'absorption d'hydrogène ou de la dilatation thermique. En même temps, le matériau est, chimiquement, nettement plus stable que les membranes métalliques revêtues conventionnelles. Le matériau à matrice métallique est particulièrement approprié pour la production de membranes perméables à l'hydrogène, lesquelles séparent l'hydrogène des mélanges gazeux par diffusion sélective.
EP08801921A 2007-09-19 2008-09-09 Membranes perméables à l'hydrogène, en un matériau composite métallique Withdrawn EP2193002A1 (fr)

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DE102007044918A DE102007044918A1 (de) 2007-09-19 2007-09-19 Wasserstoffpermeable Membranen aus metallischem Verbundwerkstoff
PCT/EP2008/007345 WO2009036905A1 (fr) 2007-09-19 2008-09-09 Membranes perméables à l'hydrogène, en un matériau composite métallique

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DE102012109154B4 (de) * 2012-09-27 2016-01-07 Mahnken & Partner GmbH Verfahren zur Gewinnung von Wasserstoff
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JP6437521B2 (ja) * 2013-03-15 2018-12-12 プレジデント アンド フェローズ オブ ハーバード カレッジ 極短電気パルスによる原子的に薄い膜中のナノ孔の製造
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