Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D493/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system
  • C07D493/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D493/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F222/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical and containing at least one other carboxyl radical in the molecule; Salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof
  • C08F222/10—Esters
  • C08F222/1006—Esters of polyhydric alcohols or polyhydric phenols
  • C08F222/102—Esters of polyhydric alcohols or polyhydric phenols of dialcohols, e.g. ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate or 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate
  • C08F222/1025—Esters of polyhydric alcohols or polyhydric phenols of dialcohols, e.g. ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate or 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate of aromatic dialcohols
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
  • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
  • C08F220/10—Esters
  • C08F220/26—Esters containing oxygen in addition to the carboxy oxygen
  • C08F220/30—Esters containing oxygen in addition to the carboxy oxygen containing aromatic rings in the alcohol moiety
  • C08F220/303—Esters containing oxygen in addition to the carboxy oxygen containing aromatic rings in the alcohol moiety and one or more carboxylic moieties in the chain
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K2323/00—Functional layers of liquid crystal optical display excluding electroactive liquid crystal layer characterised by chemical composition
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K2323/00—Functional layers of liquid crystal optical display excluding electroactive liquid crystal layer characterised by chemical composition
  • C09K2323/02—Alignment layer characterised by chemical composition

Definitions

• This invention is related to the chemical synthesis of chiral monomers, liquid crystal compositions comprising the chiral monomers, and polymerization of the liquid crystal compositions to provide polymer networks with useful cholesteric optical properties.
• Thermotropic liquid crystals are generally crystalline compounds with significant anisotropy in shape. That is, at the molecular level, they are characterized by a rod-like or disc like structure. When heated they typically melt in a stepwise manner, exhibiting one or more thermal transitions from a crystal to a final isotropic phase.
• the intermediate phases known as mesophases, can include several types of smectic phases wherein the molecules are generally confined to layers; and a nematic phase wherein the molecules are aligned parallel to one another with no long range positional order.
• the liquid crystal phase can be achieved in a heating cycle, or can be arrived at in cooling from an isotropic phase.
• a comprehensive description of the structure of liquid crystals in general, and twisted nematic liquid crystals in particular, is given in "The Physics of Liquid Crystals," P. G. de Gennes and J. Prost, Oxford University Press, 1995.
• nematic phase is one wherein a chiral moiety is present therein, referred to as a twisted nematic, chiral nematic, or cholesteric phase.
• the molecules are parallel to each other as in the nematic phase, but the director of molecules (the average direction of the rodlike molecules) changes direction through the thickness of a layer to provide a helical packing of the nematic molecules.
• the pitch of the helix is perpendicular to the long axes of the molecules.
• This helical packing of anisotropic molecules leads to important and characteristic optical properties of twisted nematic phases including circular dichroism, a high degree of rotary power; and the selective reflection of light, including ultraviolet, visible, and near-IR light. Reflection in the visible region leads to brilliantly colored layers.
• the sense of the helix can either be right-handed or left-handed, and the rotational sense is an important characteristic of the material.
• the chiral moiety either may be present in the liquid crystalline molecule itself, for instance, as in a cholesteryl ester, or can be added to the nematic phase as a dopant, leading to induction of the cholesteric phase. This phenomenon is well documented, as discussed for example in H. Bassler and M.M. Labes, J. Chem. Phys., 52, 631 (1970).
• both cholesteric twist senses are required, that is a twisted nematic phase that reflects RHCPL and a twisted nematic phase that reflects left-hand circularly polarized light (LHCPL).
• LHCPL left-hand circularly polarized light
• chiral monomers that have good phase compatibility with polymerizable nematic phases, exhibit high HTP, and have the ability to induce a twisted nematic phase that reflect LHCPL.
• polymer networks derived from these chiral monomers that exhibit cholesteric optical properties and reflect LHCPL.
• D is the divalent moiety derived from isomannide:
• Si and S 2 are linking groups each independently selected from the group consisting of-O-, -OC(O)-, and -OC(O)O-;
• S3, S 4 , S 5 , and S 6 are linking groups each independently selected from the group consisting of covalent bond, -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -OC(O)-, -C(O)O-, -OC(O)O-, -OC(O)NRi-, -NRiC(O)O-, -SC(O)-, and -C(O)S-;
• Ri is hydrogen or Ci to C 4 alkyl
• each Bi and B 2 is a divalent radical independently selected from the group consisting of aliphatic and aromatic carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having 1 to 16 carbon atoms; optionally having one or more fused rings and optionally mono- or polysubstituted with L;
• L is selected from the group consisting of the substitutents F, Cl, -CN, and -NO 2 ; and alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, and alkoxycarbonyl groups, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, wherein one or more of the carbon atoms are optionally substituted with F or Cl;
• Ai is a divalent linear or branched alkyl having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, optionally interrupted by linking groups selected from the group -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -OC(O)- and -C(O)O-;
• a 2 is a divalent linear or branched alkyl having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, optionally interrupted by linking groups selected from the group -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -OC(O)- and -C(O)O-;
• R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, F, Cl, -CN, -NO 2 , and a monovalent linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, optionally interrupted by linking groups selected from the group -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -OC(O)- or -C(O)O-;
• Rp is a polymerizable group; p and q are each independently an integer of 1 or 2; and r and t are each independently an integer of O or 1 ; provided that when R is hydrogen, F, Cl, -CN, or -NO 2 , and r is 1, S 5 is a covalent bond; and when R is hydrogen, F, Cl, -CN, or -NO 2 , and r is O, S3 is a covalent bond.
• Another embodiment of the invention is a polymerizable liquid crystal composition comprising at least one compound of formula (I) as defined above.
• a further embodiment is a polymer network derived from polymerization of the liquid crystal composition comprising at least one compound of formula (I) as defined above; and more specifically, a polymer network that reflects LHCPL.
• Another embodiment is an optical element comprising the polymer network defined above.
• a twisted nematic phase which is also referred to herein as a cholesteric phase or a chiral nematic phase, to selectively reflect light in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet region is useful in many applications.
• ⁇ 0 Light outside the vicinity of ⁇ 0 is essentially unaffected in transmission.
• the twisted nematic phase exhibits selective reflection of the light such that approximately 50% of the light is reflected and approximately 50% of the light is transmitted, with both the reflected and transmitted beams being substantially circularly polarized.
• the pitch p can be tuned effectively by manipulating the amount of chiral dopant, the twisting power of the dopant and selection of the nematic materials.
• the pitch is sensitive to temperature, unwinding or tightening with a change in temperature; to electric fields, dopants, and other environmental considerations.
• twisted nematic phase manipulation of the pitch, and thus the wavelength of maximum reflection, can be accomplished with a wide variety of tools.
• the light that is transmitted is either right-hand circularly polarized light (RHCPL) or left-hand circularly polarized light (LHCPL).
• RHCPL right-hand circularly polarized light
• LHCPL left-hand circularly polarized light
• twisted nematic liquid crystal substances will be hereinbelow identified by the kind of light that is reflected in the wavelength region around ⁇ 0 .
• cholesteric or twisted nematic layer When a cholesteric or twisted nematic layer is said to be right-handed it is meant that it reflects RHCPL, and when a layer is said to be left-handed it is meant that it reflects LHCPL.
• a right- handed nematic liquid crystal layer transmits LHCPL essentially completely, whereas the same layer reflects RHCPL almost completely, at ⁇ 0 .
• the cholesteric or twisted nematic layer is optimally aligned in a planar orientation.
• a left-handed nematic liquid crystal layer transmits RHCPL essentially completely, whereas the same layer reflects LHCPL almost completely, at ⁇ 0 .
• a twisted nematic layer is approximately 50 percent transmitting at ⁇ o for these light sources. This assumes, of course, the cholesteric or twisted nematic layer is optimally aligned in a planar orientation.
• substantially all the light at some wavelengths be reflected.
• One method for reflecting substantially all of the light in the vicinity of ⁇ 0 is to use two twisted nematic layers with similar ⁇ 0 , one right-handed and one left-handed. Light in the region around ⁇ o transmitted by the first layer will be reflected by the second layer, with the result that substantially all of the incident light with a wavelength in the vicinity of ⁇ 0 will be reflected.
• this may be accomplished by using enantiomeric chiral dopants of opposite chirality in matched twisted nematic layers.
• one or both chiral dopants of the pair are usually very expensive, or unavailable.
• suitable chiral dopants that have good compatibility with nematic phases, have high HTP, and may be used for the formation of right-handed nematic layers and left-handed nematic layers.
• D is the divalent moiety derived from isomannide:
• Si and S 2 are linking groups each independently selected from the group consisting of-O-, -OC(O)-, and -OC(O)O-;
• S 3 , S 4 , S 5 , and S 6 are linking groups each independently selected from the group consisting of covalent bond, -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, -OC(O)-, -C(O)O-, -OC(O)O-, -OC(O)NRi-, -NRiC(O)O-, -SC(O)-, and -C(O)S-;
• Ri is hydrogen or Ci to C 4 alkyl
• each Bi and B 2 is a divalent radical independently selected from the group consisting of aliphatic and aromatic carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having 1 to 16 carbon atoms; optionally having one or more fused rings and optionally mono- or polysubstituted with L;
• L is selected from the group consisting of the substitutents F, Cl, -CN, and -NO 2 ; and alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, and alkoxycarbonyl groups, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, wherein one or more of the carbon atoms are optionally substituted with F or Cl;
• Ai is a divalent linear or branched alkyl having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, optionally interrupted by linking groups selected from the group -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -OC(O)- and -C(O)O-;
• a 2 is a divalent linear or branched alkyl having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, optionally interrupted by linking groups selected from the group -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, -OC(O)- and -C(O)O-;
• R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, F, Cl, -CN, -NO 2 , and a monovalent linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, optionally interrupted by linking groups selected from the group -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, -OC(O)- or -C(O)O-;
• R p is a polymerizable group; p and q are each independently an integer of 1 or 2; and r and t are each independently an integer of O or 1 ; provided that when R is hydrogen, F, Cl, -CN, or -NO 2 , and r is 1, S 5 is a covalent bond; and when R is hydrogen, F, Cl, -CN, or -NO 2 , and r is O, S 3 is a covalent bond.
• Si and S 2 are -OC(O)-.
• the term "optionally interrupted by linking groups selected from the group -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -OC(O)- or -C(O)O-" means that Ai , A 2 , and R include alkyl radicals that have one or more of said linking groups, and if present, preferably have 1 to 3 said linking groups; provided that only one linking group, including linking groups S 3 , S 4 , S 5 , and S 6 , is bonded to any one alkyl carbon atom, and there are no linking groups bonded to each other.
• Examples of a suitable Ai and A 2 divalent radicals that contain one or more linking groups are polyoxyalkylene chains, of the formula -(CH 2 CH 2 O) m CH 2 CH 2 - wherein m is an integer of 1 to 9.
• Examples of a suitable R monovalent radicals that contain one or more linking groups are monoalkoxy- terminated polyethylene glycol) radicals of the formula RiO-(CH 2 CH 2 O) 1n CH 2 CH 2 - wherein m is an integer of 1 to 8, and Ri is a Ci to C 4 alkyl.
• each Bi and B 2 is a divalent radical independently selected from the group
• p 2
• q 2
• the two B 2 units are selected independently, that is they may be the same or different.
• Bi and B 2 are selected from the group consisting of:
• X 2 is a divalent radical selected from the group: -O-, -(CHs) 2 C-, and -(CF 3 ) 2 C-; and L is as defined above.
• Bi and B 2 are each independently divalent radicals selected from the group consisting of 1 ,4-cyclohexyl; 2,6-naphthyl; 4,4'-biphenyl; and Rn -substituted- 1,4-phenyl, wherein Rn is H, -CH 3 or -OCH 3 .
• Rn -substituted- 1,4-phenyl refers to the radical
• Rn can be bonded to any one of the four available carbon atoms.
• An especially preferred embodiment is wherein Bi and B 2 are each independently the divalent radicals Ri i-substituted- 1,4-phenyl.
• Compounds of this preferred group are represented by formula (II):
• the phenols can be acylated with meth(acryloyl) chlorides in the presence of base to provide the desired compounds of formula (II).
• the specific conditions for the syntheses are well known and exemplified in the examples herein. Table 1 lists some preferred compositions of formula (II).
• Compounds of this preferred group are represented by formula (III):
• Phenols of formula (II-4) are first acylated with an omega-bromoalkyl acid chloride in the presence of base to provide bromides of formula (III-l); followed by treatment with potassium meth(acrylate) and a phase transfer catalyst to provide the desired meth(acrylates) of formula (III).
• the specific conditions for the syntheses are exemplified in the examples herein. Table 2 lists several specific preferred compounds of formula (III).
• Another embodiment are compounds wherein, referring to formula (I), Si and
• 5 2 are each -OC(O)-; p is 1 and q is 2; Bi and B 2 are each Rn -substituted- 1,4-phenyl;
• Another embodiment are compounds wherein, referring to formula (I), Si and
• 5 2 are each -OC(O)-; p is 1 and q is 2; Bi and B 2 are each Rn -substituted- 1,4-phenyl;
• Compounds of this preferred group are represented by formula (V) in Scheme 4 wherein k is 0 or 1, n is an integer of 3 to 20, and Rn and R 2 , are as described above:
• Compounds of this preferred group are represented by formula (VI):
• Compounds of formula (VI) wherein k is 0 or 1, and Rn and R 2 , are as described above.
• Compounds of formula (VI) can be made by synthesis from compound 1 using the synthetic methods similar to those outlined in Scheme 3.
• Compounds of formula (I) are useful in polymerizable liquid crystal compositions, also of the invention.
• Compounds of formula (I) are useful as chiral dopants to induce chirality of a nematic phase to provide a twisted nematic phase.
• Useful twisted nematic phases can be provided by mixing the chiral dopants at about 0.5 to about 30 wt % based on the total nematic mixture.
• Preferred embodiments are polymerizable liquid crystal compositions comprising at least one compound of formula (II); (III); (IV), (V); (VI); or a combination thereof.
• polymerizable and nonpolymerizable liquid crystals can be used in the polymerizable liquid crystal compositions of the invention including in those disclosed in Makromol. Chem. 190, 2255-2268 (1989), Macromolecules, 1988, 31, 5940, Makromol. Chem. 192, 59-74 (1991), J. Polym. ScL: Part A: Polym. Chem., Vol. 37, 3929-3935 (1999), and Makromol. Chem. 190, 3201-3215 (1989).
• polymerizable monomers useful in liquid crystal compositions are disclosed in US 5833880, DE 4408170, EP 261712, EP 331233 Bl, EP 397263 Bl, and WO 1998047979, hereby incorporated by reference.
• a preferred group of polymerizable monomers for the polymerizable liquid crystal compositions of the invention are those of formula (VII):
• R 2 is independently selected from the group: H, F, Cl, and CH3; nl and n2 are, independently, integers 3 to 20; u and v are, independently, integers 0, 1 or 2; A is a divalent radical selected from the group:
• R 3 - Rio are independently selected from the group: H, Ci - Cs straight or branched chain alkyl, Ci - Cg straight or branched chain alkyloxy, F, Cl, phenyl, -C(O)CH 3 , CN, and CF 3 ;
• X 2 is a divalent radical selected from the group: -O-, -(CH 3 ) 2 C-, and -(CFs) 2 C-; and each B 3 and B 4 is a divalent radical independently selected from the group: 2,6-naphthyl; 4,4'-biphenyl; and Rn -substituted- 1,4-phenyl, wherein Rn is H, -CH 3 or -OCH 3 ; with the proviso that when the sum of u + v is equal to 3 or 4, at least two of B 3 and B 4 are Rn-substituted-l,4-phenyl.
• a preferred embodiment is a polymerizable liquid crystal composition of the invention comprising polymerizable monomers wherein, referring to formula (VII), u is 1 and v is 0, and formula (VII) is formula (Villa):
• R 2 is independently H or CH 3 ;
• R 3 - R 6 are independently H or -CH 3 ;
• nl and n2 are independently integers of 3 to 20; and
• B 3 is Rn -substituted- 1,4-phenyl, wherein Rn is H, -CH 3 or -OCH 3 .
• Another preferred embodiment is a polymerizable liquid crystal composition of the invention comprising polymerizable monomers wherein, referring to formula (VII), u and v are 1, and formula (VII) is formula (IXa):
• Another preferred embodiment is a polymerizable liquid crystal composition of the invention comprising a mixture of polymerizable monomers of formula (Villa) and (IXa).
• the polymer network of the invention is one or more polymerized layer(s) comprising a liquid crystal composition that include: polymerized films, coatings, castings and prints; including patterned, unpatterned, variable and nonvariable optical properties; that can be made by a wide variety of methods as disclosed, for instance, in US 4,637,896, 6,010,643 and 6,410,130.
• one preferred method for making a polymer network comprises: providing a polymerizable twisted nematic mixture, in the form of a twisted nematic or isotropic phase, with a polymerization initiator, preferably a radical initiator; applying the twisted nematic mixture to one or more substrates, optionally the substrate(s) comprises an alignment layer, to provide a layer of the twisted nematic mixture; optionally treating the layer to provide a desired twisted nematic phase; and polymerizing the twisted nematic phase, preferably by exposing the twisted nematic phase to actinic radiation.
• a polymerization initiator preferably a radical initiator
• the liquid crystal compositions of various embodiments of the invention can include a radical initiator, and preferably the radical initiator is a photoinitiator useful in conducting photochemical polymerizations. For curing by electron beams, such initiators are not required.
• suitable photoinitiators are isobutyl benzoin ether, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide, 1 -hydroxy cyclohexyl phenyl ketone, 2-benzyl-2-dimethylamino-l-(4-morpholinophenyl)furan-l-one, mixtures of benzophenone and 1 -hydroxy cyclohexyl phenyl ketone, 2,2-dimethoxy-2- phenylacetophenone, perfluorinated diphenyltitanocenes, 2-methyl-l-(4- [methylthio]phenyl)-2-(4-morpholinyl)- 1 -propanone, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl- 1
• a substrate for example, a glass or quartz sheet, as well as a plastic film or sheet can be used. It is also possible to put a second substrate on top of the coated mixture prior to, during and/or after polymerization.
• the substrates can optionally be removed after polymerization.
• at least one substrate should be transmissive for the polymerization. Isotropic or birefringent substrates can be used. In case the substrate is not removed from the polymerized film after polymerization, preferably isotropic substrates are used.
• At least one substrate is a plastic substrate, for example, a film of polyester such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), of polyvinylalcohol (PVA), polycarbonate (PC) or triacetylcellulose (TAC), especially preferably a PET film or a TAC film.
• PET polyethylene terephthalate
• PVA polyvinylalcohol
• PC polycarbonate
• TAC triacetylcellulose
• a PET film or a TAC film especially preferably a PET film or a TAC film.
• a birefringent substrate for example, an uniaxially stretched plastic film can be used.
• the substrates are buffed with a buffing clothe to enhance alignment of the chiral nematic phase.
• Applying the twisted nematic mixture can be accomplished by any method that gives a uniform layer, or if desired, a patterned or non-uniform layer. Coating, including rod-coating, extrusion coating, gravure coating, slot-die coating and spin- coating, spraying, printing, blading, knifing, or a combination of methods, can be used.
• the polymerizable liquid crystal mixture is coated as a thin layer on a substrate or between substrates, and aligned in its chiral mesophase into planar orientation, wherein the axis of the molecular helix extends transversely to the layer.
• Planar orientation can be achieved, for example, by shearing the mixture, e.g., by means of a doctor blade. It is also possible to put a second substrate on top of the coated material. In this case, the shearing caused by putting together the two substrates is sufficient to give good alignment.
• an alignment layer for example a layer of rubbed polyimide or sputtered SiO 2 , on top of at least one of the substrates, or to apply an electric or magnetic field to the coated mixture, in order to induce or enhance planar alignment.
• Useful polyimide alignment layers are disclosed in US 6,887,455. Alignment of twisted nematic phases by coating of dilute liquid crystal mixtures is disclosed in US 6,410,130. Planar alignment may be induced or enhanced by addition of one or more surface-active compounds to the polymerizable mixture.
• Treating the liquid crystal layer to provide a desired liquid crystal phase can include, cooling or heating the liquid crystal layer, for instance to achieve a desired phase or optical property; application of a mechanical shear to the liquid crystal layer, for instance, by application of a knife blade to the liquid crystal layer, shearing two or more substrates wherein the liquid crystal layer is interposed, or vibration, sonication or other form of agitation to the substrate(s).
• Another method for making a polymer network involves providing an isotropic solution that contains a polymerizable liquid crystal mixture, a polymerization initiator, preferably a photoinitiator, and a carrier solvent; applying the isotropic solution to one or more substrate(s), preferably where the substrate(s) is an alignment layer, to provide an isotropic layer; removing the carrier solvent and, optionally, treating the layer, to provide a desired liquid crystal phase; and polymerizing the liquid crystal phase, preferably by exposing the liquid crystal phase to actinic radiation.
• US 6,010,643 and 4,637,896 exemplify preparation of a liquid crystal layer using two substrates to form a cell.
• US 4,637,896 and 6,410,130 exemplify preparation of a liquid crystal layer from an isotropic solution, followed by polymerization.
• coating and spraying are preferred methods for applying the isotropic solution.
• Removing the carrier solvent can be accomplished by allowing the carrier solvent to evaporate, with or without heating and/or application of a vacuum. Allowing the carrier solvent to evaporate also may be accompanied and/or followed by application of a mechanical shear to the liquid crystal layer as described above.
• carrier solvents are linear or branched esters, especially acetic esters, cyclic ethers and esters, alcohols, lactones, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, such as toluene, xylene and cyclohexane, chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as dichloromethane, 1,1,2,2- tetrachloroethane, and also ketones, amides, N-alkylpyrrolidones, especially N- methylpyrrolidone.
• useful solvents include tetrahydrofuran (THF), dioxane, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), and propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate.
• the liquid crystal compositions of the invention may further comprise small amounts of a polymerizable diluent including, for example, 2-ethoxyethyl acrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether acrylate, phenoxyethyl acrylate, tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate and ethoxylated pentaerythritol tetraacrylate.
• a polymerizable diluent including, for example, 2-ethoxyethyl acrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether acrylate, phenoxyethyl acrylate, tetraethylene glycol dime
• the liquid crystal compositions of the invention may further comprise small amounts of surfactants, leveling agents, viscosity modifiers, wetting agents, defoamers, and UV and radical stabilizers. Selection will often be based upon observed coating and alignment quality and the desired adhesion of the final polymer network to the substrate and other layers.
• Typical surfactants comprise siloxy-, fluoryl-, alkyl-and alkynyl-substituted surfactants. These include surfactants sold under the trade names BYK (Byk Chemie, Wesel, Germany), ZONYL (DuPont), TRITON (Dow Chemical Co., Midland, MI), SURFUNOL and DYNOL (Air Products, Inc. Allentown , PA).
• a stabilizer may be used to prevent undesired spontaneous polymerization, for example, during storage of the composition.
• stabilizers may be used for this purpose. Typical examples for stabilizers are 4-ethoxyphenol, 4-methoxyphenol, methyl hydroquinone, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT).
• Exposing the liquid crystal phase to actinic radiation can be done by a variety of means, including heat, microwave radiation, UV and visible light, and electron beam and other radiation.
• Radiation sources can include Hg arc lamps, Xenon lamps, laser light sources, and the like.
• the exposing can be done selectively, if so desired, and may include the use of a mask, or a computer controlled scan system.
• a detailed description of the in situ polymerization of polymerizable mesogenic compounds can be found, for example, in D. J. Broer et al., Makromolekulare Chemie 190, 2255 (1989).
• Polymerization is preferably carried out under an atmosphere of inert gas, preferably under a nitrogen atmosphere.
• the polymerization can be conducted at room temperature, below room temperature or above room temperature if so desired.
• the optical properties of a twisted nematic liquid crystal phase, particularly the wavelength of reflection, can be tuned, to some extent, by adjusting the temperature of the phase.
• the polymerization is conducted above room temperature (-25 0 C), preferably about 4O 0 C to about 1O 0 C below the isotropic point of the liquid crystal composition.
• a preferred temperature range for conducting the polymerization is about 5O 0 C to about 9O 0 C, provided this is below the isotropic point of the liquid crystal composition.
• the polymerization above room temperature generally provides a polymer network with a lower haze, as determined by visual observation, than one provided by polymerization at room temperature.
• the polymer networks of the invention can be made either flexible or brittle depending on crosslinking.
• the brittle films can be flaked and the flakes used as pigments in a variety of inks or paints for use in cosmetics and automobile paint.
• the films can be combined with other pigments or pigment layers, for instance black layers, that act to enhance the brilliance of the reflected light.
• the polymer networks of the invention are useful as optical elements or components of an optical element.
• An optical element is any film, coating or shaped object that is used to modify the characteristics of light.
• the modifications produced by optical elements include changes in the intensity of light through changes in transmission or reflectivity, changes in wavelength or wavelength distribution, changes in the state of polarization, changes in the direction of propagation of part or all of the light, or changes in the spatial distribution of intensity by, for example, focusing, collimating, or diffusing the light.
• Examples of optical elements include linear polarizers, circular polarizers, lenses, mirrors, collimators, diffusers, reflectors and the like.
• One specific example of an optical element is a layer of a cholesteric polymer network of the invention that reflects light within the vicinity of ⁇ 0 , employed in a window structure.
• a particular valuable attribute of the chiral monomers of the invention is their ability to induce a twisted nematic phase that reflects LHCPL.
• the handedness of reflected light can be determined according to well known procedures described in W. A. Shurcliff, "Polarized Light: Production and Use", Harvard University Press, (1962).
• Polymer networks of the invention that incorporated a chiral dopant based on the isomannide compounds of formula (I) reflected LHCPL.
• another embodiment of the invention is a polymer network that reflects LHCPL.
• Another embodiment is a polymer network that reflects LHCPL, and has a wavelength of maximum reflection in the range of about 280 nm to about 2000 nm; and more preferably, in the range of about 700 nm to about 1200 nm.
• thermal transitions are given in degrees Centigrade.
• K crystal
• N nematic
• S smectic
• TN* twisted nematic
• X unidentified phase
• I isotropic
• P polymerized.
• the thermal transitions and phase assignments were made with differential scanning calorimetry and hotstage optical microscopy. Unless stated otherwise, phase behavior is reported for the first heating.
• the following abbreviations are used in the examples:
• DCM dichloromethane
• DMAc dimethyl acetamide
• DI water deionized water
• EDC l-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride
• IPA isopropyl alcohol
• mp melting point
• pTSA p-toluenesulfonic acid
• PPTS pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate
• TEA triethylamine
• THP tetrahydropyranyl
• Example 1 This example illustrates the synthesis of Compound 7 according to Scheme 8:
• Example 5 This example illustrates the synthesis of Compound 21 according to Scheme
• 6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid was synthesized by base hydrolysis of caprolactone.
• Caprolactone 100 g was added to a mixture of potassium hydroxide (145 g), methanol (110 mL), and THF (390 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solution was then acidified with HCl and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with water, dried, filtered, and concentrated to obtain 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid.
• 6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid was then converted to 6-acryloyloxyhexanoic acid.
• a mixture of 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid (10 g), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (0.5 g), and DMAc (57 mL) was cooled to 0 0 C.
• Acryloyl chloride (17.2 g) was then added dropwise. After stirring for 3.5 hrs, pyridine (12 rnL) and water (12 mL) were slowly added. After stirring for another 2 hrs, the solution was acidified with dilute HCl and extracted with ethyl acetate.
• Compound 20 was obtained by esterification of 6-acryloyloxyhexanoic acid with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid.
• a mixture of 6-acryloyloxyhexanoic acid (5.0 g), THF (20 mL), and DMF (5 drops) was cooled to 0 0 C.
• Oxalyl chloride (1.70 mL) and THF (25 mL) was then added dropwise. After stirring at 0 0 C for 30 min and at RT for 4 hrs, solvent was removed and the resulting acid chloride was re-dissolved in THF (20 mL).
• This example illustrates the preparation of Mixture 1 and the preparation of a liquid crystal polymer network.
• a polyethylene terephthalate film was hand rubbed with a Yoshikawa YA-20- R rubbing cloth (Yoshikawa Chemical Company, Osaka, Japan).
• Mixture 1 was dissolved in xylenes to provide a 30 wt% solution.
• the solution was coated by hand using a Wire Size 20 Wire Wound Lab Rod (Paul N. Gardner Company, Pompano Beach, Florida). The wet coating was heated at 60 0 C for 5 min to allow solvent evaporation and alignment of the liquid crystal composition.
• the coated film was positioned 5.5 cm below a BLAK-RAY long wave UV mercury lamp (Model B-100 AP, UVP Inc., Upland, California, with a power of 35 mW/cm 2 ) and was exposed for 5 min under a nitrogen atmosphere to provide a crosslinked polymer network.
• the crosslinked film exhibited a wavelength of reflection at 711 nm.
• Example 9 Mixture 4: Compound 19 (0.037 g), Compound 25 (0.157 g), Compound 26 (0.078 g),
• Example 10 Mixture 5 : Compound 21 (0.037 g), Compound 25 (0.157 g), Compound 26 (0.078 g),
• Comparative Example A A Comparative Example A, similar to that disclosed in WO 2006/128091, illustrates the formation of a polymer network based upon a twisted nematic layer induced by an isosorbide containing ester.
• a blend of Compound 26 (22.7 parts), Compound 25 (53.4 parts), Compound 27 (15 parts), Compound D (the isosorbide ester shown below, 6.9 parts) and IRGACURE 184 photoinitiator was prepared and coated as a 33.3 w/v % solution in xylenes and cured in a similar manner as Example 6.
• the handedness of reflected circularly polarized light was determined by examining cured films of Example 7 and that of Comparative example A, according to well known procedures described in W. A. Shurcliff, "Polarized Light: Production and Use", Harvard University Press, (1962). According to this procedure a quarter wave -plate was positioned in between the sample film to be tested and a linear polarizer. The quarter wave-plate was oriented with the slow axis at -45 degrees relative to the electric field of the linear polarizer. If reflected light from the sample transmitted through the linear polarizer, this was an indication that the reflected light was right-hand circularly polarized (RHCPL).
• RHCPL right-hand circularly polarized
• Each of the formulae shown herein describes each and all of the separate, individual compounds that can be assembled in that formula by (1) selection from within the prescribed range for one of the variable radicals, substituents or numerical coefficents while all of the other variable radicals, substituents or numerical coefficents are held constant, and (2) performing in turn the same selection from within the prescribed range for each of the other variable radicals, substituents or numerical coefficents with the others being held constant.
• a plurality of compounds may be described by selecting more than one but less than all of the members of the whole group of radicals, substituents or numerical coefficents.
• substituents or numerical coefficents is a subgroup containing (i) only one of the members of the whole group described by the range, or (ii) more than one but less than all of the members of the whole group, the selected member(s) are selected by omitting those member(s) of the whole group that are not selected to form the subgroup.
• the compound, or plurality of compounds may in such event be characterized by a definition of one or more of the variable radicals, substituents or numerical coefficents that refers to the whole group of the prescribed range for that variable but where the member(s) omitted to form the subgroup are absent from the whole group.

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