EP2107434B1 - Chronomètre mécanique - Google Patents

Chronomètre mécanique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2107434B1
EP2107434B1 EP20080153962 EP08153962A EP2107434B1 EP 2107434 B1 EP2107434 B1 EP 2107434B1 EP 20080153962 EP20080153962 EP 20080153962 EP 08153962 A EP08153962 A EP 08153962A EP 2107434 B1 EP2107434 B1 EP 2107434B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
mechanical
contact
escape wheel
micromechanical component
escapement
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
Application number
EP20080153962
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP2107434A1 (fr
Inventor
Peter Bodo Gluche
Stéphane von Gunten
Ralph Gretzschel
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Manufacture et Fabrique de Montres et Chronometres Ulysse Nardin Le Locle SA
GFD Gesellschaft fuer Diamantprodukte mbH
Original Assignee
Manufacture et Fabrique de Montres et Chronometres Ulysse Nardin Le Locle SA
GFD Gesellschaft fuer Diamantprodukte mbH
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Application filed by Manufacture et Fabrique de Montres et Chronometres Ulysse Nardin Le Locle SA, GFD Gesellschaft fuer Diamantprodukte mbH filed Critical Manufacture et Fabrique de Montres et Chronometres Ulysse Nardin Le Locle SA
Priority to EP20080153962 priority Critical patent/EP2107434B1/fr
Publication of EP2107434A1 publication Critical patent/EP2107434A1/fr
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Publication of EP2107434B1 publication Critical patent/EP2107434B1/fr
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G04—HOROLOGY
    • G04B—MECHANICALLY-DRIVEN CLOCKS OR WATCHES; MECHANICAL PARTS OF CLOCKS OR WATCHES IN GENERAL; TIME PIECES USING THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON OR STARS
    • G04B15/00—Escapements
    • G04B15/14—Component parts or constructional details, e.g. construction of the lever or the escape wheel

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a novel high-precision and friction-optimized micromechanical component, in particular in the train of a mechanical timepiece, according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the present invention relates in particular to such a micromechanical component, which is part of an anchor escapement of a mechanical timepiece.
  • the invention relates to a timepiece in which such a micromechanical component is incorporated.
  • a mechanical timepiece as is well known as a pocket watch or wristwatch, usually comprises at least one gear train.
  • the drive distribution member forms in a conventional mechanical timepiece, the drive distribution member, the inhibition, the transition between the gear train and the oscillator (vibration or time division organ).
  • the task of the inhibition is to supply the vibrating organ, the balance, with a tiny amount of energy every time it passes the "dead spot".
  • a "dead point” is the position of the balance at which it is nominally at rest, or the amplitude of the balance is nominally 0 ° (zero crossing).
  • the balance oscillates evenly on both sides of the dead point with an amplitude ⁇ and releases a tooth of the escape wheel at each zero crossing. This allows the gear train and the hands to turn in small jumps with a regular frequency controlled by the balance.
  • the friction between the pallets and the escape wheel poses a problem which affects the accuracy and the life of the movement.
  • High friction reduces the amount of energy passed on to the balance; Accuracy and available power reserve are smaller than with low friction.
  • the mentioned friction usually leads to a material removal, so wear, at the contact surfaces of pallets and the escape wheel, whereby the accuracy can be reduced and the parts in question must be replaced from time to time.
  • FR 1 485 813 It is said that the teeth are chamfered by herniation wheels to create a contact surface between the teeth and the anchor pallets with a smaller width. But only beats FR 1 485 813 instead of this chamfering of teeth, to make the wheels even thinner, eliminating the need for chamfering. This then results in a much simpler production process of escapement wheels. However, the lesson of FR 1 485 813 no better solution to the friction problems.
  • the invention has therefore set itself the task of improving the life and also the precision of mechanical movements through a revision of the mechanical components, and in particular the revision of the anchor escapement from the ground up.
  • the use of lubricants should be completely avoided, if possible.
  • the invention is based on the basic idea of initially making the friction between the individual micromechanical components as small as possible. This principle results in particular in a micromechanical component, which is part of the anchor escapement, to extend the life and easier maintenance of the timepiece.
  • the contact surfaces of the two bodies (of the two micromechanical components) are transferred into a contact line or a contact point.
  • the pallets are inclined against the contact surface of the escape wheel tooth, so that not the flat side end face of the escape wheel tooth, but only the upper axis-parallel edge of the tooth rests against the pallet and slides transversely to the direction of the edge over this surface.
  • the size of the contact surface between the pallets and the escape wheel tooth is initially greatly reduced.
  • the material of the metallic escape wheel must also be replaced by a harder material at the same time. This initially only affects the contact surfaces on the teeth of the escape wheel.
  • the "surface" pressure between the two parts increases very sharply, and there is a risk of increased wear on the contact surfaces.
  • the invention provides for the contact surfaces on the teeth of the escape wheel to be made by an extremely hard material.
  • a hard material coating with diamond, in particular with nanocrystalline diamond offers. Appropriate techniques for forming such extremely hard coatings have recently become known.
  • a next step to further reduce the friction in the armature escapement is the complete replacement of the previously existing metal escape wheel by one of a different material such as silicon
  • the wear resistance of the mentioned contact surfaces can be further increased, for example, by a suitable coating.
  • a hard material coating can be used, with a silicon oxide such as SiO 2 or a non-stoichiometric oxide having the formula Si x O y , where x and y are integers, as well as silicon carbides, silicon nitrides or diamond are particularly suitable. It should be emphasized in particular that finely crystalline or nanocrystalline and also amorphous coatings prove to be particularly suitable as a wear protection layer.
  • the aim is therefore materials that can be deposited either amorphous or have a mean grain size of less than 50nm.
  • a sliding friction coefficient of less than 0.2 is sought without the use of lubricants.
  • the sliding friction coefficient of highly polished sapphire against steel with the aid of lubricants is about 0.15, ie about 50% -300% more.
  • the Gleitreibiere depends on the roughness of the respective surfaces.
  • the sliding friction coefficient for many surfaces for example, surfaces of silicon oxide and / or DLC layers (Diamond Like Carbon) highly dependent on the humidity, in diamond this effect is negligible.
  • Such a "line” friction can be compared to that of a skate.
  • the condition no longer applies to a sliding friction of two surfaces against each other that the frictional force is independent of the surface area of the body in contact. This is based on the fact that in the strictly mathematical sense it is no longer possible to speak of a surface if only one edge, ie a two-dimensional structure, shifts on a surface.
  • the contact line so a contact line, which must extend in the direction of movement, located at any point of the previous contact surface, ie centrally, laterally offset or at the edge.
  • the width of the contact line to be generated generally depends on the production possibilities; a width of about 50 microns is considered sufficient for the reduction of friction.
  • at point-shaped contact points can easily be a contact pressure (pressure) p result, which is above the critical stress fracture of the hard material layer, the hard material thus breaks and the component catastrophically failed.
  • the hard material layer must also have a very high mechanical breaking stress which is above the actually occurring compressive stress.
  • materials which have a critical compressive stress of more than 0.5 GPa have proven to be suitable. It is particularly preferable to use materials which have a critical compressive stress of more than 2 GPa and in which the fracture stress is additionally isotropic, ie not direction-dependent.
  • the critical stress limits and thus also the critical compressive stress are strongly dependent on the crystal orientation. This effect is undesirable and can be avoided, inter alia, by the fact that the crystallites of the hard material layer are statistically oriented.
  • the manufacture of the escape wheel made of silicon or diamond can be done by the known modern methods.
  • the particular shape on the contact surfaces of the escape wheel namely an edge running in the direction of movement of the pallets, a row of dots or even individual points, can be achieved with photolithographic operations and structuring technologies of semiconductor technology, such as e.g. generate deep reactive ion etching (so-called DRIE method).
  • DRIE method deep reactive ion etching
  • the invention also provides another advantage.
  • the thermal expansion coefficient is greatly reduced. If it is 10 to 20 ⁇ 10 -6 K -1 for steel and 18 ⁇ 10 -6 K -1 for brass, it has only a value of about 1.1 ⁇ 10 -6 K -1 for diamond and for SiO 2 2 still 0.5 to 0.9 ⁇ 10 -6 K -1 (silicon: 2.6 ⁇ 10 -6 K -1 ). Because of these low values, the parts of the escapement of the present invention maintain their dimensions significantly better than the known escapements, with no excessive temperature variations. Thus, the general functionality of the timepiece is further improved significantly.
  • Fig. 1 schematically this escapement with a balance 10, an armature 12 and an escape wheel 14.
  • the armature 12 has an input pallet 16 and an output pallet 18, which come alternately on each of an armature tooth 30 to the plant; the escape wheel is biased by the (not shown) elevator spring on the (also not shown) wheel train in the direction of rotation D.
  • the resting surfaces of the anchor pallets 16, 18 do not point to the center of the escape wheel, but are at an angle Z of 12 ° to 15 ° thereto. This angle is called the draw angle.
  • the armature 12 in the rest position is reliably pressed by the escape wheel 14 against one of the limiting pins 22. Otherwise, the armature horn in the anchor fork would touch the security roller 24 of the balance 10 every time it is shaken.
  • a first example of the escape wheel is shown.
  • the wheel 14-3 has the outer classic Form of an escape wheel and has teeth 30-3, one of which as an enlarged detail B in Fig. 3B is shown.
  • 30 raised, roof-shaped contact surfaces 36-3 are each provided with a central ridge 32-3 and 34-3 at the escape wheel tooth.
  • This burr which may also be arranged eccentrically without further ado, but has to run in the direction of movement of the pallets (not shown), is preferably produced from an ultra-hard material or coated with a suitable coating (eg with a hard material layer).
  • the fillet radius of the free edge of the ridge is less than 25 ⁇ m.
  • the escape wheel 14-3 initially consists for example of silicon or a silicon-based material, and at least the inclined surfaces 36-3 and also the ridge 32-3 and 34-3 are made by depositing a hard covering of a silicon oxide, nitride or carbide, made of diamond or another hard material, so that they are extremely smooth and low-friction and are largely insensitive to wear due to their high hardness.
  • a hard coating is applied which provides values of HIT hardness (DIN EN ISO 14577) of at least 5 GPa, preferably greater than 10 GPa, and even more preferably greater than 50 GPa. These hardness values were determined in nanoindenter experiments.
  • the coatings may be nanocrystalline or amorphous.
  • Nanocrystalline coatings for example, have an average particle size of less than 100 nm, preferably less than 20 nm.
  • the thickness of the coatings should at least reach the value of the rounding diameter of 20 ⁇ m mentioned in this description and at least 100 ⁇ m on flat surfaces.
  • FIGS. 4A to 4C a second example of the escape wheel is shown.
  • the wheel 14-4 has the outer classic shape of an escape wheel and has teeth 30-4, one of which as enlarged detail B in Fig. 4B is shown.
  • teeth 30-4 one of which as enlarged detail B in Fig. 4B is shown.
  • the cylinder axis extends in the direction of relative movement between the pallets and the escape wheel tooth.
  • only the top one deletes and outermost layer 32-4 of the tooth, which again has only a small width extent, namely less than 50 microns when the contact with the pallet is made, on the latter.
  • Figs. 5A to 5C show in an analogous way like that Fig. 3 and 4 a third example of the inventive escape wheel.
  • the escape wheel 14-5 in this embodiment is made, for example, of silicon or a silicon-based material by means of a photolithographic or other suitable method, as used, for example, in similar form in semiconductor technology.
  • the surfaces 32-5 and 34-5 coming into contact with the pallets are laterally attached to or integrally formed with a support structure 36-5.
  • the sectional drawing Fig. 5C is not true to scale; the width of the protruding surface 32-5 is only about 15 to 25 microns to keep the friction on the pallets very low.
  • the escape wheel 14-5 may also be made of solid material, after which the surface portions 36-5 have been removed by etching, leaving the ridge 32-5 as a projection. Even with this method, a preferred width of this ridge of only about 15 to 25 microns can be achieved.
  • the contact ridge 32-5 may also have a triangular cross-section instead of the illustrated rectangular profile, whereby the contact surface on the teeth of the escape wheel to a contact line (with correspondingly reduced friction) is executed.
  • the contact surface on the teeth of the escape wheel to a contact line (with correspondingly reduced friction) is executed.
  • FIGS. 6A to 6C Another example of the precision anchor escapement is in FIGS. 6A to 6C shown. It is an embodiment in which the upper surface 32-6 of the tooth 30-6 is at a certain angle (for example, an angle W between 2 ° and 10 °) to the perpendicular to the lateral surfaces 37-6 and 38-6 is trained. Through this training, a contact line and thus a very small contact area between the escape wheel 14-6 and the pallets of the anchor is achieved.
  • a certain angle for example, an angle W between 2 ° and 10 °
  • FIG. 7A a ridge 40 of triangular cross-section is mounted on the base 42 of the tooth 30-7, such that one side of the triangle forms the continuation of a side surface of the tooth 30-7. This results in an asymmetrical arrangement of the contact line over the width of the tooth.
  • Fig. 7A a ridge 40 of triangular cross-section is mounted on the base 42 of the tooth 30-7, such that one side of the triangle forms the continuation of a side surface of the tooth 30-7.
  • FIG. 7B here is a bump 44 of triangular cross-section on the base 46 of the tooth 30-7 ", and the tip of the bump 44 (radius of curvature of, for example, less than about 20 ⁇ m) may be any position over the width of the tooth 30-7".
  • the Figures 7C and 7D illustrate two more examples. In Fig. 7C corresponds to the survey 44 'of the survey 44 Fig. 7B , where it is truncated at the top. In Fig. 7D is the survey 49 arched at the top executed with a certain radius of curvature. Even in these two cases, the corresponding contact surfaces are relatively small.
  • FIGs. 8A and 8B An embodiment of the invention is in Figs. 8A and 8B shown.
  • the contact surface (always for contact between pallet and escape wheel tooth) is not replaced by a contact line, but by contact points 50 on which the pallet slides, as long as it is in contact with a tooth 30-8 of the escape wheel.
  • These contact points 50 may be small cones of diamond inserted into the material of the tooth 30-8 - mostly silicon or a silicon based material - or produced by other techniques.
  • these contact points can also be generated in such a way that first of all, for example silicon, an escape wheel geometry with line contact according to one of the preceding FIGS Figures 3-7 is generated and then the component is coated at least on its contact surfaces with a hard material layer.
  • This hard material layer is now characterized in that it has a large surface roughness after coating.
  • This can be achieved, for example, by the growth of a CVD diamond layer with large diamond crystals, eg polycrystalline diamond with mean grain sizes of more than 2 ⁇ m.
  • the protruding crystallites act like mountain peaks and thus act as contact points along the protruding ridge, and the contact points are defined self-aligning.
  • the counterpart of this rough point bearing surface should be as smooth as possible, so that increased friction by micro-toothing is possible excluded.
  • a nanocrystalline CVD offers itself (CVD - C hemical V apor D eposition - deposition from the gas phase) diamond layer with an average grain diameter of less than 50 nm and a correspondingly low surface roughness (average surface roughness R z) of less than 100 nm.
  • Fig. 9A a supervision and in Fig. 9B a side view of a pallet shown 16-9.
  • On the front and the bottom of the pallet elongated elevations 30-9 are mounted, which terminate in ridges 32-9; these have a radius of curvature at the top, for example, less than 50 microns.
  • These ridges come when running the timer in contact with flat mating surfaces on the escape wheel teeth, which are preferably coated with a hard material and a residual roughness (average roughness R z ) of less than about 2 microns.
  • the escape wheel is made of a material such as silicon or diamond, but here with even contact surfaces on the teeth 30.
  • the range 16-9 (also the corresponding output range 18-9 of the armature, not shown) according to Figs. 9A and 9B can consist of any dimensionally stable material, wherein the elevations 30-9 turn made of hard material, in particular of silicon or diamond, and wherein the silicon surfaces may be coated with one of the above hard materials.
  • the escape wheel 14 is initially made of silicon or a silicon-based material, although other materials such as fiber-reinforced carbon, carbon nanotubes, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, diamond, etc., are possible, and the inclined surfaces 36 and also the ridges 32 and 34 are made by depositing a hard covering of a silicon oxide nitride or carbide, refined from diamond or another hard material, so that they are extremely smooth and low-friction and are largely resistant to wear due to their great hardness.
  • the escape wheel is made of silicon and the contact surfaces with the pallets are first coated with silicon nitride, on which a silicon carbide layer is then deposited.
  • the anchor with its pallets of diamond can be made for particularly valuable timepieces. Diamond is in all respects a particularly valuable material for these watch parts because it produces only low frictional forces and is exceptionally smooth, i. less rough, offers surfaces and is extremely resistant to wear due to its hardness.
  • the invention can be applied to all known clockwork inhibitions, although in the foregoing only the Swiss lever escapement was discussed.

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  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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Claims (16)

  1. Pièce d'horlogerie mécanique avec un premier composant micromécanique (14-3, 14-4, 14-5, 14-6) qui entre en contact avec au moins un second composant micromécanique (12) de manière que pendant l'opération de la pièce d'horlogerie mécanique un mouvement relatif de glissement apparaît entre au moins une surface de contact (32-3, 32-4, 32-5, 32-6, 40, 44, 44', 49, 50) du premier composant micromécanique (14-3, 14-4, 14-5, 14-6) et une surface de contact du second composant micromécanique (12),
    caractérisée en ce
    qu'au moins le premier composant micromécanique (14-3, 14-4, 14-5, 14-6) est fabriqué en un non-métal dur et stable dimensionnellement,
    que la au moins une surface de contact (32-3, 32-4, 32-5, 32-6, 40, 44, 44', 49, 50) du premier composant micromécanique (14-3, 14-4, 14-5, 14-6), avec la surface de contact du second composant micromécanique (12) a la forme d'une série de points s'étendant dans la direction dudit mouvement relatif et ayant une largeur d'au moins 50 µm, et
    que la au moins une surface de contact (32-3, 32-4, 32-5, 32-6, 40, 44, 44', 49, 50) du premier composant micromécanique (14-3, 14-4, 14-5, 14-6) est équipée par l'application d'un revêtement en diamant nanocristallin ou du SiO2 amorphe pour avoir une friction et une usure réduites.
  2. Pièce d'horlogerie mécanique selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que ledit non-métal est le silicium ou un matériau à base de silicium
  3. Pièce d'horlogerie mécanique selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que ledit non-métal est le diamant.
  4. Pièce d'horlogerie mécanique selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce que la rugosité, définie comme rugosité moyenne RZ, des surfaces de contact étant en contact, qui réalisent un mouvement relatif de glissement est de moins de 2 µm.
  5. Pièce d'horlogerie mécanique selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que le diamant nanocristallin possède une taille de particule moyenne de moins de 100 nm.
  6. Pièce d'horlogerie mécanique selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que le diamant nanocristallin possède une taille de particule moyenne de moins de 20 nm.
  7. Pièce d'horlogerie mécanique selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que les particules possèdent une orientation statistique.
  8. Pièce d'horlogerie mécanique selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que le matériau dudit revêtement a une dureté HIT selon DIN EN ISO 14577 d'au moins 5 GPa.
  9. Pièce d'horlogerie mécanique selon la revendication 8, caractérisée en ce que le matériau dudit revêtement a une dureté HIT de plus de 10 GPa, en particulier préférablement de plus de 50 GPa.
  10. Pièce d'horlogerie mécanique selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que le matériau dudit revêtement peut résister de manière non-destructive à une tension de compression critique de plus de 0.5 GPa, en particulier préférablement de plus de 2 GPa.
  11. Pièce d'horlogerie mécanique selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que la tension de compression critique du matériau dudit revêtement est indépendante de la direction.
  12. Pièce d'horlogerie mécanique selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que le premier composant micromécanique et/ou le second composant micromécanique est une partie d'un échappement à ancre pour des pièces d'horlogerie mécaniques, l'échappement à ancre comprenant
    une ancre pivotable (12) avec des palettes (16, 18), et
    une roue d'échappement (14) chargée avec un couple, qui possède des dents de roue d'échappement (30, 30A) faisant saillie vers l'extérieur de manière approximativement radiale sur sa circonférence,
    lesdites palettes (16, 18), pendant l'opération de l'échappement, entrant successivement et alternativement en contact avec les surfaces de contact sur les flancs des dents de roue d'échappement (30, 30A) et un mouvement relatif de glissement apparaissant à chaque fois entre une dent de roue d'échappement (30, 30A) et une palette (16, 18), quand l'ancre exécute son mouvement pivotant.
  13. Echappement à ancre selon la revendication 12, caractérisé en ce que la surface de contact avec des dimensions de largeur de moins de 50 µm est située sur les dents (30, 30A) de la roue d'échappement (14).
  14. Echappement à ancre selon la revendication 12 ou 13, caractérisé en ce que la surface de contact avec les dimensions de largeur de moins de 50 µm est située sur les palettes (16, 18).
  15. Echappement à ancre selon l'une des revendications 12 à 14, caractérisé en ce que les surfaces de contact plates sur les palettes ou respectivement sur les dents de la roue d'échappement ont une rugosité résiduelle, définie comme la rugosité moyenne Rz, de moins d'environ 2 µm.
  16. Pièce d'horlogerie mécanique avec un échappement à haute précision, contenant au moins un composant mécanique selon l'une ou plusieurs des revendications précédentes.
EP20080153962 2008-04-02 2008-04-02 Chronomètre mécanique Not-in-force EP2107434B1 (fr)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP20080153962 EP2107434B1 (fr) 2008-04-02 2008-04-02 Chronomètre mécanique

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EP2107434A1 EP2107434A1 (fr) 2009-10-07
EP2107434B1 true EP2107434B1 (fr) 2013-09-18

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3001256A1 (fr) 2014-09-23 2016-03-30 GFD Gesellschaft für Diamantprodukte mbH Échappement à ancre

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EP2363762B1 (fr) 2010-03-04 2017-11-22 Montres Breguet SA Pièce d'horlogerie comportant un mouvement mécanique à haute fréquence
CH703575B1 (fr) * 2011-03-22 2015-12-15 Lvmh Swiss Mft Sa Ancre d'échappement pour montre-bracelet mécanique et assortiment comportant une telle ancre.
EP2581794A1 (fr) * 2011-10-14 2013-04-17 The Swatch Group Research and Development Ltd. Ensemble fonctionnel de micromécanique
US9958830B2 (en) 2011-07-21 2018-05-01 The Swatch Group Research And Development Ltd Functional micromechanical assembly
EP2727880B2 (fr) 2012-11-05 2019-08-07 GFD Gesellschaft für Diamantprodukte mbH Composant micromécanique tridimensionnel chanfreiné et son procédé de fabrication
CH708925A1 (fr) 2013-12-05 2015-06-15 Tgm Développement Sa C O Etude Tissot Pièce mécanique en diamant pour mouvement de montre.
CH708926A3 (fr) 2013-12-05 2015-07-31 Tgm Développement Sa C O Etude Tissot Pièce mécanique en diamant et procédé de fabrication d'une pièce mécanique en diamant pour mouvement de montre.
DE102014102081A1 (de) 2014-02-19 2015-08-20 Damasko Gmbh Mikromechanisches Bauteil und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines mikromechanischen Bauteils
EP3002637B1 (fr) 2014-09-29 2018-11-28 Richemont International S.A. Système horloger avec des propriétés tribologiques améliorées
EP3547040B1 (fr) * 2018-03-29 2021-03-10 Rolex Sa Roue pour mouvement horloger
EP4246245A1 (fr) * 2022-03-18 2023-09-20 Flexous Mechanisms IP B.V. Mouvement pour une montre
EP4383011A1 (fr) * 2022-12-07 2024-06-12 Patek Philippe SA Genève Pièce de micromécanique horlogère et son procédé de fabrication

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DE1186236B (de) * 1958-08-30 1965-01-28 Leitz Ernst Gmbh Lichtstarkes fotografisches Objektiv
FR1485813A (fr) * 1966-06-17 1967-06-23 Pforzheimer Uhren Rohwerke Mouvement de montre pour montres-bracelets
US6211599B1 (en) * 1999-08-03 2001-04-03 Sandia Corporation Microelectromechanical ratcheting apparatus
DE10317889B4 (de) 2003-04-17 2008-10-30 GFD-Gesellschaft für Diamantprodukte mbH Mikromechanisches Bauteil und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung
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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3001256A1 (fr) 2014-09-23 2016-03-30 GFD Gesellschaft für Diamantprodukte mbH Échappement à ancre
EP3001256B1 (fr) 2014-09-23 2020-09-09 GFD Gesellschaft für Diamantprodukte mbH Échappement à ancre
EP3001256B2 (fr) † 2014-09-23 2024-02-07 GFD Gesellschaft für Diamantprodukte mbH Échappement à ancre

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