EP2088294B1 - Liaison de composants - Google Patents

Liaison de composants Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2088294B1
EP2088294B1 EP09150513A EP09150513A EP2088294B1 EP 2088294 B1 EP2088294 B1 EP 2088294B1 EP 09150513 A EP09150513 A EP 09150513A EP 09150513 A EP09150513 A EP 09150513A EP 2088294 B1 EP2088294 B1 EP 2088294B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
section
annular
ring
region
ring section
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP09150513A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2088294A1 (fr
Inventor
Ralf Riekers
Michael Weiss
Joachim Müller
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Eberspaecher Climate Control Systems GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
J Eberspaecher GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by J Eberspaecher GmbH and Co KG filed Critical J Eberspaecher GmbH and Co KG
Publication of EP2088294A1 publication Critical patent/EP2088294A1/fr
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Publication of EP2088294B1 publication Critical patent/EP2088294B1/fr
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L27/00—Adjustable joints, Joints allowing movement
    • F16L27/10—Adjustable joints, Joints allowing movement comprising a flexible connection only, e.g. for damping vibrations
    • F16L27/1004—Adjustable joints, Joints allowing movement comprising a flexible connection only, e.g. for damping vibrations introduced in exhaust pipes for hot gases
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K31/00—Processes relevant to this subclass, specially adapted for particular articles or purposes, but not covered by only one of the preceding main groups
    • B23K31/02—Processes relevant to this subclass, specially adapted for particular articles or purposes, but not covered by only one of the preceding main groups relating to soldering or welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K33/00—Specially-profiled edge portions of workpieces for making soldering or welding connections; Filling the seams formed thereby
    • B23K33/004—Filling of continuous seams
    • B23K33/006—Filling of continuous seams for cylindrical workpieces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K33/00—Specially-profiled edge portions of workpieces for making soldering or welding connections; Filling the seams formed thereby
    • B23K33/004—Filling of continuous seams
    • B23K33/008—Filling of continuous seams for automotive applications
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/18—Construction facilitating manufacture, assembly, or disassembly
    • F01N13/1805—Fixing exhaust manifolds, exhaust pipes or pipe sections to each other, to engine or to vehicle body
    • F01N13/1811—Fixing exhaust manifolds, exhaust pipes or pipe sections to each other, to engine or to vehicle body with means permitting relative movement, e.g. compensation of thermal expansion or vibration
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L51/00—Expansion-compensation arrangements for pipe-lines
    • F16L51/02—Expansion-compensation arrangements for pipe-lines making use of bellows or an expansible folded or corrugated tube
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
    • B23K2101/006—Vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
    • B23K2101/04—Tubular or hollow articles
    • B23K2101/06—Tubes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
    • B23K2103/02—Iron or ferrous alloys
    • B23K2103/04—Steel or steel alloys
    • B23K2103/05—Stainless steel

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a connection between two coaxially arranged annular sections of two components of a thermally highly loaded device, in particular an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine, which is arranged in particular in a motor vehicle, according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the invention also relates to a with at least one such Connection equipped exhaust system.
  • a heat-insulated passage of a pipe through a wall opening is known, wherein a sleeve passing through the wall opening is screwed to an opening edge and forms a first component, while the tube coaxially passes through the sleeve and thereby forms a second component.
  • Both components each have an annular section so far.
  • an annular connecting body is arranged in the known wall bushing, which has two concentrically arranged ring sections. The two ring sections are fixedly connected to one another axially on the end face via a connecting region.
  • the first ring portion is fixedly connected to the annular portion of the first component, ie the sleeve, via a first connection region remote from the connection region, while the second annular portion is firmly connected to the annular portion of the second component, ie the tube, via a second connection region remote from the connection region is.
  • WO 79/00656 A1 From the WO 79/00656 A1 is a multi-shell pipe bend is known in which an inner tube is connected at its free end with an intermediate tube which extends coaxially with the inner tube to form an annular gap. At the free end of the intermediate tube, which is remote from the free end of the inner tube, an outer tube is fixed, which extends to form a second annular gap coaxial with the inner tube and the intermediate tube.
  • the present invention is concerned with the problem of providing for a compound of the type mentioned or for an exhaust system equipped therewith an improved embodiment, which is characterized in particular by the fact that it has a relatively high fatigue strength.
  • the invention is based on the general idea to realize the connection between the two coaxial annular sections of the two components by means of an annular connecting body having at least two concentric ring sections. In exactly two ring sections these are axially connected to each other end face via a connecting portion and axially spaced thereof are each firmly connected to one of the annular portions of the components.
  • This connection technology allows within the connection radial movements between the respective annular connection portions of the two components relative to each other, wherein the two ring sections and / or the connection region yield elastically and thereby how a radial spring act.
  • the connecting body provides in the axial direction a comparatively rigid or rigid connection between the connecting sections of the components, whereby the required axial forces can be transmitted. Due to the spring elasticity in the radial direction thermally induced stresses in the connecting body can be elastically absorbed. The durability of the compound is relatively large.
  • the joint body has at least a portion or region whose temperature expansion coefficient is between the coefficient of thermal expansion of a ferrite material and an austenite material.
  • This design is advantageous if, according to the invention, one of the two components is ferritic at least in the region of its annular connection section, while the other component is austenitic at least in the region of its annular connection section.
  • the connecting body and thus the entire connection is less thermally stressed in such a configuration, which is advantageous for the fatigue strength of the connection.
  • the connecting body can be formed by a sheet-metal shaped body produced from one piece.
  • a sheet-metal body is comparatively inexpensive to produce.
  • this sheet-metal shaped body can be produced from a duplex material.
  • a duplex material preferably a steel, a material is understood which has a two-phase structure, namely a ferrite phase and an austenite phase.
  • such a two-phase material consists of a ferrite matrix in which austenite islands are embedded.
  • connection body may be a built-in component in which the two ring sections form separate components which are firmly connected to one another via the connection region.
  • Such a constructed connecting body can be adapted particularly skillfully by suitable selection of materials for the individual components to the respective conditions of use, whereby particularly high values for the fatigue strength can be achieved for the connection.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows a highly simplified, schematic sectional view of an exhaust system in the region of a compound.
  • FIG. 1 a partially illustrated first component 1 in the region of an annular first portion 2, which is also referred to as the first connection portion 2, by means of a compound 3 at an annular second portion 4, hereinafter referred to as the second connection portion 4, at one here only partially represented second component 5 are attached.
  • the annular connecting sections 2, 4 extend annularly or in the circumferential direction with respect to a longitudinal axis 6, the longitudinal axis 6 simultaneously defining an axial direction which extends parallel to the longitudinal axis 6.
  • the "ring shape” comprises at least circular, elliptical and oval cross sections.
  • the two components 1 and 5 are preferred, but without limiting the generality, each part of an otherwise not shown exhaust system 7 of an internal combustion engine, which may be located in particular in a vehicle.
  • the first component 1 may be an exhaust manifold
  • the second component 5 may be, for example, a housing of an exhaust gas turbocharger.
  • the exhaust manifold 1 and the exhaust gas turbocharger 5 are fastened to each other via the connection 3.
  • the exhaust manifold 1 is configured as an air gap-insulated exhaust manifold with inner shell and outer shell
  • the exhaust gas turbocharger 5 or its housing may be connected via the connection 3 only with the inner shell or only with the outer shell or both with the inner and with the outer shell.
  • the connection 3 comprises an annular connecting body 8, via which the two components 1, 5 are fastened to one another.
  • the connecting body 8 has a first annular section 9 and a second annular section 10.
  • the ring sections 9, 10 are sleeve-shaped or cylindrical, in particular circular-cylindrical, designed and extend coaxially to the longitudinal axis 6 and concentric with each other or into each other.
  • the first ring portion 9 is arranged radially outward, while the second ring portion 10 is arranged radially inwardly relative thereto.
  • the two ring sections 9, 10 are axially connected to one another at the end face via a connecting region 11.
  • the connecting portion 11 is fixedly connected in each case with an axial end of the respective ring portion 9, 10 frontally.
  • the first ring section 9 is fixedly connected to the first connection section 2 of the first component 1 via a first connection region 12, which is axially spaced from the connection region 11.
  • the second ring section 10 is fixedly connected to the second connection section 4 of the second component 5 via a second connection region 13, which is axially spaced from the connection region 11. Since the attachment regions 12, 13 are axially removed from the connection region 11, the connection body 8 can be like a radial spring Act.
  • the two ring sections 9, 10 thereby form spring legs, which are fixed to one another via the connecting region 11.
  • the spring effect is realized by elastic bending deformations in the region of the ring sections 9, 10 and / or in the region of the connection region 11.
  • the connecting body 8 preferably consists entirely or at least partially of a material whose coefficient of thermal expansion lies between the temperature expansion coefficient of a ferrite material and the coefficient of thermal expansion of an austenite material.
  • the coefficient of thermal expansion of the connecting body 8 is in a middle range of an interval, which is limited by the thermal expansion coefficients of ferrite and austenite.
  • the use of such a connecting body 8 is particularly advantageous if the one component 1 or 2 is ferritic, while the other Component 1 or 2 is austenitic.
  • the first component 1, that is to say in particular the exhaust manifold 1 is ferritic
  • the second component 5, that is to say in particular the turbocharger housing is austenitic.
  • the first component 1 only has to be ferritic in the region of its first connection section 2.
  • the second component 5 must in principle only be austenitic in the region of its second connection section 4.
  • the connecting body 8 is assembled from a plurality of separately manufactured components, so that in the following it is also possible to speak of a built connecting body 8.
  • the connection region 11 may be a weld seam 14.
  • This weld 14 is preferably produced with an austenite material or with a duplex material. It is particularly advantageous that the connecting region 11 is located radially on the outside, that is, on a comparatively cold side of the connection. The thermal load of this connection region 11 is therefore reduced in relation to an internal arrangement.
  • the annular section fastened to the first component 1, that is to say here the first annular section 9, preferably consists of a duplex material.
  • the first ring portion 9 may be made of a ferrite material or a nickel base alloy.
  • the nickel-based alloy is characterized by an increased corrosion resistance and by a particularly high temperature resistance.
  • the nickel-based alloy preferably has a relatively high nickel content. It has a lower than austenite and compared to ferrite increased temperature expansion coefficient. Preference is given to a nickel-based alloy with the trade name Inconel.
  • the annular section fastened to the second component 5, that is to say here the second annular section 10 preferably consists of an austenitic material.
  • the second ring portion 10 may consist of a duplex material.
  • the connecting body 8 is produced in one piece, wherein the connecting body 8 is preferably designed as a shaped sheet metal body.
  • This one-piece or integrally produced connecting body 8 can be produced for example by forming a corresponding disc-shaped blank.
  • This integral connecting body 8 may for example consist of duplex material.
  • the connecting regions 12 and 13 may each be formed by a weld 15 and 16, respectively.
  • the weld 15 of the first connection region 12 is preferably produced with the aid of a duplex material.
  • the use of a ferritic welding material is possible.
  • this first connection region 12 is located radially outward and is thus exposed to a reduced thermal load.
  • the weld 16 of the second attachment region 13 is preferably made by means of an austenite material. It is located radially inside and therefore requires increased thermal resistance.
  • the use of a duplex material is also possible here in principle.
  • the first ring section 9 is preferably also made of ferrite material or of duplex material or of a nickel-based alloy, while in the case of a second component 5 made of austenitic material, the second ring section 10 also consists of austenitic material or of duplex material.
  • the weld 12 is then conveniently formed with duplex material while the weld 15 is ferrite or duplex and the weld 16 is austenite or duplex.
  • an annular gap 17 is formed radially between the two ring sections 9, 10.
  • This annular gap 17 realizes a thermal gap insulation between the two ring sections 9, 10, whereby the heat transfer between the two components 1, 5 is reduced.
  • an annular gap 18 can be formed radially between the second ring section 10 and the second connection section 4.
  • This annular gap 18 also realizes a thermal gap insulation, which reduces the heat transfer between the two components 1, 5.
  • an annular gap can also be formed radially between the first ring section 9 and the first connection section 2, which, however, is not provided in the example shown.
  • the second ring section 10 is stepped, so that it has at least two axial sections.
  • the in Fig. 1 Lower axial section shown below is over an offset region 19 with the in Fig. 1 connected upper axial section shown above.
  • the inner diameter of the lower axial section is greater than the inner diameter of the upper axial section, whereby the annular gap 17 can be realized.
  • the outer diameter of the lower axial portion is larger than the outer diameter of the upper axial portion, whereby the annular gap 18 is realized.
  • the second ring portion 10 extends in profile straight.
  • the gap width of the respective gap 17, 18 measured in the radial direction is smaller than a wall thickness of the first ring section 9 or the second ring section 10 measured in the radial direction. Both ring sections 9, 10 have approximately equal wall thicknesses. In the example, the two ring sections 9, 10 have approximately the same axial lengths.
  • the respective annular gap 17, 18 preferably extends axially over 50% of the respective annular section 9, 10.
  • the contact zones 20, 21, 22 preferably each extend approximately over 50% of the respective annular section 9, 10.
  • the compound 3 presented here considerably reduces the heat transfer between the two components 1, 5 since the heat for this purpose is conducted via the connecting body 8, which is made more difficult, in particular, by the annular gaps 17, 18.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
  • Exhaust Silencers (AREA)
  • Hybrid Electric Vehicles (AREA)
  • Coupling Device And Connection With Printed Circuit (AREA)
  • Wire Bonding (AREA)

Claims (11)

  1. Liaison entre deux tronçons (2, 4) de forme annulaire, disposés de façon coaxiale l'un par rapport à l'autre, de deux composants (1, 5) d'un dispositif pouvant être fortement sollicité thermiquement, en particulier d'une installation d'échappement (7) d'un moteur à combustion interne, qui est disposée en particulier sur un véhicule automobile,
    - comprenant un corps de liaison (8) de forme annulaire, qui présente au moins deux tronçons annulaires (9, 10) disposés de façon concentrique l'un par rapport à l'autre,
    - deux de ces tronçons annulaires (9, 10) étant reliés fixement l'un à l'autre axialement sur le côté avant par une zone de liaison (11),
    - un premier de ces tronçons annulaires (9) étant relié fixement au moyen d'une première zone de raccordement (12) éloignée de la zone de liaison (11) au tronçon (2) annulaire du premier composant (1),
    - un second de ces tronçons annulaires (10) étant relié fixement au moyen d'une seconde zone de raccordement (13) éloignée de la zone de liaison (11) au tronçon (4) annulaire du second composant (5),
    caractérisée en ce que
    - l'un des composants (1, 5) est à base de matériau ferritique au moins dans la zone de son tronçon (2, 4) annulaire, alors que l'autre composant (1, 5) est à base de matériau austénitique au moins dans la zone de son tronçon (2, 3) annulaire,
    - en ce que le corps de liaison (8) présente complètement ou au moins dans un tronçon (9, 10, 11) ou dans une zone (9, 10, 11) un coefficient de dilatation de température qui se situe entre le coefficient de dilatation de température du matériau ferritique et celui du matériau austénitique.
  2. Liaison selon la revendication 1,
    caractérisée en ce que
    la première zone de raccordement (12) est formée par un cordon de soudure (15) qui peut être en particulier à base d'un matériau duplex ou d'un matériau ferritique.
  3. Liaison selon la revendication 1 ou 2,
    caractérisée en ce que
    la seconde zone de raccordement (13) est formée par un cordon de soudure (16) qui peut être en particulier à base d'un matériau austénitique ou à base d'un matériau duplex.
  4. Liaison selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3,
    caractérisée en ce que
    la zone de liaison (11) est formée par un cordon de soudure (14) qui peut être en particulier à base d'un matériau austénitique ou à base d'un matériau duplex.
  5. Liaison selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4,
    caractérisée en ce que
    le premier tronçon annulaire (9) est à base d'un matériau duplex ou d'un matériau ferritique ou d'un alliage de base de nickel.
  6. Liaison selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5,
    caractérisée en ce que
    le second tronçon annulaire (10) est à base d'un matériau austénitique ou à base d'un matériau duplex.
  7. Liaison selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3,
    caractérisée en ce que
    le corps de liaison (8) est un corps moulé en tôle fabriqué d'une seule pièce, qui peut être en particulier à base de matériau duplex.
  8. Liaison selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7,
    caractérisée en ce que
    une fente annulaire (17) est formée radialement entre les deux tronçons annulaires (9, 10).
  9. Liaison selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8,
    caractérisée en ce que
    une fente annulaire (18) est conçue, au moins sur l'un des tronçons annulaires (9, 10), radialement entre le tronçon annulaire (10) concerné et le tronçon (4) annulaire fixé dessus du composant (5) concerné.
  10. Liaison selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9,
    caractérisée en ce que
    entre le premier tronçon annulaire (9) et le second tronçon annulaire (10) est disposé de façon concentrique au moins un autre tronçon annulaire, qui est relié fixement axialement par une extrémité au moyen d'une telle zone de liaison (11) au premier tronçon annulaire (9) et axialement sur l'autre extrémité par une telle zone de liaison (11) au second tronçon annulaire (10) ou à un autre tronçon annulaire.
  11. Installation d'échappement pour un moteur à combustion interne, en particulier sur un véhicule automobile, comprenant au moins deux composants (1, 5), qui sont reliés l'un à l'autre par une liaison (3) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10.
EP09150513A 2008-02-08 2009-01-14 Liaison de composants Active EP2088294B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102008008352A DE102008008352A1 (de) 2008-02-08 2008-02-08 Bauteilverbindung

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2088294A1 EP2088294A1 (fr) 2009-08-12
EP2088294B1 true EP2088294B1 (fr) 2011-03-09

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ID=40568679

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP09150513A Active EP2088294B1 (fr) 2008-02-08 2009-01-14 Liaison de composants

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US8678445B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP2088294B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE501343T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE102008008352A1 (fr)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20100229993A1 (en) * 2009-03-11 2010-09-16 Kwin Abram Reinforcement for exhaust system connection interface
CN103154470B (zh) * 2010-10-25 2016-02-10 博格华纳公司 排气涡轮增压器
KR101488330B1 (ko) 2013-09-12 2015-01-30 현대자동차주식회사 내구성이 우수한 이중관 배기 매니폴드 및 이의 제조방법
KR101509932B1 (ko) 2013-10-08 2015-04-14 현대자동차주식회사 배기매니폴드와 터보차처하우징의 연결용 커넥터

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DE502009000416D1 (de) 2011-04-21
US8678445B2 (en) 2014-03-25
DE102008008352A1 (de) 2009-08-13
ATE501343T1 (de) 2011-03-15
EP2088294A1 (fr) 2009-08-12
US20090200795A1 (en) 2009-08-13

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