EP1591636B1 - Collecteur d'échappement isolé par une couche d'air - Google Patents

Collecteur d'échappement isolé par une couche d'air Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1591636B1
EP1591636B1 EP05101601A EP05101601A EP1591636B1 EP 1591636 B1 EP1591636 B1 EP 1591636B1 EP 05101601 A EP05101601 A EP 05101601A EP 05101601 A EP05101601 A EP 05101601A EP 1591636 B1 EP1591636 B1 EP 1591636B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
exhaust manifold
pipe
inlet
longitudinal direction
outside
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP05101601A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1591636A1 (fr
Inventor
Thomas Nording
Thomas Beck
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Eberspaecher Climate Control Systems GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
J Eberspaecher GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by J Eberspaecher GmbH and Co KG filed Critical J Eberspaecher GmbH and Co KG
Publication of EP1591636A1 publication Critical patent/EP1591636A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1591636B1 publication Critical patent/EP1591636B1/fr
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/08—Other arrangements or adaptations of exhaust conduits
    • F01N13/10—Other arrangements or adaptations of exhaust conduits of exhaust manifolds
    • F01N13/102—Other arrangements or adaptations of exhaust conduits of exhaust manifolds having thermal insulation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2470/00—Structure or shape of gas passages, pipes or tubes
    • F01N2470/24—Concentric tubes or tubes being concentric to housing, e.g. telescopically assembled

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an air gap-insulated exhaust manifold of an internal combustion engine, in particular in a motor vehicle, having the features of the preamble of claim 1.
  • Such exhaust manifold is for example from the DE 44 44 760 A1 and includes a manifold extending in a longitudinal direction, a longitudinally oriented outlet opening, a plurality of longitudinally oriented inlet openings and a longitudinally extending flange containing the inlet openings.
  • Such an exhaust manifold is formed by an outer tube attached to the flange and an inner tube used to form an air gap insulation in the outer tube.
  • a material-saving construction is achieved in the known exhaust manifold in that in the region of at least one of the inlet openings, a gas-conducting outer pipe section is provided which leads from the respective inlet opening to an associated, spaced from the flange inner pipe inlet.
  • reduce the air gap isolated exhaust manifold heat application of components that z. B. are arranged in the engine compartment adjacent to the exhaust manifold.
  • the air gap insulation inevitably causes the inner tube is exposed to higher temperatures than the outer tube.
  • the inner tube expands during operation of the internal combustion engine stronger than the outer tube.
  • the resulting problem leads to an increased design effort in the known conventional exhaust manifolds.
  • the inner tube can be designed in several parts, wherein the individual inner tube parts are mounted on sliding seats to each other movable. In this way, the individual inner tube parts can move to each other to compensate for thermal expansion.
  • the associated production cost is relatively large.
  • the present invention is concerned with the problem of providing for a Abgaskrümmer of the type mentioned in a simplified embodiment, which can be produced in particular with a reduced effort.
  • the present invention is based on the general idea of fixing the inner tube exclusively in a fixing region on the outer tube, which is approximately centrally with respect to a longitudinal extent of the exhaust manifold.
  • This longitudinal extension is predetermined by the largest dimension of the exhaust manifold and extends substantially parallel to the longitudinal direction of the manifold and the flange.
  • the greatest thermal expansion of the exhaust manifold or of the inner tube relative to the outer tube occurs in this longitudinal direction.
  • the invention provides for the inner tube outside the fixing region to be arranged to be movable relative to the outer tube, at least in the longitudinal direction, which means that a thermally induced expansion of the inner tube relative to the outer tube is possible without tension at least in the longitudinal direction. Thermal stresses can thus be avoided, at least in the longitudinal direction.
  • This basically results in the possibility to design the inner tube in one piece; In particular, a multi-part construction with nested inner tube parts is not required. It is noteworthy that at the same time the material-saving advantages of known exhaust manifold can still be used, as further provided in the region of at least one inlet opening a gas-conducting outer pipe section.
  • the fixing region is formed exclusively in the region of that inlet opening which is arranged approximately centrally with respect to the longitudinal extent of the exhaust manifold.
  • the inner tube is inserted in the region of the inlet opening in the outer tube and soldered and / or welded there with this.
  • an exhaust manifold 1 according to the invention comprises a manifold 2 extending in a longitudinal direction 3 indicated by a broken line, an exhaust port 4 oriented substantially in the longitudinal direction 3, and a plurality of examples herein three inlet openings 5, which are each oriented substantially transverse to the longitudinal direction 3.
  • the orientation of the openings 4, 5 results from the normal direction of the associated opening plane, in which the respective opening 4, 5 is located. At the same time, the orientation of the respective opening 4, 5 corresponds to the main flow direction within the respective opening 4, 5.
  • the exhaust manifold 1 comprises a flange 6, which likewise extends in the longitudinal direction 3 or parallel thereto and which contains the inlet openings 5.
  • the exhaust manifold 1 can be attached to an engine block of an internal combustion engine, for. B. by means of screws which are pushed through formed on the flange 6 plug openings 7.
  • the exhaust manifold 1 thus forms a transition from the internal combustion engine an exhaust line of the internal combustion engine, in particular in a motor vehicle.
  • the manifold 2 From the manifold 2 go single lines 19, each leading to one of the inlet openings 5. Furthermore, in the preferred embodiment shown here, the manifold 2 merges into an inlet funnel 8, through which the exhaust gases pass into a downstream catalytic converter 9, which is arranged in the exhaust tract immediately after the exhaust manifold 1.
  • the exhaust manifold 1 consists of its outlet opening 4 to its inlet openings 5 of an outer tube 10 and an inner tube 11, which is used to form an air gap insulation 12 in the outer tube 10. Accordingly, this is an air gap-insulated or double-walled exhaust manifold 1.
  • a design feature is seen, inter alia, that in the region of at least one, here in the region of two inlet openings 5, namely in the region of the two inlet openings 5 shown on the right, in each case a gas-conducting Outer tube section 13 is provided.
  • These outer tube sections 13 each lead from the associated inlet opening 5 to an associated inner tube inlet 14, which is arranged spaced from the flange 6.
  • the inner tube 11 is attached to the outer tube 10 exclusively in a fixing region 15 in the case of the exhaust manifold.
  • This fixing region 15 is deliberately chosen such that it is arranged approximately centrally with respect to the longitudinal direction 3 between the outlet opening 4 on the left and the inlet opening 5, which is farthest away from the outlet opening 4 and is shown on the right.
  • the inner tube 11 outside of this fixing region 15 is arranged to be movable relative to the outer tube 10 at least in the longitudinal direction 3. Due to the central fixation of the inner tube 11 on the outer tube 10, the thermal expansion of the inner tube 11 in the direction of the outlet opening 4 and in the opposite direction is minimized.
  • the fixing region 15 is formed exclusively in the region of the inlet opening 5 shown on the left, ie in the region of that inlet opening 5, which lies approximately centrally with respect to the longitudinal direction 3 between the outlet opening 4 and the inlet opening 5 farthest therefrom and illustrated on the right ,
  • the fixing region 15 is expediently annular and extends in the circumferential direction of the inlet opening 5.
  • the inner tube 11 expediently extends in the fixing region 15 up to or into the flange 6.
  • the inner tube 11 is fastened to the outer tube 10 in the region of the associated inlet opening 5.
  • the outer tube 10 is in turn fixed in the fixing region 15 on the flange 6.
  • the inner tube 11 is thus guided to the inlet opening 5, so that the associated inner tube inlet 14 essentially coincides with the inlet opening 5.
  • no gas-conducting outer pipe section 13 is provided in this single line 19. Accordingly, the gas-conducting outer pipe sections 13 are provided exclusively in the area of those inlet openings 5 which lie outside the fixing area 15.
  • a special feature is also seen in the design of the transition between inner tube 11 and outer tube 10, which is realized in the single line 19, which is farthest from the inlet opening 5 and thus leads to the inlet opening 5 shown on the right.
  • the inner tube 11 is movably mounted in the outer tube 10 via a sliding seat 16.
  • This sliding seat 16 allows guided relative movements between inner tube 11 and outer tube 10, which have a significant component in the longitudinal direction 3.
  • the sliding seat 16 is exemplarily realized by a plurality of locally limited spacers 17 which are arranged circumferentially distributed in the region of the associated inner tube inlet 14 and are made for example by forms directly on the inner tube 11.
  • spacers 17 lead to a localized, planar contact between the inner tube 11 and outer tube 10 and serve to position the inner tube 11 on the outer tube 10. At the same time allow such spacers 17 relative displacements of the two tubes 10, 11 to each other.
  • further spacers 17 may be provided.
  • further spacer elements 17 are provided along the circumference of the outlet opening 4 here.
  • a further spacer element 17 is formed opposite the inlet opening 5 provided with the fixing region 15.
  • the spacer elements 17 may additionally or alternatively also be formed on the outer tube 10 by Aus- or impressions.
  • the sliding seat 16 in the region of that inlet opening 5, which is furthest away from the fixing region 15, readily permits comparatively large relative adjustments between inner tube 11 and outer tube 10
  • another embodiment is exemplarily reproduced here for the region of the central inlet opening 5, which alternatively or as here cumulatively in the region of at least one inlet opening 5 can be used, which is outside the fixing region 15.
  • the inner tube 11 has an inner tube inlet 14, which is oriented essentially parallel to the associated inlet opening 5, that is to say transversely to the longitudinal direction 3.
  • this inner tube inlet 14 is arranged free-standing in front of the outer tube section 13, which leads from the associated inlet opening 5 to the inner tube inlet 14.
  • Freestanding here means that the inner tube 11 in the region of the inner tube inlet 14 at least parallel to the longitudinal direction 3 has a clearance relative to the outer tube 10, so that in this area the inner tube 11 can move with said inner tube inlet 14 in the longitudinal direction 3 relative to the outer tube 10 , At the same time this game ensures the formation of the air gap insulation 12 in this area.
  • a particular constructive detail is seen in a preferred embodiment in that the dimensions of inner tube 11 and outer tube 10 are suitably matched to one another such that the inner tube inlet 14 parallel to the inlet opening 5 is approximately centric at the operating temperature is aligned with the inlet opening 5.
  • the dimensions of the inlet opening 5 and the inner tube inlet 14 can advantageously be matched to one another such that the flow resistance from the inlet opening 5 to the inner tube 11 is as low as possible, in order to avoid leakage flows into the annular gap located in the region of the inner tube inlet 14 between the outer tube 10 and inner tube 11 is formed.
  • the inner tube inlet 14 is arranged eccentrically offset relative to the associated inlet opening 5 with respect to the longitudinal direction 3, as a result of which the inner tube 11 keeps the thermally induced expansion quasi constructive in this area.
  • the inlet funnel 8 which widens toward the catalyst 9, is integrated into the manifold 2, ie. H.
  • the inlet funnel 8 also forms an integral part of the exhaust manifold 1. In this way, the fluidic transition between the manifold 2 and inlet funnel 8 and catalyst 9 can be realized with little resistance, at the same time a particularly effective air gap isolation can be realized to the catalyst 9.
  • the outer tube 10 is usually assembled from two half-shells, which are fixed in a suitable manner heat-resistant together, for. B. by crimping, soldering and / or welding.
  • the inner tube 11 may actually be made in one piece, for. B. by means of a hydroforming or hydroforming process.
  • the one-piece design for the inner tube 11 allows a particularly inexpensive production of the inner tube 11 and ultimately a correspondingly inexpensive production for the exhaust manifold 1.
  • This one-piece construction of the inner tube 11 is made possible mainly by the inventively proposed fixation between inner tube 11 and outer tube 10, exclusively in which with respect to the longitudinal extent of the exhaust manifold 1 centrally arranged fixing region 15 takes place.
  • the central fixation which is expediently realized in the region of that inlet opening 5, which is arranged approximately in the middle of the longitudinal extension of the exhaust manifold 1, the thermally induced expansion takes place in the longitudinal direction 3 to both sides and thereby falls in magnitude relatively small.
  • Transverse to the longitudinal direction 3 the heat-related expansion is comparatively small and can inter alia be absorbed by elastic bending deformation of the inner tube 11.
  • the inner tube 11 preferably has a smaller wall thickness than the outer tube.
  • the wall thickness of the inner tube 11 is at least 50%, preferably between 50% and 80% smaller than the wall thickness of the outer tube 10.
  • the outer shell 10 may be about 1.5 mm thick, while the inner shell is about 0.3 to 0.5 mm thick.
  • the inner shell 11 and the outer shell 10 may be made of different materials in order to optimize the load capacity and life of the exhaust manifold 1.
  • the spacers 17 are positioned and dimensioned in a suitable manner.
  • beads or similar structural reinforcing measures can be provided in order to specifically influence the buckling behavior.
  • the exhaust manifold 1 here also includes a connection point 18, for an exhaust gas probe, in particular a lambda probe.
  • the air gap insulation 12 may be arranged in another embodiment, heat-resistant bearing mats to the insulating effect, the positioning effect and the Holder and damping of the inner tube 11 to improve.
  • bearing mats can also be used to achieve a gap seal.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Exhaust Silencers (AREA)
  • Cooling, Air Intake And Gas Exhaust, And Fuel Tank Arrangements In Propulsion Units (AREA)
  • Transformer Cooling (AREA)
  • Current-Collector Devices For Electrically Propelled Vehicles (AREA)
  • Motor Or Generator Cooling System (AREA)

Claims (13)

  1. Tubulure d'échappement isolée à lame d'air d'un moteur à combustion interne, notamment dans un véhicule automobile,
    - avec un collecteur (2) s'étendant dans le sens de la longueur (3), un orifice de sortie (4) orienté dans le sens de la longueur (3), plusieurs orifices d'admission (5) orientés transversalement par rapport au sens de la longueur (3), et une bride (6) s'étendant dans le sens de la longueur (3) et contenant les orifices d'admission (5),
    - un tube interne (11) étant disposé dans un tube externe (10) de manière à former une isolation à lame d'air (12),
    - un tronçon (13) de tube externe véhiculant des gaz étant prévu à la hauteur d'au moins un des orifices d'admission (5), ce tronçon menant de l'orifice d'admission (5) respectif à une admission (14) du tube interne associée, distante de la bride (6),
    caractérisée en ce
    - que le tube interne (11) est disposé sur le tube externe (10), uniquement dans une zone de fixation (15) disposée par rapport au sens de la longueur (3) environ au centre entre l'orifice de sortie (4) et l'orifice d'admission (5) le plus éloigné de l'orifice de sortie (4),
    - que le tube interne (11) est monté, mobile par rapport au tube externe (10) dans le sens de la longueur (3) au moins, en dehors de la zone de fixation (15).
  2. Tubulure d'échappement selon la revendication 1,
    caractérisée en ce
    que la zone de fixation (15) est formée uniquement à la hauteur de l'orifice d'admission (5) qui, par rapport au sens de la longueur (3), est situé environ au centre entre l'orifice de sortie (4) et l'orifice d'admission (5) le plus éloigné de l'orifice de sortie (4).
  3. Tubulure d'échappement selon la revendication 2,
    caractérisée en ce
    que le tube interne (11) s'étend dans la zone de fixation (15) jusqu'à la bride (6) ou jusque dans celle-ci où il est fixé au tube externe (10), le tube externe (10) étant fixé sur la bride (6) dans la zone de fixation (15).
  4. Tubulure d'échappement selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3,
    caractérisée en ce
    qu'un tronçon (13) de tube externe véhiculant des gaz est prévu à la hauteur des orifices d'admission (5) respectifs qui sont situés en dehors de la zone de fixation (15).
  5. Tubulure d'échappement selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4,
    caractérisée en ce
    que le tube interne (11) est monté mobile dans le tube externe (10) par l'intermédiaire d'un siège coulissant (16) à la hauteur d'au moins un orifice d'admission (5) situé en dehors de la zone de fixation (15).
  6. Tubulure d'échappement selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5,
    caractérisée en ce
    que, à la hauteur d'au moins un orifice d'admission (5) situé en dehors de la zone de fixation (15), le tube interne (11) comporte une admission (14) de tube interne qui est orientée sensiblement parallèlement à l'orifice d'admission (5) associé et est disposée librement en amont d'un tronçon (13) de tube externe débouchant dans l'orifice d'admission (5) respectif.
  7. Tubulure d'échappement selon la revendication 6,
    caractérisée en ce
    que le tube interne (11) et le tube externe (10) sont accordés l'un sur l'autre de telle manière qu'à température de fonctionnement, l'admission (14) du tube interne est environ centrée sur l'orifice d'admission (5) associé et qu'à froid elle est excentrée par rapport à l'orifice d'admission (5) associé par rapport au sens de la longueur (3).
  8. Tubulure d'échappement selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7,
    caractérisée en ce
    que le collecteur (2) débouche dans un cône d'admission (8) pour un catalyseur (9), l'orifice de sortie (4) étant disposé à l'extrémité de sortie du cône d'admission (8).
  9. Tubulure d'échappement selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8,
    caractérisée en ce
    que le tube interne (11) est réalisé d'un seul tenant.
  10. Tubulure d'échappement selon la revendication 9,
    caractérisée en ce
    que le tube interne (11) est réalisé par façonnage sous haute pression interne ou est assemblé à partir de deux demi-coques.
  11. Tubulure d'échappement selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10,
    caractérisée en ce
    que le tube interne (11) est positionné sur le tube externe (10) au moyen de pièces d'écartement (17) localisées qui sont estampées sur le tube interne (11) et/ou sur le tube externe (10) et autorisent les déplacements entre le tube interne (11) et le tube externe (10) dans le sens de la longueur (3).
  12. Tubulure d'échappement selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 11,
    caractérisée en ce
    que le tube interne (11) possède une épaisseur de paroi inférieure, notamment d'au moins 50 % inférieure, à celle du tube externe (10).
  13. Tubulure d'échappement selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 12,
    caractérisée en ce
    qu'au moins une natte de montage est disposée, du moins localisée, dans l'isolation à lame d'air (12).
EP05101601A 2004-04-29 2005-03-02 Collecteur d'échappement isolé par une couche d'air Active EP1591636B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102004021196 2004-04-29
DE102004021196A DE102004021196B4 (de) 2004-04-29 2004-04-29 Luftspaltisolierter Abgaskrümmer

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1591636A1 EP1591636A1 (fr) 2005-11-02
EP1591636B1 true EP1591636B1 (fr) 2007-06-13

Family

ID=34938862

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP05101601A Active EP1591636B1 (fr) 2004-04-29 2005-03-02 Collecteur d'échappement isolé par une couche d'air

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US7434390B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1591636B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE364779T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE102004021196B4 (fr)

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JP2006266321A (ja) * 2005-03-22 2006-10-05 Toyota Motor Corp 配管製造方法及び二重管型配管の内側配管
DE102006027117A1 (de) * 2006-06-12 2007-12-13 Robert Bosch Gmbh Aufladesystem für zweistufige Aufladung von V-Verbrennungskraftmaschinen
DE102006041743A1 (de) * 2006-09-04 2008-03-27 Emitec Gesellschaft Für Emissionstechnologie Mbh Gehäuse für eine Abgasreinigungskomponente zur Ausbildung einer Fügeverbindung mit einem Abgasleitungsabschnitt
JP2008121570A (ja) * 2006-11-13 2008-05-29 Toyota Motor Corp 排気マニホルド
DE102007062662A1 (de) * 2007-12-24 2009-06-25 J. Eberspächer GmbH & Co. KG Schiebesitz und Abgasbehandlungseinrichtung
DE102007062659A1 (de) * 2007-12-24 2009-06-25 J. Eberspächer GmbH & Co. KG Abgassammler und zugehöriges Herstellungsverfahren
JP4834041B2 (ja) * 2008-08-04 2011-12-07 本田技研工業株式会社 排ガス浄化装置
DE102008047448B4 (de) * 2008-09-16 2020-09-24 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Abgasturbolader
DE102009011379B4 (de) * 2009-03-05 2012-07-05 Benteler Automobiltechnik Gmbh Abgasbaugruppe
JP2013213491A (ja) * 2012-03-08 2013-10-17 Calsonic Kansei Corp 二重管式エキゾースト・マニホールド
JP5890257B2 (ja) * 2012-06-06 2016-03-22 フタバ産業株式会社 排気系部品
JP5843830B2 (ja) * 2013-09-18 2016-01-13 アイシン高丘株式会社 触媒ケース一体型排気マニホルド
JP6245123B2 (ja) * 2014-09-24 2017-12-13 マツダ株式会社 多気筒エンジンの排気装置
DE102016213386A1 (de) 2016-07-21 2018-01-25 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Brennkraftmaschine mit Abgasturboaufladung und Verfahren zum Betreiben einer derartigen Brennkraftmaschine

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US5331810A (en) * 1992-05-21 1994-07-26 Arvin Industries, Inc. Low thermal capacitance exhaust system for an internal combustion engine
US5768890A (en) * 1993-11-12 1998-06-23 Benteler Automotive Corporation Exhaust air rail manifold
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DE4444760C2 (de) * 1994-12-16 2003-02-13 Eberspaecher J Gmbh & Co Luftspaltisolierter Abgaskrümmer
US6247552B1 (en) * 1994-12-16 2001-06-19 J. Eberspächer Gmbh & Co. Air gap-insulated exhaust manifold
DE19752773C2 (de) * 1997-11-28 1999-09-02 Daimler Chrysler Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung eines luftspaltisolierten Abgaskrümmers einer Fahrzeugabgasanlage
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DE10200638C2 (de) * 2002-01-10 2003-12-11 Benteler Automobiltechnik Gmbh Anordnung zur Führung von Abgas aus einem Verbrennungsmotor

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE502005000840D1 (de) 2007-07-26
US7434390B2 (en) 2008-10-14
DE102004021196B4 (de) 2006-10-05
ATE364779T1 (de) 2007-07-15
EP1591636A1 (fr) 2005-11-02
US20050241303A1 (en) 2005-11-03
DE102004021196A1 (de) 2005-11-24

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