EP2087141B1 - Verfahren und vorrichtung zum randschichthärten formkomplizierter bauteile - Google Patents

Verfahren und vorrichtung zum randschichthärten formkomplizierter bauteile Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2087141B1
EP2087141B1 EP07818860.4A EP07818860A EP2087141B1 EP 2087141 B1 EP2087141 B1 EP 2087141B1 EP 07818860 A EP07818860 A EP 07818860A EP 2087141 B1 EP2087141 B1 EP 2087141B1
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European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
energy
hardening
individual
process according
power density
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EP07818860.4A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2087141A1 (de
Inventor
Berndt Brenner
Steffen Bonss
Frank Tietz
Marko Seifert
Jan Hannweber
Stefan Kühn
Udo Karsunke
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Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
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Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/06—Surface hardening
    • C21D1/09—Surface hardening by direct application of electrical or wave energy; by particle radiation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D10/00—Modifying the physical properties by methods other than heat treatment or deformation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D10/00—Modifying the physical properties by methods other than heat treatment or deformation
    • C21D10/005—Modifying the physical properties by methods other than heat treatment or deformation by laser shock processing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D11/00—Process control or regulation for heat treatments

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the surface hardening of machine, equipment and device parts and tools.
  • Objects in which their application is possible and expedient, are highly fatigued or wear-stressed components of hardenable steels, which have a complicated shape and the surface must be selectively cured on the functional surfaces or in which the functional surface has a multi-dimensional shape. It is particularly advantageous to use the invention for those components in which the geometry of the functional surface changes three-dimensionally along the component.
  • Such components are z.
  • Further applications are local heat treatments such.
  • Surface hardening is a technique widely used in the art for increasing the wear resistance and fatigue strength of hardenable steels.
  • sources of energy the flame, inductive energy, the electron beam and the laser beam are used - ordered according to increasing power density and 3D capability.
  • the functional surface to be hardened comprises two abutting surfaces at a certain angle, such as, for example, B. cutting tools or forming tools.
  • both surfaces must be cured simultaneously to prevent so-called tempering zones.
  • the tempering zones are formed by renewed application of temperature to the level of the beginning of the austenite transformation of the previously generated hardness trace by the temperature field of the following trace. This results in short term annealing of areas of the previously produced track to an extent that drastically degrades wear and fatigue resistance in a variety of load cases.
  • beam splitter units In the case of laser beam curing, beam splitter units have become known which, in their most flexible form, are equipped with two laser beam scanner systems (see M. Seifert, B. Brenner, F. Tietz, E. Beyer: "Pioneering laser scanning system for hardening turbine blades" in: Conference proceedings "International Congress on Applications of Laser and Electro-Optics", San Diego, California, USA , 15.-18.11.1999, vol. 87f, p. 1-10 ).
  • the system consists of a beam splitter optics for the laser beam of a CO 2 laser, two parabolically curved focus mirrors and two laser scanning systems arranged in the beam path thereafter.
  • both the beam incidence angle and the beam dimensions can be pre-set. This allows components with two at the angle ⁇ abutting functional surfaces in the angular range of about 10 °. ⁇ . 80 ° simultaneously and without the generation of tempering zones are hardened.
  • US Pat. No. 4,533,400 discloses a device for simultaneous surface hardening of both sides of a gear tooth by laser radiation, comprising a power source and a plurality of lenses for power density distributions and movement systems.
  • the aim of the invention is to provide a new and flexible method and a corresponding device which make it possible to harden also the functional surfaces of complicatedly shaped components according to the load and without the occurrence of tempering zones.
  • they should also be suitable for the surface hardening of components in which the abutting edge between two adjacent functional surfaces has a three-dimensional course and / or the angle ⁇ between adjacent functional surfaces changes along their abutting edges.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a method and apparatus that allow to set a desired temperature field so flexible that during processing along the multi-dimensionally curved abutting edges of the functional surfaces the local heat dissipation conditions and local wear and load conditions as well geometric changes can be adjusted.
  • this object is achieved with a method and an associated device for surface hardening of complicated components as in the two main claims 1 and 9 and the accompanying dependent claims 2 to 8 or 10 to 17 specified.
  • a particularly flexible and well controllable possibility for location-dependent adjustment of the power density distributions represents the case of the use of laser beams as an energy source, the oscillation of suitable partially-focused laser beams, as set forth in claim 4.
  • the vibration functions can be varied depending on the location and are controlled or generated by the controls of the motion systems.
  • this type of control of the power density distributions also includes the possibility of setting asymmetrical power density distributions by using non-harmonic oscillatory functions across the direction of advance of the energy-affected zone. This is particularly advantageous when the functional surface extends along edges or edges.
  • the claim 8 designed the solution according to the invention for components in which the functional surface is partially interrupted by holes, recesses, grooves o. ⁇ . Design features or fan out for a certain length in several separate functional surfaces lying apart.
  • the procedural solution according to the invention is realized in a device as set forth in independent device claim 9. It essentially consists of several cooperating motion systems to which the energy-shaping units are flanged. This ensures that the energy-shaping units fed by one or more energy sources can be moved on different trajectories.
  • the energy sources are lasers
  • the claims 11 to 13 represent particularly favorable embodiments again.
  • the solution is particularly flexible and cost-effective to use fiber-coupled high-power diode lasers as energy sources and laser beam scanners as beam shaping units.
  • induction generators can also be used, as is explained in claim 14, and inductors can be used as field-shaping units.
  • a particularly flexible and inexpensive device variant arises when, as set out in claim 16, robots are used as cooperating motion systems.
  • the preferred use of the device according to the invention for carrying out the method according to the invention is set out again.
  • the solution according to the invention is not limited to surface hardening tasks only. Likewise, local tempering processes or solution annealing processes can be carried out. Without violating the inventive concept, only the austenitizing temperature interval has to be used for the procedure Be replaced by a .DELTA.T the temperature interval for the short time annealing at .DELTA.T or the outer layer solution annealing precipitation hardenable steels .DELTA.T L. For short-term starting, the time difference ⁇ t mS must also be replaced by ⁇ t 180 .
  • a cutting tool 1 should be surface hardened to suit the load and with less distortion than conventional technologies. At the same time a higher wear resistance should be achieved.
  • the cutting tool 1 is made of steel X155CrMoV12.1 and has a hardness of 300 HV in the normal tempered state. The angle ⁇ between the two functional surfaces is about 85 °. It has been shown that for a stress-hardening both surfaces adjacent to the cutting edge must be hardened. In order to avoid a brittle breaking out of the cutting edge, however, the edge must not be through-hardened.
  • Another variant of the laser beam hardening would be to position the component relative to the laser beam so that the laser beam impinges symmetrically on the two functional surfaces, to move the laser beam along the abutment edge 27 and to let it scan perpendicular to the feed direction.
  • This variant allows a much more stress-resistant curing, but it is also difficult to optimally harden all areas of the functional surfaces. Problems arise in particular those zones in which the abutting edge is strongly curved in one or more planes. Here it is very difficult to guarantee the same austenitizing temperature over the entire surface of the hardening zone without melting.
  • two laser beams 17.1 and 17.2 are used, which are emitted by two fiber-coupled high-power diode lasers. Both laser beams are guided by a respective optical fiber 13.1 and 13.2 in a respective beam shaping unit 9.1 and 9.2.
  • two laser beam scanners 14.1 and 14.2 which can be controlled via the program of the movement machines, they are scanned perpendicular to the feed direction.
  • the oscillating mirrors of the scanners 14.1 and 14.2 are controlled with location-dependent vibration functions. This results in separately optimizable power density distributions 16.1 and 16.2 for both individual hardening zones 24.1 and 24.2.
  • Both motion systems 6.1 and 6.2 are programmed so that the optical axes 29.1 and 29.2 of the two scanned laser beams 17.1 and 17.2 are perpendicular or nearly perpendicular to the surfaces of the two energy action zones 2.1 and 2.2 and each at a distance of 1 ⁇ 2 b, or 1 ⁇ 2 b 2 have to the abutting edge 27 of the two functional surfaces 21.1 and 21.2.
  • the two motion systems 6.1 and 6.2 realize two completely different trajectories.
  • the power density distributions 16.1 and 16.2 are adjusted so that the lower heat dissipation in the vicinity of the abutting edge and at curvatures of the abutting edge 27 is compensated such that a constant surface hardness results transversely to the functional surfaces 21.1 and 21.2 to be hardened.
  • the required hardening depths t 1 and t 2 are determined by the duration of the action of the action of the energy and adjusted by a suitable length of the laser beam spot in the feed direction.
  • the surface temperature is kept constant by a pyrometer control of the power of the two lasers. From temperature field calculations, nomograms or a test on a material sample, the required target feed rate of the two laser beams is determined.
  • the focal distance is increased and the laser power is increased. This ensures that the time difference .DELTA.t n is smaller between the reaching the maximum temperature of the temperature field 3.1 and 3.2 of the temperature field, as the time difference .DELTA.t ms between reaching the maximum temperature and the start of martensite MS. This will certainly prevent starting zones.
  • the result is a continuous, stress-hardened, optimally cured hardening zone 8 without tempering zones and with a constant hardness of 800HV.
  • Both the movement system 6.1 and the movement system 6.2 consists of a robot 18.1 and 18.2, which are identical to each other. They work cooperatively with each other, ie both motion systems are coupled with each other in such a way that they are exactly coordinated in terms of geometry and time. The two tools move almost synchronously and always reach the next end point at the same time regardless of the trajectory of the individual robots.
  • the orientation can be fixed to each other, so that a change in the tool position of a system in the room by the second system is automatically compensated, which simplifies the setup process enormous.
  • Two beam-forming units 9.1 and 9.2 are attached to the arm of the two robots. They receive the two optical fibers 13.1 and 13.2, which can follow the movements of the robot 18.1 and 18.2 via two flexible CFRP rods, without falling below the critical bending radius.
  • the two beam-forming units 9.1 and 9.2 each consist of a collimation and a focusing module. Behind the focusing module is ever a laser beam scanner 14.1 or 14.2. Between the laser beam scanner and the focusing module is an inclined semipermeable mirror that lets the laser radiation through. The heat radiation emitted by the component 1 is reflected and supplied to a pyrometer, which supplies the input signal for the temperature control.
  • the component to be cured 1 is in a component clamping device attached, which is located on the three-jaw chuck of the rotation axis 30.
  • the component is conveniently rotated so that the abutting edge 27 points upward.
  • the robot 18.1 is programmed so that it leaves the path for the functional surface 21.1 (in the component coordinate system, a movement in the x- and the y-plane).
  • the robot 18.2 moves the other trajectory along the functional surface 21.2 (in the component coordinate system: x, y, z axis, as well as the rotational movement in the C axis).
  • the exercise program can be used. If, on the other hand, ⁇ t ms > ⁇ t max1 at any component position, the two feed rates 22.1 and 22.2 are locally reprogrammed until the condition ⁇ t ms ⁇ t max1 holds again. At the program steps, in which such an intervention takes place, the defocusing of the laser beam and the laser power is changed to compensate.
  • a turbine blade (see Fig. 3a ), which is heavily stressed by erosive wear, should receive a load-adapted protection of the blade leading edge.
  • the particles strike almost perpendicular to the blade leading edge.
  • It consists of the steel X20Cr13 and is tempered to a hardness of 230 HV, in order to realize a very tough structural condition.
  • this high tempered state is not capable of withstanding the gagging wear stress.
  • laser beam hardening is very well suited to considerably increase the resistance to drop impact wear. Due to the high cyclic load and the risk of stress corrosion, the blade tip should not be hardened through. In order to formulate the hardening zone 8, it must have a cap shape which is adapted to the local airfoil profile.
  • the cap shape should be nearly symmetrical with a relatively large width of the hardening in the vicinity of the abutting edge 27.
  • the relative nominal hardening depth is lower and the hardening zone 8 adapts more to the course of the surface.
  • Example 2 An advantageous embodiment is described in Example 2, the arrangement of which can also be used very well for the hardening of the inlet edges of turbine blades.
  • the hardening process is started.
  • the result is a hardening zone 8 in the form of a cap, which is designed to be stress-resistant along the blade leading edge and which enables an optimum ratio of wear protection and vibration resistance of the turbine blade.
  • the hardening zone 8 has a constant surface hardness over the entire track width within the functional surfaces 21.1 and 21.2.
  • the hardening capacity of the steel is fully utilized by the optimally adjusted austenitizing temperature and the high cooling rate due to the omission of the hardening of the blade leading edge.
  • a forming tool having a butt edge 27 whose angle ⁇ varies along the hemming edge should be inductively hardened. This is not possible with a shape inductor and a single motion system.
  • the solution according to the invention provides for connecting an inductor 15.1 to the motion system 6.1 and a second inductor 15.2 to the motion system 6.2.
  • the inductors 15.1 and 15.2 are formed differently according to the different Einhärteumblen b 1 and b 2 and different hardening depths t 1 and t 2 .
  • both the inclination of the underside of the inductor to the surface of the functional surfaces and the distance between the inductor end and abutting edges 27 are reduced with increasing angle ⁇ between the two functional surfaces.
  • the cooling rate is measured and then the distance between both inductors is determined.
  • the water shower starts before the martensite start temperature falls below MS.
  • a guide spindle 31 with a circular cross section, a longitudinal guide 33 and obliquely arranged on the cylindrical surface 32 ball raceways 34 should, as in Fig. 5a to 5d shown, completely surface hardened. It is made of ball bearing steel 100Cr6.
  • the ball raceways 34 have to increase the contact angle between the ball and ball track a circular cross-section.
  • the hardening of cylinder jacket surface 32, longitudinal guide 33 and ball raceways 34 which takes place separately in succession, is not permitted.
  • the object is achieved in that the entire component surface to be cured is cured with a uniform temperature field 4 in the feed.
  • the uniform temperature field 4 is formed by the temporally and spatially coordinated superposition according to the invention of two individual temperature fields 3.1 and 3.2, which are generated in this example according to claim 15 both by a laser as an energy source and an induction generator as an energy source.
  • the inductor 15.1 generates the energy action zone 2.1 and hardens the cylinder jacket surface 32 and the longitudinal guide 33, while the laser beam 17.2 hardens the ball raceways 34 by means of its energy action zone 2.2.
  • the inductor 15.1 is designed as a shape inductor, which comprises the cylinder jacket surface 32 and the two side surfaces of the longitudinal guide 33.
  • the laser beam 17.2, however, is used to cure the ball raceways 34.
  • a laser beam scanner 14.1 is used, which scans the laser beam perpendicular to its feed direction.
  • the movement system 6.1 consists of a simple hydraulic axis which moves the very long guide spindle 31 through the inductor 15.1 at a constant feed rate.
  • the movement system 6.2 is a simple NC or CNC axis, which moves the beam-shaping unit 9.2 on a circular track-shaped trajectory 5.2.
  • Manual Feed elements are used to set the relative position between the laser beam 17.2 and inductor 15.1.
  • the movement speed 22.2 and the direction of movement of the beam shaping unit 9.2 in the motion system 6.2 are adjusted to the movement speed 22.1 of the component 1 by the movement system 6.1 relative to the inductor 15.1 that their components in the feed direction of the component 1 are the same size.
  • the laser beam hardening occurs in the wake of inductive heating.
  • the time interval ⁇ t 1, 2 between reaching the maximum austenitizing temperature T max1 below the inductor 15.1 and reaching the maximum austenitizing temperature under the laser beam 17.2 is here chosen to be much shorter than the time interval ⁇ t ms before the martensite formation begins.
  • the laser beam 17.2 is positioned directly behind the inductor 15.1.
  • the temperature here is even greater than 800 ° C. This has the advantage that only a fraction of the usual laser beam power is required by the energetic division of labor. Behind the position of the laser beam effect, a water shower is still arranged.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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EP07818860.4A 2006-10-27 2007-10-10 Verfahren und vorrichtung zum randschichthärten formkomplizierter bauteile Active EP2087141B1 (de)

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PL07818860T PL2087141T3 (pl) 2006-10-27 2007-10-10 Sposób i urządzenie do utwardzania warstwy krawędziowej części składowych o skomplikowanym kształcie

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DE102006050799A DE102006050799A1 (de) 2006-10-27 2006-10-27 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Randschichthärten formkomplizierter Bauteile
PCT/EP2007/008787 WO2008049513A1 (de) 2006-10-27 2007-10-10 Verfahren und vorrichtung zum randschichthärten formkomplizierter bauteile

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EP2087141A1 EP2087141A1 (de) 2009-08-12
EP2087141B1 true EP2087141B1 (de) 2019-08-28

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US (1) US9187794B2 (zh)
EP (1) EP2087141B1 (zh)
JP (1) JP5717341B2 (zh)
CN (1) CN101605914B (zh)
DE (1) DE102006050799A1 (zh)
HU (1) HUE047935T2 (zh)
PL (1) PL2087141T3 (zh)
WO (1) WO2008049513A1 (zh)

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EP2087141A1 (de) 2009-08-12
DE102006050799A1 (de) 2008-05-08
US9187794B2 (en) 2015-11-17
PL2087141T3 (pl) 2020-03-31
CN101605914A (zh) 2009-12-16
WO2008049513A1 (de) 2008-05-02
US20100126642A1 (en) 2010-05-27
CN101605914B (zh) 2013-11-20
JP2010507726A (ja) 2010-03-11
HUE047935T2 (hu) 2020-05-28
WO2008049513A8 (de) 2008-10-30
JP5717341B2 (ja) 2015-05-13

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