EP1931940B1 - Dispositif de mesure et/ou de surveillance des caracteristiques de dilatation spatiale de traces de colle sur des pieces - Google Patents

Dispositif de mesure et/ou de surveillance des caracteristiques de dilatation spatiale de traces de colle sur des pieces Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1931940B1
EP1931940B1 EP06792227.8A EP06792227A EP1931940B1 EP 1931940 B1 EP1931940 B1 EP 1931940B1 EP 06792227 A EP06792227 A EP 06792227A EP 1931940 B1 EP1931940 B1 EP 1931940B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
workpieces
glue
light intensity
intensity values
electromagnetic radiation
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EP06792227.8A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1931940A1 (fr
Inventor
Andreas Lamkemeyer
Rüdiger Duwendag
Marco Daher
Jakob Mauritz
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Windmoeller and Hoelscher KG
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Windmoeller and Hoelscher KG
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/02—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring length, width or thickness
    • G01B11/06—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring length, width or thickness for measuring thickness ; e.g. of sheet material
    • G01B11/0616—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring length, width or thickness for measuring thickness ; e.g. of sheet material of coating
    • G01B11/0625—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring length, width or thickness for measuring thickness ; e.g. of sheet material of coating with measurement of absorption or reflection
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/55—Specular reflectivity
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31B—MAKING CONTAINERS OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31B70/00—Making flexible containers, e.g. envelopes or bags
    • B31B70/006—Controlling; Regulating; Measuring; Safety measures
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31B—MAKING CONTAINERS OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31B70/00—Making flexible containers, e.g. envelopes or bags
    • B31B70/60—Uniting opposed surfaces or edges; Taping
    • B31B70/62—Uniting opposed surfaces or edges; Taping by adhesives

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for measuring spatial expansion characteristics of the glue application on workpieces.
  • spatial expansion characteristics of the glue application instead of the long term “spatial expansion characteristics of the glue application", the words “glue application geometry” or “glue geometry” are frequently used in the following.
  • the layer thickness of the glue application and the contour of the glue application are spatial expansion characteristics of the glue application, ie features of the glue application geometry.
  • Glue contour here means the shape and often also the position of the glue application on the workpiece.
  • the thickness of the glue layer may also vary between different surface areas within the glue contours. On the basis of this definition, it is to be understood that the layer thickness outside the glue contours - at least shortly after the application of the glue - is equal to zero.
  • Another danger is infestation of the cellulosic material by fungi as a result of moisture, since the sacks can often be stored long before and after filling.
  • the fungal attack leads in any case to a further weakening of the material and has, as mentioned, especially in the storage of food in the bags also affect the health of the end user.
  • the DE 198 05 321 C1 deals with the measurement of the glue contour and proposes the application of heated glue and the detection of the same with a thermal imaging camera.
  • the presented in this document method is based on detecting temperature differences between glue and glued material.
  • Decisive for the function of this method is the "heat radiation”, so in the experimental physics often referred to as "radiation of the black body”"ownradiation” of the detected by the thermal imager objects, which in this case emanating from the glue.
  • the pamphlets WO 2005/087460 A1 . DE 43 04 678 C1 . GB 2 289 941 A . NL 1016532 and EP 0 852 333 A2 each show cameras or individual sensors, which either evaluate the presence of a glue contour or determine the position and the dimensions of the glue profile.
  • the EP 0 943 912 A1 discloses a radiation source which, with radiation of two different wavelengths, determines the presence of hydrous glue on the surface of the workpieces by differentiating the reflection signals of both wavelengths. Spatial expansion characteristics of the glue application can not be recognized.
  • the object of the present invention is to propose a device which better recognizes spatial expansion characteristics of the glue application on the workpieces, so that irregularities in the glue contour can be eliminated.
  • the present invention solves this problem by the features of claims 1 and 16.
  • the term "spatial expansion characteristics of the glue application” once again forms the generic term in particular for glue contour and glue layer thickness. However, this does not mean that these two quantities must always be measured together. Rather, an exclusive measurement of one of these two parameters - or other spatial expansion characteristics of the glue application - in the context of the present invention.
  • the term "measurement and / or monitoring” indicates that with embodiments of the invention both absolute measurements of the glue layer thickness, which can optionally be connected with a measure and a measure as a result, as well as relative displays of glue layer thickness ratios ("Glue A is thicker than Glue Order B " etc.) can be made.
  • sacks in this document also including bags.
  • hose machines, bag machines and bag floor layers such as Kreuzêtventilsackbodenleger are used.
  • the joining or closing of the bag components is preferably done here with glue and here again especially with starch glue.
  • glue in the sense of this document may also include adhesive or other joining agents.
  • the light reflected from the glued objects is evaluated.
  • the light which is reflected at the already glued places measures twice the glue application, thus at least twice the glue layer thickness travels within the glue (depending on the angle of incidence also significantly more). This results in scattering and diffraction phenomena that occur in particular at the interfaces, ie the surface of glue and glued material.
  • the layer thickness of the glue application is the radiation absorption which takes place within the glue.
  • glues are mixtures of substances whose characteristic physical properties are determined by the individual constituents of the mixtures.
  • the proportion of solvents in many parts is greater than the proportion of other ingredients, different glues contain the same solvents and the physicochemical properties of the solvents lead to striking and easily measurable absorption behavior.
  • alcoholic solvents, acetone or water have relatively strong absorption bands in different wavelength ranges. Therefore, it is advantageous for a measuring device to denote the light intensity (the intensity of the relevant electromagnetic radiation is often referred to below as “light intensity” hereinafter) and “electromagnetic radiation” is often referred to below as “light” Electromagnetic radiation outside the visible range - in particular in the near infrared range - meant) in these wavelength ranges can examine glued workpiece scans and compares the intensity of light reflected from glued parts with the light intensity of the reflected light from the non-glued parts. The loss of light intensity is largely due to the absorption of the glue or in the case of the glue solvent described above.
  • the amount of this absorbed light intensity is directly dependent on the layer thickness of the glue application. Moreover, as experiments have shown, the amount of light intensity loss due to absorption is separable from the amount of other loss mechanisms, such as scattering or refraction.
  • the contour of the glue application can of course also be determined in the manner described, since the intensity of the light reflected from the unprimed material (second light intensity values) differs from the intensity of the light reflected from the glued material (first light intensity values).
  • Condition for a surface determination of the contour is either a surface detection ofraprotablt the part of the surface to be examined - the workpieces or - especially in moving workpieces - the scanning of a band-shaped, transverse to the direction of movement area of the workpieces.
  • sensor arrays will be used according to the invention.
  • the electrical output signals of these sensor arrays are read out, wherein an output signal can be assigned to a pixel or image region on the workpiece.
  • an output signal can be assigned to a pixel or image region on the workpiece.
  • An advantageous application of the present invention is the detection of hydrous glue - preferably starch glue - on packaging material such as paper from which bags or sacks are made. Experiments have shown that the absorption bands of the water at wavelengths of about 1.4 microns, 1.9 microns and 2.2 microns are particularly well suited for the measurements of the invention.
  • Suitable sensor devices advantageously comprise semiconductor components made of InGaAs or germanium.
  • semiconductor materials and sensor types are known which can be used in this context.
  • a suitable electrical wiring of semiconductor sensors or photomultipliers (often called “bias voltage”), which restricts the spectral sensitivity of these sensor types in undesired wavelength ranges, is advantageous.
  • suitable light sources include semiconductor lasers, which may also contain InGaAs or germanium again.
  • filament wire lamps which work according to the incandescent lamp principle can be advantageously used.
  • tungsten halogen lamps but also tungsten wire lamps with other protective atmosphere of advantage. Energy is saved especially when the radiation source in the wavelength ranges in which the sensor device is to measure provides appreciable light intensity or even has local or absolute intensity maxima.
  • an angle of 20 ° to 40 ° lies between the radiation device which generates said light and the sensor device.
  • the light intensity values recorded by the devices according to the invention can be used to control the glue layer thickness or the glue contour.
  • this measure is advantageous. This is especially true when so-called Düsenbeleimungsvorraumen, as described in the publications DE 102 42 732 A1 . DE 103 30 751 A1 . DE 103 30 750 A1 . 103 09 893 A1 and DE 103 27 646 A1 be introduced, find use.
  • a gluing method of conventional type (see, for example, description of the prior art in DE 103 09 893 A1 or device after DE 102 55 485 A1 ) is used in which rollers transfer glue from a glue reservoir on the workpieces, can be taken with control signals on the glue order.
  • the gap between the application and metering rollers can be influenced by control signals to the corresponding actuators or by manual adjustments.
  • Another possibility for influencing the glue application geometry in these conventional gluing units is the regulation of the speed of rotation of the application roller, as described in US Pat DE 102 55 486 is described. This regulation can also be carried out automatically or under the influence of an operator on the basis of the measurements according to the invention.
  • the second light intensity values for each workpiece may be also included in each workpiece or at least at short intervals. This is especially the case when the non-sized parts of the workpiece are wetted or saturated with varying amounts of the solvent.
  • the workpieces made of cellulose may be soaked in water.
  • Paper tube pieces, which serve as semi-finished products for the production of sacks, are also often produced with the aid of water-based starch glue. This circumstance often draws from one piece of hose to piece of hose fluctuating and different in different surface areas of a piece of hose different moisture penetration of the hose piece after.
  • One of hose piece to piece of hose greatly fluctuating moisture penetration of the material can also occur when the pieces of tubing are stored in batches after their production.
  • the middle tube pieces of the stack then have a greater moisture content than the outer, which can lead to measurement errors in the determination of the glue application geometry.
  • a regular measurement of the absorption fluctuations of the cellulosic material, for example from piece of hose to piece of hose, caused by the varying moisture penetration is advantageous here.
  • the inventive possibility of forming the background or for checking the reflection behavior of the workpiece surfaces is the additional irradiation of light of a slightly different wavelength. If these wavelengths are outside the absorption maxima of the respective glues or their solvents, no appreciable absorption takes place. The intensity of the reflected radiation thus depends only to a significant extent on the incident light intensity and the reflectivity of the workpiece surface. So that can also be won Light intensity values are used as "second light intensity values", similar to the light intensity values of the unworn workpiece areas.
  • the wavelength of this light is not too far away from the wavelength of the first light intensity values, since the reflection behavior of many workpiece materials also changes with the wavelength of the incident light.
  • Fig. 1 shows a sketch of an embodiment of a device according to the invention, in which a radiation device 1 radiation 2 on a workpiece 6, preferably a bag or a semi-finished bag emits. From the surface thereof, the reflected electromagnetic radiation 3 (often referred to in the present document as light) is reflected in the radiation input 4 of the sensor device 5.
  • a radiation device 1 radiation 2 on a workpiece 6, preferably a bag or a semi-finished bag emits. From the surface thereof, the reflected electromagnetic radiation 3 (often referred to in the present document as light) is reflected in the radiation input 4 of the sensor device 5.
  • the workpieces 6 are transported in the conveying direction x of the workpieces along the transport path 7.
  • the glue orders 9 whose geometry is to be determined, not shown. Your location will be considered by the FIGS. 2 to 5 clear.
  • FIG. 2 is shown as a modern glue application device, as used in the DE 103 09 893 A1 is shown, glue on the workpieces 6 applies.
  • a preferred location for all types of glue application devices is the sack manufacture, which can be glued to the folded sack bottoms, bottom covers and valve sheets.
  • Glue valves 12 are mounted on an applicator head 11 and are traversed by glue, which is supplied to the applicator head via the feed line 13, on its way to glue application openings (not shown). From the glue application openings, the glue reaches the workpieces 6 and forms glue applications 9, which can form different glue contours.
  • the measurement of the glue contours and / or the layer thickness of the glue applications 9 is an object of this publication.
  • the arrow y denotes the spatial direction transversely to the conveying direction of the workpieces 6.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 show workpieces 6 with different glue contours, by a glue application device, as in FIG. 2 is shown, by the extrusion of different lengths and positioned glue orders 6 can be generated.
  • the glue application contour is changed by changing a format part.
  • the workpieces have large, non-glued areas 15. Even between the glue applications are here, however, unprimed areas.
  • FIG. 5 is again in the form of a schematic diagram, the involvement of a device 8 according to the invention in a complex and advanced glue application system 26, which may be part of a Kreuzêtventilsackêtlegers example, shown.
  • the workpieces 6 are transported in any way in its transport direction x along the transport path 7 and from a gluing device 25, in addition to the in FIG. 2 Components shown also all other necessary for the glue components, such as glue reservoirs, glue lines, pressure supply devices, etc., glued.
  • the device 8 passes the measured values to the evaluation and analysis device 16.
  • “first measured values” of the glued regions can be related to "second measured values" of unsealed regions. If the evaluation and analysis device 16 calibrated in a suitable manner, which is about regular reference measurements, but also about calibration tables and / or computational algorithms, it can associate areas of the workpiece with glue layer thicknesses. It is thus possible to create an image of the glue contour 19 and display it on a display device 18.
  • variations of the glue application pattern can be detected with devices according to the invention and reported directly or via an analysis device 16 to a control device 17.
  • This 17 can forward control signals to the glue application device 25, due to which the glue application is influenced, that is regulated.
  • the evaluation and analysis device 16 and the control device 17 will be components of an industrial computer or a machine control device.
  • the reference numeral 20 designates control lines or data flows.
  • the Figures 6a and 6b In the investigation of the glue application, a screening of the surface of the workpiece takes place by an examination of the surface sections An, of which the surface sections A Z , A M and A O are shown by way of example in the figures. First, the grid is helpful in detecting the glue contour. If glue is in a surface section, then this is within the glue contour.
  • the glue application in the Figures 6a and 6b has a uniform layer thickness D.
  • the layer thickness of the glue application can also vary. Thus, the layer thickness in area A M is smaller than in area A O [D (A M ) ⁇ D (A O ) see Figure 7a ].
  • Devices according to the invention allocate the layer thickness per area D (An).

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Claims (16)

  1. Dispositif (8) de mesure et/ou de surveillance de caractéristiques d'expansion dans l'espace d'applications de colle (9) sur des pièces (6), de préférence sur des sachets ou des sachets semi-finis en matériau cellulosique,
    - un dispositif de rayonnement (1) étant présent, avec lequel les pièces (6) peuvent être irradiées avec un rayonnement électromagnétique dans une première plage de longueurs d'onde et dans une autre plage de longueurs d'onde,
    - le dispositif comprenant un appareil de détection (5) à l'aide duquel peuvent être enregistrées des propriétés du rayonnement électromagnétique (3) émis par les pièces (6), des premières valeurs d'intensité lumineuse du rayonnement électromagnétique (3) émis par les pièces (6) dans la première plage de longueur d'onde et des deuxièmes valeurs d'intensité lumineuse du rayonnement électromagnétique émis par les pièces dans l'autre plage de longueur d'onde pouvant être enregistrées par l'appareil de détection (5),
    - l'appareil de détection (5) permettant de relever les premières valeurs d'intensité lumineuse des zones encollées (9) et les deuxièmes valeurs d'intensité lumineuse des zones non encollées (15) des pièces (6),
    - et un dispositif d'interprétation et d'analyse (16) étant présent, avec lequel les premières et deuxièmes valeurs d'intensité lumineuse sont mises en relation les unes avec les autres et peuvent être prises en compte lors de la détermination ou de la surveillance de l'épaisseur de couche de colle,
    caractérisé en ce
    - qu'il existe au moins un réseau de capteurs destiné à palper la partie à analyser de la surface des pièces,
    - que le dispositif (8) est configuré de telle sorte qu'une analyse de portions de la surface (An) peut être réalisée au moyen d'un tramage de la surface de la pièce, une épaisseur de couche (D(An)) pouvant être associée à chaque portion de la surface,
    - qu'il existe un dispositif de commande (17),
    - et que les valeurs mesurées peuvent être communiquées au dispositif de commande (17), avec lequel les valeurs mesurées peuvent être prises en compte lors de la génération de signaux de commande ou de régulation au dispositif d'application de colle (25).
  2. Dispositif selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les valeurs d'intensité de plages de longueurs d'onde sélectionnées du rayonnement électromagnétique (2, 3) peuvent être enregistrées avec l'appareil de détection (5).
  3. Dispositif selon la revendication précédente, caractérisé en ce que les valeurs d'intensité lumineuse dans la plage de longueurs d'onde du rayonnement électromagnétique (2, 3) entre 1,2 et 2,4 µm peuvent être enregistrées avec l'appareil de détection (5).
  4. Dispositif selon la revendication précédente, caractérisé en ce que les valeurs d'intensité lumineuse dans la plage de longueurs d'onde du rayonnement électromagnétique (2, 3) entre 1,2 et 2,1 µm peuvent être enregistrées avec l'appareil de détection (5).
  5. Dispositif selon la revendication précédente, caractérisé en ce que les valeurs d'intensité lumineuse dans la plage de longueurs d'onde du rayonnement électromagnétique (2, 3) entre 1,35 et 1,95 µm peuvent être enregistrées avec l'appareil de détection (5).
  6. Dispositif selon la revendication précédente, caractérisé en ce que les valeurs d'intensité lumineuse dans la plage de longueurs d'onde du rayonnement électromagnétique (2, 3) entre 1,35 et 1,5 µm peuvent être enregistrées avec l'appareil de détection (5).
  7. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'appareil de détection (5) contient au moins un composant semiconducteur en InGaAs ou en germanium.
  8. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le dispositif de rayonnement (1) permet d'irradier les pièces (6) avec un rayonnement électromagnétique (2) qui (2) possèdent une courbe d'intensité lumineuse accentuée dans au moins l'une des plages de longueurs d'onde mentionnées précédemment.
  9. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le dispositif de rayonnement (1) permet d'irradier les pièces (6) avec un rayonnement électromagnétique (2) qui (2) possède un maximum d'intensité lumineuse relatif ou absolu dans au moins l'une des plages de longueurs d'onde préférées mentionnées précédemment de l'appareil de détection (5).
  10. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le dispositif de rayonnement (1) comprend au moins une lampe munie d'un filament spiralé en tungstène, de préférence une lampe halogène au tungstène.
  11. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le dispositif de rayonnement (1) comprend au moins un composant semiconducteur, de préférence en InGaAs ou en germanium.
  12. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'angle entre le dispositif de rayonnement (1) et l'appareil de détection (5) par rapport aux pièces (6) qui se trouvent dans la zone de palpage est compris entre 20° et 40°, de préférence est d'environ 30°.
  13. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'appareil de détection (5) permet de palper les parties essentielles de l'expansion des pièces (6) dans au moins une direction spatiale (x, y).
  14. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'appareil de détection (5) permet de palper les parties essentielles de la largeur des fonds de sachet et/ou des feuilles de garde de fond et/ou des étiquettes de valve.
  15. Dispositif de fabrication de sachets ou de sachets semi-finis qui contient au moins un dispositif selon l'une des revendications précédentes.
  16. Procédé de mesure et/ou de surveillance de caractéristiques d'expansion dans l'espace d'applications de colle (9) sur des pièces (6),
    - lesquelles (9) sont appliquées de préférence lors de la fabrication de sachets ou de sachets semi-finis sur des pièces (6) en matériau cellulosique,
    - un dispositif de rayonnement (1) étant présent, avec lequel les pièces (6) peuvent être irradiées avec un rayonnement électromagnétique d'une première plage de longueurs d'onde et d'une autre plage de longueurs d'onde,
    - des propriétés du rayonnement électromagnétique (3) émis par les pièces pouvant être enregistrées avec un appareil de détection (5)
    - des premières valeurs d'intensité lumineuse du rayonnement électromagnétique (3) réfléchi par les pièces (6) dans la première plage de longueur d'onde et des deuxièmes valeurs d'intensité lumineuse du rayonnement électromagnétique réfléchi par les pièces dans l'autre plage de longueur d'onde pouvant être enregistrées par l'appareil de détection (5),
    - l'appareil de détection (5) permettant de relever les premières valeurs d'intensité lumineuse des zones encollées (9) et les deuxièmes valeurs d'intensité lumineuse des zones non encollées (15) des pièces (6),
    - les premières et deuxièmes valeurs d'intensité lumineuse étant mises en relation les unes avec les autres et pouvant être prises en compte lors de la détermination ou de la surveillance de l'épaisseur de couche de colle,
    caractérisé en ce que
    - la partie à analyser de la surface des pièces est palpée avec au moins un réseau de capteurs,
    - une analyse de portions de la surface (An) est réalisée au moyen d'un tramage de la surface de la pièce, une épaisseur de couche (D(An)) étant associée à chaque portion de la surface,
    - et les valeurs mesurées sont signalées à un dispositif de commande (17) qui tient compte des valeurs mesurées lors de la génération de signaux de commande ou de régulation au dispositif d'application de colle (25).
EP06792227.8A 2005-09-29 2006-09-20 Dispositif de mesure et/ou de surveillance des caracteristiques de dilatation spatiale de traces de colle sur des pieces Active EP1931940B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102005046660.5A DE102005046660B4 (de) 2005-09-29 2005-09-29 Herstellvorrichtung und -verfahren von Säcken oder Sackhalbzeugen umfassend eine Messung von Leimaufträgen
PCT/EP2006/009224 WO2007036329A1 (fr) 2005-09-29 2006-09-20 Dispositif de mesure et/ou de surveillance des caracteristiques de dilatation spatiale de traces de colle sur des pieces

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1931940A1 EP1931940A1 (fr) 2008-06-18
EP1931940B1 true EP1931940B1 (fr) 2016-11-23

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EP (1) EP1931940B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2009510414A (fr)
DE (1) DE102005046660B4 (fr)
WO (1) WO2007036329A1 (fr)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102008053033A1 (de) * 2008-10-24 2010-04-29 Windmöller & Hölscher Kg Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Weiterverarbeitung von Sackhalbzeugen
DE102010030330A1 (de) 2009-10-08 2011-07-28 Windmöller & Hölscher KG, 49525 Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Weiterverarbeitung von Sackhalbzeugen
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JP2009510414A (ja) 2009-03-12
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DE102005046660A1 (de) 2007-04-12
EP1931940A1 (fr) 2008-06-18

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