Classifications

• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
  • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
  • E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
  • E21D11/04—Lining with building materials
  • E21D11/10—Lining with building materials with concrete cast in situ; Shuttering also lost shutterings, e.g. made of blocks, of metal plates or other equipment adapted therefor
  • E21D11/105—Transport or application of concrete specially adapted for the lining of tunnels or galleries ; Backfilling the space between main building element and the surrounding rock, e.g. with concrete
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
  • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
  • E21D21/00—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
  • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
  • E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
  • E21D11/04—Lining with building materials
  • E21D11/10—Lining with building materials with concrete cast in situ; Shuttering also lost shutterings, e.g. made of blocks, of metal plates or other equipment adapted therefor
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
  • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
  • E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
  • E21D11/38—Waterproofing; Heat insulating; Soundproofing; Electric insulating
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
  • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
  • E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
  • E21D11/38—Waterproofing; Heat insulating; Soundproofing; Electric insulating
  • E21D11/383—Waterproofing; Heat insulating; Soundproofing; Electric insulating by applying waterproof flexible sheets; Means for fixing the sheets to the tunnel or cavity wall

Definitions

• the invention relates to an expansion in civil engineering, in particular an expansion of underground spaces such as tunnels and tunnels or pipelines in stable mountains.
• Another problem is leaking mountain water. In winter, the water freezes. There is a danger of falling ice masses. This danger is usually met with a film seal. Depending on the thickness of the film is also spoken by webs. In part, there is also the name membrane. The foil seal dissipates the water. At the same time a freezing of the water is prevented with a thermal insulation.
• the film seal is composed of film webs.
• the film webs are laid overlapping at the mountain outbreak, so that the film edges can then be welded together.
• the gap can be pressurized with air pressure. When the gap is closed, a sufficient sealing effect can be assumed if the pressure drop in the intermediate space does not exceed certain limits over a certain period of time.
• the attachment of the film takes place in different ways. With low strength requirements has in the past enforced a film attachment with a trained as a rondelle fastener made of plastic.
• the rondelle is nailed or shot to the mountains or to a first shotcrete layer applied.
• shooting the roundels are not hit with a hammer or the like in the mountains, but driven by a blasting cartridge in the mountains or in the first applied shotcrete layer.
• the known roundels are shown and described for example in DE-3244000C 1, DE4100902A 1, DE 1 95 19595A 1 .DE8632994.4U 1, DE8701 969.8U 1, DE2021 7044U1.
• the known roundels have been welded to the film.
• Rondelles with a predetermined breaking point were considered to be particularly favorable.
• the rondels should break at a load on the film at the predetermined breaking point.
• the strength of the predetermined breaking point is significantly lower than the film strength. This will cause the rondelle to break first if excessive tension is applied to the foil. That is, the film seal will remain intact upon excessive pull in the film while the disk ruptures.
• the plastic rondelles are, however, only suitable if low forces occur during the attachment of the foils and subsequent application of shotcrete.
• the known roundels have a diameter of about 150 mm and a thickness of 3 to 4 millimeters. Such rondels have a large one
• the known anchors have diameters of 12 or 14 or 16 or
• Such anchors unlike the known nail construction, can absorb really large forces. The loads are directed to the mountains.
• the anchors are usually provided with a thread, preferably according to the diameter with metric
• Thread M 12 or M 14 or M 1 6 or M20 At the thread-side end the steel rondels are held between two screws. The screws allow adjustment of the rondels on the anchor.
• the anchors are usually so long that they protrude beyond the steel rondels out into the tunnel. This serves to attach a wire grid as a retention during injection of the concrete and to stiffen the tunnel lining by connecting to the mountains.
• the wire mesh also serves to reinforce the shotcrete layer.
• a spacer for the wire mesh can be mounted on the anchor.
• Known spacers are star-shaped provided with rods to support the wire mesh as large as possible.
• the film is then clamped between the steel rondels.
• the mountain water runs along the anchors.
• the anchors and the rondelles are subject to corresponding water pollution.
• the invention has recognized that the water penetrates through the screw thread of Rondellen and anchor. The water then also passes through the opening formed in the film. There are leaks. Even a dropwise leakage leads to significant amounts of water in a corresponding time. The water can escape at the inside of the tunnel.
• the invading water freezes. It forms icicles, which fall at the latest in thawing thawing and a bad risk of accident form. In addition, the ice can cause significant destruction of the tunnel.
• the object of the invention has been found to improve tunneling, in particular by a better seal, better anchor, a better foil and better insulation. According to the invention, this is achieved with the features of the claims.
• the water-carrying thread of the anchor ends before the film seal.
• differently shaped fasteners can be used as roundels. Therefore, in the following is spoken of fasteners in general and of rondels in particular.
• connection of the outside fastener with the anchor is possible without a passage opening.
• this is done with a nozzle.
• a nozzle Of the Nozzle or a nozzle-like thickening is optionally formed on the outside fastener.
• the nozzle is welded to the outside of the fastener or secured in any other way.
• the neck preferably has a threaded hole formed as a blind hole.
• the one-piece fastener with the neck can be cast as a molding, for example.
• the fastener is multi-part.
• the neck may have an internally threaded blind hole and be welded in the desired length to the fastener.
• the threaded hole has a thread adapted to the anchor thread.
• the welding can be done on the inside of the fastener.
• the nozzle in the multi-part design protrudes through a corresponding opening of the fastener, so that a circumferential weld can be placed on the inside at the protruding end of the socket.
• the nozzle is welded on the outside of the fastener in multi-part design of the device.
• the invention initially resembles the conventional fastener. However, there is a significant difference in that the threaded hole is closed at one end or the other or in between. In addition, lower anchor lengths result in otherwise the same depth of penetration of the anchor in the rock.
• the closure on the inside end can be effected with a bolt.
• the bolt has a collar and a protruding threaded pin. With the protruding threaded pin, the bolt can penetrate into the continuous threaded hole. With the collar of the bolt can sit on the nozzle and the threaded hole close tightly. A seated alone in the continuous threaded hole threaded bolt can in conventional thread in the deepest threaded capillary openings, can pass through the moisture to a considerable extent.
• the closure between both ends can be achieved in the multi-part design by a plug.
• the plug is made of plastic or rubber with high creep resistance.
• a plug made of soft metals such as lead or of corresponding metal alloys, which deform under pressure to close to the bottom of the thread.
• Such metals or alloys can also be poured into the thread.
• thermoplastic materials particularly thermoplastics, can be melted into the tapped hole or heated in the tapped hole, for example, inductively, so that these materials deform more readily under pressure into the trough of the thread.
• the heating can also be generated by contact by pressing with heated stamp against the plug.
• Thermoplastics are preferred to metals in plug manufacture to prevent electrochemical corrosion.
• the plug is pressed by axial pressure in the threads.
• the axial pressure can be achieved by means of screwing the nozzle with the corresponding anchor end and by means of the screw of the provided at the opposite end of the nozzle dome.
• the neck will first be screwed onto the anchor end.
• the nozzle can be screwed up to a certain point. It is expedient to secure the nozzle in the screwed position. This can be easily and conventionally achieved with a lock nut on the thread of the anchor. There are also other means of securing the selected nozzle position reach.
• the plug After reaching the desired nozzle position and the optionally desired securing the screwed position of the nozzle, the plug is screwed into the threaded hole.
• the plug is provided on the outside with a thread.
• the thread can be formed in the production of the plug as a plastic injection molded part on the jacket.
• a slot for a simple screwdriver or a cross slot for a Phillips screwdriver or other recess for other screwdrivers can be formed in an end face of the plug. Thereafter, the plug can be easily screwed into the socket and then clamped so tight with the mandrel that the plug closes the threaded passages.
• a plug without external thread is used.
• Such a plug can be easily pushed with appropriate diameter in the threaded hole of the nozzle. Upon subsequent pressing, the plug adapts to the thread. It presses into the threads.
• the nozzle length is at least 100mm, optionally also
• the same mandrel can be used as in the above examples, when the plug has a correspondingly greater length. This can be achieved by providing different plug lengths. Preferably provided a base length, which is brought by multiplying the number of stoppers to a greater overall length.
• Plugs provided with a smaller length. That allows a more accurate
• Threaded pieces may also be provided, which are used in addition to the plastic stopper or rubber stopper in the threaded hole / bore of the nozzle and help to find the correct nozzle position. It can also be provided different mandrels, with which an adaptation to the different ergna the nozzle can be achieved. For this purpose, the different mandrels have differently long threaded pieces, with which they can be screwed into the socket.
• threaded rods or mandrels may also be provided on the inside of the fastener whose length compensates for greater distances between the anchor end and the center of the tunnel.
• nozzles are also used which are partially provided with a smooth inner bore without thread and / or with annular grooves or grooves.
• the closure on the outside end can be done with an adapter.
• the task of the adapter is an adaptation to the invention.
• the adapter should close the threaded hole and in turn form a threaded hole with which the fastener can be screwed onto the end of the anchor.
• the adapter side has a threaded stem and a thickening. With the threaded pin of the adapter can be screwed into the threaded hole of the nozzle. With the thickening of the adapter can sit on the neck and close the threaded hole tight.
• the thickening is formed as a blind hole threaded hole whose thread is adapted to the anchor thread.
• the threaded hole in the neck of the conventional fastener is either long enough or too short to additionally receive from the inside a mandrel for attaching the wire mesh and for connecting the shotcrete with the surrounding rock.
• the adapter may have an elongated pin projecting on the inside or protruding into the tunnel and forming a spike there.
• the nozzle or adapter has either completely or partially a cylindrical or completely or partially an edged shape, eg. the shape of a hexagon. Such nozzles can be cut to length by a rod with a circular cross section or by a rod with a hexagonal cross section. The same applies to blanks for the production of an adapter.
• the fastener can first be tightened by hand, as far as possible.
• a tool is beneficial.
• the collet is not required that the nozzle or adapter is particularly prepared for the bracing. With the collet so much friction can be generated by appropriate voltage that sufficient torque can be transferred to the fastener or on the adapter to cause sufficient tension of the fastener on the anchor.
• an open-end wrench can be used for clamping. Open-end wrenches are easier and faster to set up and remove than a collet.
• a cylindrical neck is provided on the fastener and the cylindrical neck is provided with two key surfaces for a wrench (spanner).
• the wrench surfaces can be milled or sanded or pressed.
• the pressing can have economic advantages over the use of hexagonal profile.
• the fastener With the nozzle or adapter, the fastener is screwed onto the anchor.
• the neck can be short or longer. The longer the nozzle or the adapter, the larger the adjustment range or setting range of the fastener.
• the fastener In the desired mounting position, the fastener can be secured by a lock nut on the threaded rod.
• the setting of the fastener is important when the rock excavation has been made with considerable tolerances and when the rock holes for the anchors do not allow for adjustment of the anchor in the bore or if the anchors are mounted in the rock holes irrespective of the location of the ends corresponding with the fasteners have been.
• the anchor ends protruding from the mountains are thereby more or less removed from the ideal escape line for a tunnel.
• By adjusting the fastener can be adapted to the ideal breakout line.
• the same anchors and extension rods are provided between the anchors and the fasteners.
• the extension rods are in particular threaded rods.
• the connection of the extension rods to the anchors is then done by threaded sleeves.
• the threaded sleeves are separate parts or connected to the threaded rod.
• the use of separate threaded rods reduces the cost of materials.
• the extension rods can namely be cut to length from long threaded rods to the appropriate level.
• Cutting to length is easy. It is done either by sawing or by cutting.
• Particularly advantageous cut-off grinders are angle grinders which are equipped with a suitable grinding wheel.
• the best-known angle grinders are the so-called flex devices. Therefore, this work is called flexing.
• threaded rods which have already been prepared in the factory with a threaded sleeve, facilitates work on the construction site.
• the factory preparation will be part of the work in the factory relocated.
• welding processes are much easier to represent than at the construction site. This applies to the quality as well as the processing time.
• a separate threaded sleeve can also be provided with different threads, namely with a left-hand thread at one end and a right-hand thread at the other end.
• the corresponding ends of the threaded rod and the anchor are then adapted.
• the advantage of such threaded sleeves is that they can simultaneously by screwing in the same direction cause the screwing with two corresponding ends or can cause simultaneous rotation of the two corresponding ends by turning in the opposite direction.
• the determination of the minimum size and the approximation to the minimum is not mandatory. On the contrary, for security reasons and economic reasons, it is advisable to select a measure without any attempts at which recognizable security is given.
• This dimension can be derived from nuts of the same screw thread. Preferably, when deriving the dimensions, a safety factor of at least 1.5 applies.
• the minimum dimension must be determined depending on the material and the load.
• the loading of the sleeve is essential, whether and which tools are used for the screw connection to the sleeve. Again, a few measures could be used to determine a minimum measure.
• the attack of Tools the dimension of a nut of the same thread as a measure of the sleeve.
• a safety factor of at least 1, 5 application is also in the derivation of the dimensions.
• an inner-side fastener is clamped in a further embodiment of the invention.
• the outside fastener has on the inside an at least partially threaded mandrel.
• the mandrel may be molded and form a one-piece workpiece with the outside fastener.
• the mandrel can also be welded or screwed to the fastener.
• the mandrel may also be formed on the neck described above and form a one-piece workpiece with the neck.
• the mandrel can also be welded or screwed to the neck.
• the nozzle can be screwed with appropriate dimensions with the outside fastener so that the nozzle rests with a surface sealingly against a corresponding surface.
• the multi-part is advantageous if the same raw material can be used for the nozzle and the sleeve.
• the pole is delivered prepared to the site.
• the bar is mounted on the construction site.
• the inside fastener is provided for mounting with a corresponding opening so that it can slide on the mandrel and clamped there with a suitable screw.
• the foil Before installing the inside fastener, the foil is pushed onto the mandrel.
• the mandrel penetrates the film. It will be the slide alone or clamped together with a gasket between both fasteners.
• the two fasteners may be circular in shape as conventional rondelles or fasteners. It can even be used the known steel rondelles by the opening of the known Rondellen is closed by the described nozzle, mandrel or rod.
• the fasteners can also be shaped differently, for example quadrangular with rounded corners.
• the fasteners may be flat or curved.
• Edge of the fastener may be appropriate to avoid excessive loading
• a clamping of the film is provided at the edge of the fastener. This has the advantage of the greatest possible distribution of attacking forces on the film.
• the fasteners are designed for Randeinnaps so that they touch each other without foil on the edge and the remaining fastener surfaces spaced from each other.
• a pressure distribution is provided according to the invention. This is done by applying a sufficiently wide, circumferential sealing strip on the fastener edge. It is preferably provided at least a width of 5 mm, even more preferably at least a width of 10 mm and most preferably a width of at least 20 mm.
• the circumferential sealing strip is produced by the one fastener having a cup-like recess into which the other fastener presses like a lid.
• seals are provided between the outside fastener and the foil.
• a seal may also be provided between the inside fastener and the foil.
• the seals are provided at least centrally with an opening in order to push the seals over the described mandrel can.
• the seals compensate for irregularities on the surfaces of the fasteners and on the surfaces of the film. This is especially advantageous if the film inside has a rough injection-friendly surface. In particular, films with irregularly sprinkled surface can be so difficult to apply pressure with the fastener that a uniform sealing pressure. With intervening, flexible seal the sealing pressure is evened out.
• the seals may consist of foamed or unfoamed plastic. Foamed seals are preferably largely compressed when the fasteners are pressed, so that the density of the foamed seal approaches the density of a non-foamed seal. In the state, the risk of cold flow is the least for the seal. Incidentally, various plastics are available for the seal, which show only minimal or no cold flow. For example, the plastics that have a sufficient sealing function for several decades include neoprene. It is favorable if one or both seals are welded or glued both with the associated Befester and with the film. On the film side, bonding is advantageous, which takes place without heat stress on the film.
• Each fastener can be factory-prepared with the seal.
• the welding can take place in that the seal plasticized on the surface of the surface and is pressed onto the fastener surface.
• a plastic surface on the fastener surface of molten plastic particles can be produced alone or as a primer. This is done by sprinkling and fusing the plastic particles.
• the plastic surface produced in this way has very high deduction values, that is, a very high withdrawal resistance.
• the welding is also possible between the film and the seal.
• the necessary heat can be applied in a variety of ways. Favorable is heating with hot air. After the melting of the welding surfaces a pressing is provided.
• an adhesive is first applied to the fastener surface to then press the seal thereon.
• the contact surface of the seal with the film can also with a
• Glue and with a release agent for example, with a
• Oiled paper or a silicone-coated film Before the
• the release agent is removed from the seal.
• the foil is pressed onto the seal or the inside fastener is pressed onto the foil.
• the adhesive may be painted or rolled or painted on.
• a seal is used, which is self-adhesive on both sides and covered with a release agent described above prior to assembly. With such a seal results in a simple installation. After mounting the outside fastener, the release agent is withdrawn from a first seal and pressed the seal on the film-side surface of the fastening gers.
• all outside fasteners are prepared in the region of a film web so.
• the individual film webs are conventionally laid on the circumference of the tunnel.
• the number of anchors and fasteners depends on their distance. It is advantageous to prepare all the outside fasteners in the described form.
• the prepared film web is laid. For example, a tunnel side on the sole is started. The foil is led up on the tunnel side.
• the mandrel on the film is distinguished or the mandrel can be felt on the film. This can be used to cut openings in the film exactly at the points. This can be done by hand or mechanized.
• the film can be pushed over the mandrel.
• an attachment of the film is provided immediately on the frosting mandrel. In this case, a seal is optionally applied to the film and then pushed the inside fasteners on the mandrel.
• the seal is designed to be self-adhesive and protected by a release agent as the seal described above on the adhesive surfaces.
• the release agent is removed before pushing the seal, so that with the pressing of the seal on the film, an adhesive bond with the film is formed.
• the release agent is removed from the second side of the seal and the inside fastener pushed onto the mandrel and pressed against the seal, so that there is also an adhesive bond of the film with the inside fastener.
• the bracing of the two fasteners This is done by screwing.
• the screwing takes place with a nut on the mandrel, which has a corresponding thread.
• the film With progressive laying of the film, the film is pushed onto the other mandrels, glued and the fasteners are braced.
• the bonding and bracing results in an extremely favorable clamping of the film.
• gasket and foil are mechanically not overloaded during the tensioning of the fasteners and at the same time an optimally loadable anchor construction is created.
• This is done in particular by spacers between the fasteners.
• rings are used as spacers.
• the rings can be easily pushed with the appropriate inner diameter on the above-described mandrel. With sufficient clearance in the foil and in the seals, the rings come into direct contact with both fasteners.
• the dimension of the rings is chosen so that the seals leave by the tightening of the fasteners a distance between them, which is necessary to prevent damage to the seals and the film. At the same time an optimal connection with the film is achieved by the bonding or welding according to the invention.
• the length of the mandrel depends on the extent of the shotcrete construction.
• the structure can consist exclusively of concrete.
• the structure may also include an insulating layer.
• the insulating layer is then preferably arranged on the mountain side behind the concrete.
• the mandrel must then protrude through the insulating layer to support the wireframe and spacer described above at the forward end.
• the rings described above can be used as a separate ring.
• the rings may also be integral with the mandrel or with the described neck.
• the one-piece design has special advantages.
• the ring can be represented by the fact that the nozzle passed through an opening of the outside fastener is until it protrudes sufficiently far on the film side opposite the fastener and thereby secures the desired distance of the inside fastener. Able to weld the nozzle in the fastener. The weld closes the opening in the fastener.
• a threaded rod piece is screwed in as a mandrel.
• the mandrel is secured by a weld. The weld prevents loosening of the dome and at the same time closes the thread.
• the construction according to the invention also allows the use of water-impermeable foams as seals.
• foams are usually closed-celled.
• the strength of the foams must be adapted to the loads occurring.
• the strength of the foams is adjusted by increasing the density of the foams.
• the density of the foams is adjusted to the desired level by changing the amount of blowing agent in the plastic to be foamed.
• the plastic is preferably placed in an extruder where it is plasticized and mixed with a blowing agent. When exiting the extruder, the plastic foams up according to the respective blowing agent content. Of all eligible plastics foams are available with different volumetric weight. With just a few tests, the right density can be determined. The experiments may be limited to the replacement of various foams. Extrusion is usually not required.
• the fasteners according to the invention are preferably made of steel. Steel can be processed very well, even welding. The processing capability is particularly advantageous in so-called free-cutting steel.
• Automated machines are the name given to automated lathes and automated milling machines. With these machines, the special parts provided according to the invention can be produced very inexpensively. Because of the risk of corrosion from mountain water, such steel parts are preferably provided on all sides with a corrosion protection. A corrosion protection with epoxy resin or with zinc is known. The zinc is electroplated or applied by dipping the workpieces in a hot zinc bath. But diving in the hot zinc bath does that
• the coating with epoxy resin can be metered very accurately and does not interfere with the fitting if the layer does not exceed a certain thickness.
• stainless steel is also used.
• the fasteners may have different dimensions. There are conceivable fasteners with diameters or edge lengths of 10mm to 2000 mm. Preferably, dimensions of 80 to 300 mm, more preferably 130 to 300 mm.
• the fasteners have a curvature which is adapted to the tunnel curvature. This causes a foil-saving clamping between the fasteners.
• Cup-shaped or cup-shaped fasteners are not quite so cheap in terms of clamping the film. But such fasteners but have a much higher stability than a metal sheet, which is adapted only to the tunnel arch. This allows a reduction of the sheet thickness for the fasteners. In this sense, thicknesses of 2.5 mm and less may be sufficient.
• foil seals are often used.
• the foil seal can be enclosed on both sides in the shotcrete. But it can also be arranged on one side.
• the film seal may be arranged outside the shotcrete in order to seal against ingress of water.
• the film seal may be disposed inwardly of the shotcrete to prevent any sewage or other liquid present at an exit.
• the shotcrete can be applied in one or more layers.
• the underground application has different variants:
• a first shotcrete layer is brought onto the rock outcrop.
• the first shotcrete layer essentially serves to seal the rock outbreak.
• the film seal is laid on the first shotcrete layer.
• the laying of the film seal is usually carried out in tracks that need to be attached to the mountains or on the shotcrete layer.
• the webs are successively laid so that they overlap at the edges and complement the desired seal. At the overlapping edges a welding of the webs is provided.
• To attach the tracks is provided that initially anchors are introduced into the mountains. The foil seal can from the anchors be pierced when subsequently sealed leaks are sealed.
• the flanges can be done by means of two flanges, of which at least one seals at the same time with the film. This happens, for example, by forming the flange as a neoprene disk.
• the flanges should clamp the film between them.
• the anchors make the composite to the mountains and hold the concrete reinforcement with the shotcrete rublange, which allows the inner shotcrete construction and stabilized.
• the concrete reinforcement is usually made of steel, for example in the form of reinforcing steel mesh mats.
• the shotcrete residue is formed by DE-3244000 by a wire mesh.
• the wire mesh is spaced from the film at some distance and is intended to prevent the impact of shotcrete from being reflected by the film seal.
• the film seal is mounted at a distance from the mountains. This is done with the described anchors to which the film seal is attached. In this case, the problem of rebound of shotcrete is still greater than in the variant described above. Nevertheless, the wire mesh also helps in this case, so that with the described wire mesh technology a shotcrete expansion can be built up at a distance from the mountain eruption without further ado.
• a mesh or wire mesh is provided between the expansion and the mountain breakout.
• the wire mesh is preferably used as a safeguard against rockfall from the mountains.
• a special design of the film seal by a minimum stiffness of the film and / or a laminated or glued Krallmatte.
• olefin film especially a polyolefin film, e.g. Polyethylene film (PE film) shown. It is also possible to use copolymers, for example ethylene copolymer films.
• PE film polyethylene film
• copolymers for example ethylene copolymer films.
• Each PE is suitable as a sealing foil. These include LDPE, HDPE. Also suitable is polypropylene (PP).
• the stiffness is formed by a minimum thickness of 1, 5mm preferably a minimum thickness of 1, 8mm. For other film materials, the thickness is increased until an equal minimum stiffness is reached.
• the surface roughness is preferably formed by applying particles of the same material as the film on the injection-concrete side foil surface. The particles can have different shapes. Favorable is an elongated shape. This includes a thread form or strand form. The material can be melted on the surface before application, so that the material adheres to it after contact with the film surface. At the core, the material should not become molten. The melting causes a surface temperature that is above the melting temperature of the j eschreib material. The temperature of the medium used for melting should be even higher, so that there is a short-term warming.
• the necessary heating to melt the surface can be applied to the material with an open flame or otherwise.
• the plastic particles are produced, for example, by grinding a granulate of 2 to 8 mm to a diameter of up to 2 mm, preferably to a diameter of 1 to 5 mm and even more preferably to a diameter of 0.2 to 1 mm.
• the order quantity is measured according to the basis weight of the order. Measurements by basis weight are also known from fabrics.
• at least one application of at least 20 grams per square meter is provided, preferably an application of at least 50 grams per square meter, more preferably an order of 100 grams per square meter. In practice, order quantities of up to 500 grams per square meter and more are expected.
• Various details and variations on particle application are described in the following publications:
• the film surface is additionally preheated for the application of material in order to achieve a better connection of the particles with the film surface. Preheating is unnecessary if the heat from the film production is used.
• the usual production of the film is based on an extrusion of the material. In this case, the molten resin is fed by means of an extruder through a nozzle into the nip of a pair of rollers.
• the reaching into the nip plastic may already have a foil shape.
• This film form is achieved by means of a slot nozzle.
• the slot in the nozzle then has a corresponding length and a corresponding one
• the molten resin is also granular or carved in the nip abandoned so that there is
• Plastic kneading forms which is pulled continuously through the nip, so that a film is formed between the rollers.
• the film is given the desired exact thickness.
• the exact width of the film does not matter during the first rolling process.
• a more or less serpentine running edge of the film sets. Therefore, the film is trimmed laterally at the end of the rolling process.
• the resulting edge strips are preferably returned to the extruder and formed there again in melted starting material for the rolling process.
• the film has a significant temperature.
• this temperature is used to apply the particles intended for roughening the surface.
• a reheating is provided to improve the connection of the particles with the film surface.
• the particles should also be pressed with roller pressure on the film surface, so that it comes to a better connection of the particles with the film surface.
• EP901408A assumes that the welding factor of the bond between the particles and the film surface is substantially less than one. This is considered to be an advantage for the particles under Relieve corresponding load again, without causing a destruction of the film seal.
• the heat can also be applied to the particles by mere hot gases. It is possible to meter in the particles in the hot gas stream.
• the residence time in the hot gas determines the degree of melting. The residence time depends on the distance of the particles to the impact on the film surface and on the gas velocity.
• the heat can also be applied by mere radiation by the particles falling through a heating channel and are superficially melted by radiant heat during the case.
• cladding mats may be provided on the film.
• Claw mats are known from the greening of embankments, sloping roofs, banks. Slopes, sloping roofs and banks have a common tendency and the problem of slipping on applied layers.
• the layers may be greening layers or mineral protective layers or, like a landfill, bearing material.
• a multilayer plastic seal for tunnel construction with shotcrete is known, which is provided inside tunnel with a random fiber mat of polyamide fiber or wires.
• polyamide polyolefins
• the random fiber mat has a thickness of up to 25 mm and forms an adhesion base for a first shotcrete layer or, with the first shotcrete layer, an adhesion base for a further shotcrete construction.
• a claw mat is different.
• the claw mats have a specially designed surface, with which they press under load into the ground and / or layers applied above, so that a positive connection with the layers above and / or below it. This includes both sufficient stability and sufficient openness of the mats to allow the applied material to penetrate the mat and prevent significant compression of the mats under the applied pressure.
• a Wirrfaservlies or a random fiber mat can therefore enter into the above backup no positive engagement with underneath and overlying layers. Therefore, fiberglass layers and fiber mats are suitable only for drainage, but not for transferring substantial shear forces, such as occur at 20 degrees inclination, and increased at 30 degrees inclination and even greater inclination.
• the clutches are formed by extrusion of thin plastic strands, which are deposited in the still plastic state in the mesh above each other, so that connect the plastic strands touching each other.
• the connection is a weld-like compound. Normally, there is still a sufficient adhesive connection.
• the scrims can also be produced from previously made plastic strands, which are reheated to produce the jelly and melted on the surface and stored in the described mesh.
• the meshes are created in two planes, which are preferably at an angle of 90 degrees to each other. This results in knob-like elevations on the mat surface, which press especially in the embankments, ground layers and shore layers.
• Conventional claw mats are made of polypropylene or polyamide or PET and have a thickness between 1 0 and 30 mm.
• Similar claw mats can also be produced as tissue.
• the claw mats are connected in the factory with the film seal.
• the contact surfaces of the film seal and the claw mat can be melted and then pressed against each other.
• hot gas is hot air.
• the necessary hot air can be provided with commercially available hot air fans.
• heaters can be used for heating.
• electrically operated hot-air fans and radiant heaters which can be controlled easily and accurately.
• a scrim provided as Krallmatte is also produced directly on a film seal.
• Film surface adheres to it.
• the material should not become molten.
• the melting causes a surface temperature which is above the melting temperature of the respective material.
• the temperature of the medium used for melting should be even higher, so that there is a short-term warming.
• the necessary heating to melt the surface can be applied to the material with an open flame
• the film surface is additionally preheated for the application of material to achieve a better connection of the Geleges with the film surface.
• the preheating is unnecessary, if the heat from the
• Film production is used.
• the usual production of the film is based on an extrusion of the material.
• the molten resin is fed by means of an extruder through a nozzle into the nip of a pair of rollers.
• the reaching into the nip plastic may already have a foil shape.
• This film form is achieved by means of a slot nozzle.
• the slot in the nozzle then has a corresponding length and a corresponding one
• the molten resin is also granular or carved in the nip abandoned so that there is
• Plastic kneading forms which is pulled continuously through the nip, so that a film is formed between the rollers.
• the film is given the desired exact thickness.
• the exact width of the film does not matter during the first rolling process.
• a more or less serpentine running edge of the film sets. Therefore, the film is trimmed laterally at the end of the rolling process.
• the resulting edge strips are preferably returned to the extruder and formed there again in melted starting material for the rolling process.
• the film has a significant temperature. Optionally, this temperature is used to connect with the scrim.
• a profiling of the film surface by means of a profile roller or by means of an embossing roller also takes place in addition, as described in DE42072 10A.
• a profile is produced, as described in DE 1 9721 799.
• profile surfaces described above facilitate the connection of the shotcrete layer to the film seal and the claw mat when the cladding mat and the film seal are applied in the inventive application in the tunnel with shotcrete.
• the stiffness is determined on the one hand by the film thickness.
• the rigidity is determined by the construction of the foil seal. The higher the number of evenly distributed attachment points on the film seal, the greater the rigidity becomes.
• the distribution is such that four adjacent attachment points form the vertices of a square.
• the edge length of the square is equal to the distance of two adjacent attachment points. The smaller the distance of the adjacent attachment points or the edge length of the square, the higher the number of attachment points.
• a distance of 1.2 m is preferably provided between adjacent attachment locations. The distance should be at most 1 5%, preferably at most 7.5% greater. Adjacent are the next attachment points.
• the permissible distance can change by changing the position of the attachment points. Then their distance is reduced until at least one of the same stiff construction as in distribution of the attachment points is achieved on the vertices of a square.
• the allowable distance between adjacent attachment points becomes larger.
• the distance between the adjacent attachment points is increased at most as far and / or the position of the attachment points changed at most as far until, despite the larger film thickness again set the above-described structural rigidity.
• the allowable distance between adjacent attachment points will be smaller.
• the distance between the attachment points is reduced so far and / or the position of the attachment points as far as even until, despite the lower film thickness again set the above-described structural rigidity.
• the structure of the shotcrete construction is facilitated by the primer of the film seal and the claw mat.
• the inventive use of a primer makes in addition to the surface design described above, a contribution to the connection of shotcrete to the film seal and the claw mat.
• the primer can be made with the same cement or adhesive or binder, which is also used for the shotcrete, but without the provided in the shotcrete surcharges.
• Cement / adhesive / binder are used in powder form are either mixed before application on the film surface with water and sprayed in fog-like form or sprayed together with the powdered cement / adhesive / binder in fog-like form.
• a special primer in the form of a plastic adhesive with mineral admixture proportion is used.
• the plastic adhesive has a special adhesive effect on the plastic of the film seal and the plastic of the claw mat.
• the mineral mixture proportions of the adhesive improve the adhesion of the shotcrete.
• the primer leads to a thin layer wetting of the film surface and the Krallmatte.
• the layer thickness of the wetting is adjusted so that the primer does not run down by its own weight. In practice, the order quantity will be as long reduced until no run down is observed. If the exit speed of the primer remains constant from the application nozzle, the application quantity is determined by the speed with which the application nozzle is moved. If the application is to be reduced, this can be achieved by increasing the speed with which the nozzle is moved over the application surface, in this case via the film seal and the claw mat.
• the order can be reduced by reducing the repetitions when spraying.
• water-absorbing materials are incorporated into the primer.
• the shotcrete can be applied to the film seal in one or more layers. It is convenient to apply the shotcrete layer in layers and starting from below. This is achieved by a reciprocating movement of the sprayed concrete application tool.
• shotcrete or concrete and additives and aggregates and reinforcing inserts and tools are tools into consideration, - as described for example in the following publications:
• DE69910173T2 DE69801995T2, DE69721121T2, DE69718705T2, DE69701890T2, DE69700205T2, DE69418316T2, DE69407418T2, DE69403183T2, DE69122267T2, DE69118723T2, DE69010067T2, DE69006589T2, DE60010252T2, DE60001390T2, DE29825081U1, DE29824292U1, DE29824278U1, DE29818934U1, DE29724212U1, DE29718950U1, DE29710362U1, DE29812769U1, DE19854476C2, DE19854476A1, DE19851913A1, DE19838710C2, DE19819660A1, DE19819148C1, DE19754446A1, DE19746958C1, DE19733029C2, DE19652811A1, DE19650330A1.
• plastic particles in the form of small particles also called beads process.
• the Plastic particles create a lightweight concrete with heat-insulating properties. The thermal insulation is important in case of frost and escaping mountain water to ensure proper drainage of the accumulated water. Otherwise the frost could lead to ice formation and the ice could damage or destroy the shotcrete construction. In tunnels, this is a common problem in mountainous areas and in Nordic countries, which is commonly encountered with plastic foam layers in the tunnel lining. The plastic foam layers complicate tunneling and involve a significant cost factor. With the above-described lightweight concrete, the plastic foam layer can be completely or partially avoided at your option.
• a lightweight concrete is produced, as described in DE 1 0242524 Al.
• the shotcrete is optionally conveyed dry to the spray nozzle where it is mixed with the necessary amount of water.
• the shotcrete is adjusted so that it develops sufficient early strength after impact in a short time.
• Shotcrete can be used accelerators, the setting of the
• the shotcrete construction is built at the inspection distance from the rock outbreak. This makes it possible to check the condition of the rock outcrop. For example, it can lead to rockfall, which destroys the film seal and thus creates a leak. Furthermore, larger rockfalls usually announce themselves earlier by smaller rockfalls. For larger rockfalls, there is a risk of burglary in the tunnel. Inevitably, the tunnel users are also endangered. As a result, regular inspections of the rock excavation and refractory constructions are appropriate.
• the inspection is according to the invention, at least partially, a walkability of the cavity between the shotcrete construction and the mountain outbreak ahead. The walkability begins at a distance of about 0.4 m between the rock outcrop and the shotcrete expansion. The accessibility is the more comfortable, the greater the distance. Preferably, the distance is limited to I m for economic reasons
• the accessibility is limited to the necessary area.
• the tunnels may be walkable on the sides, while the freedom of inspection at the top of the Firtes is limited to visibility only. Where only visibility is provided, the inspection distance may be limited to 0.2 m. This results in inspection distances of 0.2 to 1 m between the rock outburst and the shotcrete expansion.
• the film described above is provided on the mountain side with a protective fleece to prevent damage to the film during installation or damage caused by falling stones.
• the simple anchor rods are also called rod anchors. Instead of a single rod, an anchor can also have multiple rods. Then it is spoken by a multiple rod anchor.
• an anchor is made up of a larger variety of thinner rods, it is called a strand anchor or a wire anchor.
• the strand anchors or wire anchors are held together at intervals with rings.
• the Vollverbundanker is connected to the mountains over its entire length, with which he protrudes into the mountains.
• the free anchor is connected to the mountains only with a front part, with which he protrudes into the mountains. In the remaining part remains a distance between the borehole inner wall and the anchor.
• many forms of anchors can be used. In the following is spoken in general terms of anchors.
• Drilling holes are set in the rock for the anchors.
• the anchors are mortared or cemented in the wells and / or mechanically.
• Various mortars and adhesives are known.
• polyester for fixing the anchor is a thermosetting resin.
• EP in mortar composition is known for example from DE 10002605C2.
• EP for fastening anchors from DE 19832669 A l is known.
• dowel materials from EP 60109003 T2 known from DE.
• the previous filling compound is pushed into wurstiger packaging in the hole. Subsequent positioning of the anchor destroys the packaging of the mixture so that the mixture fills the remaining cavity of the well around the anchor.
• the backfilling of the borehole can also be done in other ways.
• the mixture is withdrawn from a reservoir and pressed directly into the wellbore. Liquid mixture is pumped. Dry mixture can be injected.
• a collar or a plug into the bore. This can be done together with the anchor.
• the collar or plug may be a lost / permanent part or a demountable part. The collar or plug prevents the mixture from leaking.
• the collar or plug may protrude with one part into the borehole and protrude with another part in front of the mountains to form a drip which deflects the water flowing to the anchor from the anchor and thereby significantly reduces the water load of the anchor , It is advantageous if the collar or plug is involved in the mixture that has been filled into the wellbore.
• corresponding filling openings are provided on the collar or plug, which correspond with filler neck.
• the collar or plug is advantageous not only for filling the mixture but also for positioning the anchor. As long as the anchor is not held by the mixture, the collar or plug can take over this task.
• assemblers were required to hold the anchors until the polyester blend developed sufficient strength. This is exhausting, leading to a loss of time and inadequate results because fissures can open up when shaken at the anchor after adequate early strength.
• the mounting aids eliminate these problems. Therefore, the assembly aids also irrespective of the mixture for other blends meaning.
• rock anchors in Switzerland to surround the anchor in the well in the open area with a plastic pipe.
• this is not yet an assembly aid.
• the task of rock anchors is a different than in an inventive expansion.
• the rock anchors should hold the rock together or prevent it from falling down. Accordingly, the rock anchors protrude only with such a small portion of the rock that an anchor plate can be screwed and secured thereon.
• the rock anchor should penetrate as far as possible into the rock.
• a force / fit is provided between the anchor tip and the rock, and the remaining part of the anchor between the anchor plate and the tip causes the stress required to hold the rock together.
• An anchor destined for removal has the task of directing a load of expansion into the rock as a force.
• the length of an anchor for the expansion can usually be much shorter than the length of a rock anchor.
• the shrink tube has only a preliminary anti-corrosion task.
• thin films can be used, as they are known from the packaging.
• a permanent corrosion protection with the shrink film is intended. Therefore, a film thickness of at least 1 mm is preferably provided.
• this technique was changed by sliding a steel tube welded to the anchor plate over a smooth-sheathed tube.
• the space between the pipe and the anchor was sealed with a rubber seal and filled with plastic or cementitious filling material.
• the exterior space between the plastic lip tube and the inside wall of the drilled hole was ejected with cementitious filling material.
• the anchor head protruding from the rock with the anchor plate was covered with a protective cover and filled the cavity under the protective cover with the same contents.
• the invention preferably aims to provide corrosion protection for the anchor.
• the invention is based on the recognition that takes place by EP resins or polyester resins in the borehole a broad or complete protection of the anchor before the mountain water. Outside the borehole is according to the invention for corrosion protection Enclosure provided.
• the enclosure may be wholly or partially in the form of a tube or a sleeve.
• the enclosure is according to the invention optionally a) loosely pushed onto the anchor and b) when setting the anchor in the mortar or adhesive involved and c) surrounds the anchor at the protruding end of the wellbore
• the loose arrangement allows to mount the enclosure immediately together with the anchor or to assemble only after setting the anchor.
• a sufficient, but preferably only the smallest possible involvement of the envelope in the mortar or adhesive is provided.
• This can be given an overlap or penetration depth of the envelope of a maximum of 100 mm, possibly even at a penetration depth of 50 mm maximum.
• Even smaller overlaps / penetration depths are possible if the penetration depths / overlap at the respective end is provided with a profiling that is favorable for integration.
• profiling may have one or more annular elevations and / or depressions, which give a better toothing with the mortar or adhesive and / or increase the sealing effect.
• the envelope can also reach down to the deepest.
• the sheath may then be used to force glue and / or mortar through the space between the armature and the sheath until glue or mortar emerges from the space between the sheath and the borehole wall.
• glue or mortar emerges from the space between the sheath and the borehole wall.
• at least one fiber-reinforced plastic is provided as a sheath or a sufficiently strong tissue as a sheath in the well, so that the forces acting on the anchor forces can be passed to the mortar or adhesive layer lying within the envelope and thus over the forces acting on this layer forces the envelope can be passed on to the outside mortar or adhesive layer and introduced from there into the mountains become.
• the contact surfaces of the casing are roughened or profiled with the mortar or adhesive.
• the sufficient filling of the gap with mortar or adhesive can be ensured without the reaching into the wellbore deepest enclosure by first so much mortar or adhesive is placed in the well that subsequent impressions of the anchor in the well an escape of mortar or glue from the space between the armature and borehole wall causes.
• This can be achieved very advantageously with cartridges, which have a filling of mortar or adhesive and are destroyed when the anchor is inserted.
• cartridges may consist of plastic tubing or prepared paper. The plastic tube and the paper have a small wall thickness, so that they burst easily when the anchor penetrates.
• the envelope of the anchor is incorporated directly into the mortar or the adhesive.
• the sleeves and collars described above can be used to connect with the envelope to these sleeves or collars.
• the sheath can be mechanically and / or connected by welding or gluing with the sleeves or collar.
• the envelope of the anchor comprises the sleeve or collar described above, and collar and collar comprise the envelope on the outside.
• the wrapper can wrap around the collar or sleeve.
• the sleeve or the collar can wrap around the wrapper.
• the compound is further intensified by the fact that the envelope engages with a ring-shaped projection (spring) in a groove of the sleeve or collar.
• the sleeve or collar may be provided with an annular projection (spring) and engage in a groove of the enclosure.
• Cross-sectional shapes of tongue and groove are known in which the spring in the groove obtains a tight fit. Such cross-sectional shapes arise when the groove engages behind the spring and thereby a considerable resistance to loosening and an advantageous sealing effect arise.
• the wrapper is also provided with a welding edge or adhesive edge with which a welding or gluing can be done on the sleeve or collar described above.
• the enclosure according to the invention it is advantageous if it allows significant changes in length at the construction site. This allows different lengths of protruding from the mountains anchors ends are taken into account. With ausrechender length, the entire anchor end can be protected from the mountain water. The wrapper must then protrude above the anchor end. Optionally, at the same time protect the anchor plates or anchor plates and nuts connected to the anchor with the envelope. The wrapper must then protrude over these parts.
• the envelope is at least partially designed as a bellows. The bellows can be pulled out and easily bridge significant differences in length.
• the envelope is composed of a tube part or sleeve part and a bellows.
• the parts are welded together.
• the composition reduces the costs. This also applies if different sizes are reserved for different applications.
• one of the parts that can be combined to form the shell is a connector for above-described fasteners used to make a shotcrete construction.
• the connecting part is intended to comprise the mountain-side disk of the two disks, between which the membrane intended for sealing is clamped.
• a Fomteil is provided, which is arranged with a flat surface between the mountain-side disc and the membrane and the bellows or the adjacent part allows a simple weld.
• the cavity between the armature and the enclosure may still be filled with an insulating agent.
• insulating agent particularly suitable are pumpable means.
• fillers which are initially pumpable and then harden and fillers which remain permanently pumpable.
• Fats and waxes may be suitable as permanently pumpable agents. Such agents have already proven themselves in connection with the rock anchors described.
• the anchor / fastener enclosure is formed by a heat shrink tubing.
• a shrink tube made of polyethylene, polyamide, Polyvinyidenchlorid, polyester, polypropylene.
• Other plastics / polyolefins / polymers are suitable as heat shrink tubing.
• the manufacture of the shrink tubing is carried out by extrusion and aftertreatment.
• the shrinkage in various plastics up to a certain limit the greater the higher the proportion of fillers.
• the fillers include talc, chalk and fibers and others.
• the plastics can be colored as desired.
• the color is optionally incorporated with pigments.
• the color pigment content can be 1 0%, even 25% or more.
• seamless tubes can be extruded.
• the extrusion die is given the shape of an annular gap.
• the interior of the resulting extrusion tube is pressurized with compressed air or another gas. This can have different tasks.
• the primary goal is to prevent collapse of the hose.
• the tube inner surface would then probably at least partially stick together.
• the compressed air can also be used to expand the hose to a certain extent.
• the enclosures for the anchors / fasteners according to the invention can also be produced by injection molding.
• the shrink tubing can be produced seamlessly by extrusion.
• the heat shrink tubing is also made from films or webs by folding the films and webs together. Films and webs are made in recent times mainly by extruding a tube, which is then slit and spread to the film or web. Since by the above-described extrusion Immediately j eder desired shrink tube can be produced, it seems unreasonable to merge a timely made of an extrusion tube film or web to form a hose. However, this can be more economical than the immediate extrusion of the shrink tube.
• the assembly / assembly of shrink tubing from films and webs can be done for small series of shrink tubing as far as possible by hand.
• blanks can be obtained from the films and webs and placed on top of each other in order to bring about a welding at the edge.
• the films and webs can also be folded over and initially welded before being cut.
• a welding tongs is sufficient, are set with the relatively short welds until the desired weld length is reached.
• the welding gun has two heated welding jaws, which are pressed against each other and enclose the two superimposed blanks / foils / sheets between them.
• a significant rationalization can be achieved even by using a welding gun with correspondingly large / long welding jaws, which extend over the entire length of the weld.
• the welding jaws are electrically heated.
• Temperature measurement is carried out via sensor electrically and can be provided with little effort with a control that on the Power supply acts, ie the power supply interrupts when the desired temperature is reached, or the power supply starts again when the desired temperature falls below again.
• the heating cartridges can be accommodated in suitable holes in the welding jaws.
• the heat is guided from the outside to the welding surfaces.
• Length of the shrink tube extends.
• Such welding machines can also be used a welding machine, as used for the above-described laying of film on the tunnel wall used.
• Such welding machines preferably have a welding wedge, which at the same time between the two blanks / foils / webs at the
• Such welding machines are particularly suitable for straight welds.
• the resulting hoses can be pushed onto the anchors after assembly of the anchors in the mountains, for example, before the fasteners are mounted. Subsequently, the hoses are mounted with one end on the mountain side armature or on the downhole collar and mounted with the other end on the film side of the next fastener. Optionally, the assembly is made by pushing / pulling one end over said collar and the other end over said fastener. This causes no problems if the hose and collar / fastener are sufficiently large. The game is immaterial, as long as the subsequent shrinking process still leads to a sufficient enclosure of the collar / fastener.
• the shrinking process is initiated by heating with appropriate condition of the shrinkage material. It is expedient to start with the heating of the shrink tube at one end and then slowly go to the other end of the tube. This prevents air from becoming trapped, which makes it difficult to completely encase the anchor / fastener.
• the shrinking process can be optionally supported by applying a negative pressure. As a result, the air enclosed by the shrink tube is sucked off.
• the negative pressure is, however, used so metered that no wrinkles formed in the tube.
• hoses are mounted together with the fastener or even together with the anchor.
• Hot melt adhesives which liquefy at the heat required for shrinking, and additionally a compound of the shrink film, are particularly favorable with the anchor / fastener or an additional seal between the
• Suitable adhesives are various co-polymers.
• the adhesives can be supplemented by a liability basis and additional corrosion protection supplements.
• Epoxy resins acrylates and polyurethanes.
• the acrylates Preferably, the acrylates and polyurethanes.
• film strips can be combined with pieces of pipe or bellows pieces or vice versa, without a weld between the parts is provided.
• the film strips may overlap the bellows pieces and vice versa.
• the pipe sections may overlap the bellows parts and vice versa.
• the anchors are provided with an epoxy resin (EP) layer.
• EP layer complements the adhesive and the shrink film very favorably to insulation, which has proven itself in the field of natural gas pipes for more than 30 years. Because of the details of the EP Schicht and its order is referred to the following publications:
• the wrapping parts, fasteners and shotcrete according to the invention can also be used independently of one another and of the film.
• a device for laying the films described above, with the holding and stripping of the films is facilitated.
• the films have for manufacturing reasons, transport reasons and other handling reasons only a certain width and are usually laid in the circumferential direction of the tunnel in such a way that a film section or web section in the tunnel longitudinal direction is adjacent to the other and overlapping the adjacent section at the edge. After laying, the films are welded together in the overlapping area.
• the films are peeled from a roll and positioned by hand and attached to the anchors.
• Carrying the film roll is preferably called that either on the platform for the fitters a roll holder is provided and / or that the role is carried with a separately movable roll holder.
• this device can also be used if other materials are laid before or after the laying of the film.
• These are textile webs.
• the textile webs have either a protective function or a drain function.
• the device can also be used if an insulation made of plastic foam is attached to the anchors or elsewhere in the expansion.
• the device can also be used to be attached to the anchors or elsewhere in the removal of fire protection boards.
• the known device has:
• a roll holder which is provided with a telescopic pivot arm
• a roll holder and work platform which is arranged raised and lowered
• wheels on the vehicle which are individually or separately or several pivotable and / or driven separately.
• d) is provided as a vertical guide for lifting and lowering a scissors linkage
• all drives both traction drives, linear actuators, part-turn actuators of the known device are hydraulic. This allows precise control.
• the invention attributes the lack of implementation of the known proposal to a lack of structural acceptance.
• telescopic tubes as a vertical guide and / or f) a hanging on the pivoting device for the role working platform and / or g) a horizontal displacement of the entire pivoting device and / or h) a vehicle frame which can be narrower or wider as needed and / or i) wherein the width change is represented by swing-out arms and / or j) wherein on each arm a stilt is provided and / or k) wherein the stilts are adjustable in height.
• the stilts can consist of telescoping tube profiles.
• the telescoping is synonymous with telescoping.
• box profiles When using box profiles, a rotationally secure position of the profiles is secured in each other by the shape of the profile.
• the displacement / telescopability of the stilts can be effected with different drives.
• hydraulic cylinders are suitable, which are arranged within the profiles.
• Other mechanical drives are also possible. These may include threaded spindles which are rotatably mounted in the one tube profile and are moved for example by a drive motor. On the threaded spindles a so-called lock runs, which is connected to the other pipe profile.
• a workpiece is referred to with a bore which forms the inside of the corresponding thread to the external thread of the threaded spindle. If the lock is arranged rotationally fixed, then the rotation of the threaded spindle causes a displacement of the lock on the threaded spindle or, conversely, a displacement of the threaded spindle in the lock.
• the stilts are arranged at the free ends of pivoting arms.
• the arms form the pivot bearing or are the
• Arms pivotally mounted on one or in a frame of the device.
• the width of the device can be reduced or widened.
• the pivoting device can optionally be displaced on the frame of the device or in the frame in the horizontal direction in order to bring the pivoting device closer to one or the other side of the tunnel.
• similar equipment can be used as for the stilts.
• the pivoting device also has telescopic pivot arms.
• similar devices can be used as for the stilts.
• the platform can be arranged on the roller axle / shaft pivoting and hanging, which carries the role of the film / web to be laid.
• the mountain outbreak 1 is used to make a tunnel.
• a shotcrete construction is provided in the mountain outbreak.
• the shotcrete construction consists roughly of a film layer 4 and a shotcrete layer 3.
• the film layer 4 is composed of individual webs, which are laid overlapping and are welded together at the overlapping edges. In this case, two adjacent welds are provided at a distance from each other. The cavity between the welds is pressurized with compressed air to check the tightness of the welds.
• an armature 5 is shown schematically.
• the armature 5 is connected to the protruding end of the mountains with a fastener 14. At the fastener 14, the film layer 4 is applied.
• fastener 1 At the film layer side, which is opposite to the fastener 14 is a fastener 1 5.
• the fasteners 14 and 15 clamp the film layer 4 between them.
• fasteners carry a spacer 13 for a
• the wire mesh 12 has two purposes. It serves the
• Wire mesh 12 a reinforcement for the shotcrete layer.
• the anchors After solidification of the shotcrete construction, the anchors form a solid composite of the expansion with the mountains.
• Fig. 3 shows further details of the expansion.
• the fastener 9 has in
• Embodiment a round and curved at the same time, such as a
• a threaded tube 8 is welded, opposite (inside) a threaded rod 10 is welded. Between the armature 5 and the fastener 9, an extension rod 7 is provided. The extension rod is necessary because the anchor sits in a mountain ridge and the distance to the fastener 9 must be bridged.
• the threaded tube 8 forms on the fastener 9 a nozzle, the threaded rod 10 a mandrel.
• the extension rod 7 is screwed into the neck of the Bestigers 9.
• the extension rod 7 is connected at the opposite end via a threaded sleeve 6 with the anchor 5.
• corresponding threads are provided on the anchor end and in the sleeve and on the extension rod.
• Figs. 4 and 5 show another embodiment of fasteners according to the invention.
• the outside fastener is called 20, the inside fastener 21.
• a nozzle 22 is welded.
• the nozzle 22 is not simply placed on the closed bottom of the fastener, but performed by a central opening in the bottom of the fastener 20 so that the nozzle 22 protrudes inside a piece.
• the extent of the projection is precisely matched to the nature of two seals 27 and 28, which enclose the film layer designated 26 in FIG. 4 between them. The measure determines the possible compression of the seals 27 and 28 during the clamping of the film layer 26.
• the seals 27 and 28 and the film layer 26 have openings sufficient to be pushed over a protruding as a mandrel threaded rod 23 and the protruding pipe 22.
• the nozzle 22 is provided at each j edem end with a blind hole. Both blind holes are separated by a material wall.
• the threaded rod 23 sits as a mandrel.
• outside blind hole sits in the installation situation of the anchor.
• the described material wall prevents leakage through the thread.
• the seals 27 and 28 are in the embodiment of polyethylene foam with a density of 30 kg per cubic meter, in other embodiments of 18 to 40 kg per cubic meter.
• the purpose of the seals is to compensate for unevenness in the surfaces of the fasteners and the film and imbalances between the fasteners.
• the thickness of the seals is 5mm, in other embodiments 3 to 10 mm.
• the thickness of the seal is reduced by bracing the two fasteners to at least 50%, preferably to at least 70% and even more preferably to at least 90%.
• the reduction refers to the foam volume.
• the volume of the unfoamed film of the same plastic and the same basis weight is disregarded. That is, the initial dimension relevant to the thickness reduction is reduced by the thickness of the unfoamed film.
• FIGS. 32 to 36 show a further exemplary embodiment of fasteners according to the invention.
• the outside fastener carries the designation 520, the inside fastener the designation 521.
• a nozzle 522 is welded.
• the nozzle 522 has as the nozzle of FIG. 3, two designated 528 and 529 blind holes.
• the thread in the socket and on the anchor is M 16.
• the nozzle 522 is not simply placed on the closed bottom of the fastener, but placed on a central opening in the bottom of the fastener 520 and welded there.
• the circumferential weld is designated 525.
• Both blind holes are with Provided internal thread.
• the anchor end 526th In the outwardly facing blind hole 528 sits the anchor end 526th
• the tensioning device consists of a threaded rod 524 and a clamping nut 523.
• the inside fastener 521 has like the outside fastener in the form of a shell.
• the fasteners / shells are spaced and shown without intervening foil and seal, in Fig. 35, one inside the other.
• the fastener 521 is curved inwardly, while the fastener 520 is curved outward.
• the fastener 521 is centered slightly weaker than the fastener 520. As a result, touch the two fasteners on the edge.
• the fastener 520 has an outer diameter of 300 mm
• the fastener 521 has an outer diameter of 222 mm. In other embodiments, other dimensions may be chosen.
• the fastener 520 is selected as a shell so that it completely absorbs the Bestiger 521 in the position shown in FIG. 35. In the embodiment, this results in a depth of the fastener 520 of 32 mm.
• the further embodiment according to FIGS. 37 and 38 differs from that according to FIGS. 32 to 36 in other fasteners. 537 and 538.
• the fastener 537 has an outer diameter of 160 mm relative to the fastener 520.
• the fastener 520 is less deep than the fastener 521.
• the anchor 526 is identical to the armature 535.
• the fastener 538 is identical to the fastener 537 and arranged in mirror image. This results in a different clamping of the film between the two fasteners than in the embodiments of FIGS. 32 to 36.
• the seals are self-adhesive on both sides.
• the adhesive surfaces are covered by silicone-coated paper before assembly.
• the paper is first peeled off the contact surface with the fastener 20. Thereafter, the seal 28 can be positioned and pressed on the fastener 20. Subsequently, the paper is withdrawn from the contact surface of the seal 28 with the film layer 26 and pressed the film layer against the seal. This results in a provisional stop of the film seal 26.
• the paper is withdrawn from the contact surface of the seal 27 with the film layer 26 and the seal 27 is positioned and pressed against the film layer 26.
• the fastener 21 has an opening that is slightly larger than the diameter of the threaded rod 23 but at the same time significantly less than the diameter of the nozzle 22.
• Fig. 5 illustrated situation. In the situation is still no pressure on the
• the seals exercised.
• the seals have the shapes and thicknesses designated 27 'and 28'.
• This pressure also causes a clamping of the film layer.
• Fig. 6 shows a further embodiment for the fasteners.
• the fasteners are designated 30 and 3 1.
• the two fasteners 30 and 3 1 enclose a film layer 32 between them.
• the outside fastener 3 1 is provided with a pot-like depression.
• the inside fastener 30 is like a lid in the pot-like fastener 3 1, so that between the curved edges a desired clamping takes place.
• inclined surfaces act like wedges against each other, so that with little force over appropriate ways a strong clamping, even a large-scale clamping can be achieved.
• the fastener 3 1 is also provided with a curved edge 33.
• Fig. 8 shows a possible honeycomb form 43 for the wire mesh shown in Fig. 2.
• Fig. 7 shows a spacer 40 for the positioning of the wire mesh.
• the spacer 40 is pressed with another nut against the nut 25.
• the spacer 40 has various arms to which the wire mesh 43 can be hooked.
• Fig. 9 shows a conventional outside fastener 40 with a central continuous thread and with an adapter 42.
• the adapter 42 has a mandrel 41 with an external thread. Opposite the mandrel 41, the adapter 42 has an outer diameter which corresponds to the diameter of the integrally formed neck 44 on the fastener 40.
• the adapter 42 is screwed with its mandrel 41 in the fastener 40, that the adapter 42 closes against the nozzle 44 and the two contact surfaces are stretched against each other. Both contact surfaces are processed so that leakage is excluded.
• the seal is additionally secured by a sealing ring 45.
• the adapter 42 has a threaded hole formed as a blind hole 43, with which a screw on the anchor is possible.
• Fig. 10 also shows a conventional outside fastener 50 with a central continuous thread.
• This fastener is combined with a mandrel 51 having a collar 52 and a part 53. With the part 53, the mandrel has been screwed from the inside through the fastener and screwed into a threaded sleeve 54 described above for extension operations.
• the collar 52 is closing against the fastener 50 and the threaded sleeve 54 is closing against the stub 57 of the fastener.
• the contact surfaces are processed in the same manner as in FIG. 9. Further, a seal 56 is provided between the collar 52 and the fastener 50.
• FIG. 1 1 differs from the embodiment of FIG. 4, characterized in that instead of the nozzle 22, a nozzle 61 is provided with a continuous threaded hole.
• the nozzle 61 is seated like the nozzle 22 on the designated anchor end 71.
• the threaded rod 60 is like the threaded rod 23 in the socket 61st
• a plug 62 made of plastic, nylon in the embodiment, in other embodiments of polyamide.
• the plug 62 undergoes a compression between the armature end 63 and the threaded rod 60, so that the plastic deforms sealingly into the threads.
• Fig. 12 shows a further embodiment with a nozzle 70 with an anchor end 71 and a threaded rod 72.
• a plug 62 a plurality of plugs 73 and 74 are provided.
• the plug 73 has a basic length or standard length
• the plug 74 has a significantly smaller special length or adjustment length.
• the plugs 74 serve to adapt to greater distances of the anchor end 71 from the center of the tunnel. However, the greater distance is not so great that an extension rod is economical, as shown in Fig. 3.
• Fig. 13 shows an embodiment with a nozzle 80, which differs from the nozzle 61 in that inside a groove 82 has been incorporated.
• the groove 82 has a depth which is greater than the thread depth of the thread. As a result, the surface is smooth in the groove bottom and can cause the threads no leakage.
• annular grooves are incorporated in the groove bottom. Upon compression of the plug, the plug deforms into the groove 82 and into the grooves 83.
• the groove 82 and the grooves are easy to turn.
• Fig. 14 and 15 show a shotcrete construction for a tunnel in stable mountains.
• the mountains are designated 101.
• threaded rods 102 have been introduced as an anchor.
• 101 holes have been drilled into the mountains and the anchors have been glued in the mountains.
• the anchors are placed at a distance of 1, 2m so that at the circumference of the mountain outbreak creates a variety of uniform attachment points and all points are on the vertices of the same squares with an edge length of 1, 2m.
• the film 1 10 has a thickness of 2 mm and is sprinkled with strands of material, the strands of material 1 1 1 have a thread-like structure with a thickness or diameter of 0, 1 to 0.3 mm and a length of 5 to 50 mm.
• the material strands 1 12 have a thickness of 1 to 2 mm and a length of 10 to 30 mm.
• the different material strands are applied in the exemplary embodiment in separate application operations in order to heat the material strands with a larger diameter differently than the material strands with a smaller diameter.
• the strands of material are applied in a common application process.
• Material strands 1 12 elevations up to a height of 3mm.
• the film surface is uncovered.
• the material spread has a basis weight of 250 grams per
• the different strands of material are sprinkled in the embodiment after heating at the surface of the previously superficially heated film 1 0.
• the superficial heating of the strands of material has taken place up to the molten liquid.
• the heating is carried out by radiation by the material strands are removed by means of a rotary valve from a reservoir and fall through a heating channel down to the slow slow down past slide.
• the heating channel has in the exemplary embodiment a plurality of electrically operated heating wires and a temperature control. As a result, the temperature of the heating channel can be increased until the falling material strands have the correct surface temperature.
• a fast-binding cement milk is sprayed thinly onto the film.
• the dried cement slurry forms an advantageous primer for a subsequent application of shotcrete.
• the shotcrete is applied layer by layer, starting at the tunnel sole.
• the resulting shotcrete layer is designated 106.
• the tunnel runs horizontally, so that the shotcrete is laid in horizontal layers, which are superimposed from bottom to top of the film.
• the layers have a width which corresponds to the desired shotcrete layer thickness.
• a smaller width of the layers is provided, so that first a first shotcrete layer is applied to the film, which completely covers the film side. Thereafter, another shotcrete layer is applied, which completely covers the previously discussed shotcrete layer. This is repeated until the desired thickness of the shotcrete layer is reached.
• the anchors After creating the shotcrete layer, the anchors still protrude from the concrete layer. At the projecting ends cladding panels should be attached, especially panels for fire protection.
• the plates are secured in the exemplary embodiment with the anchors 102 and nuts and washers on the shotcrete. So that the thread of the anchor 102 is not unusable by the shotcrete, the thread has been protected by caps when applying the shotcrete.
• Fig. 16 and 17 show a shotcrete for a further tunnel in stable mountains 1 15.
• the shotcrete removal include a film 1 1 7 as in the expansion of Fig 14, 1 5 and 18 and a shotcrete layer
• the anchors are made very short and mounted on the protruding anchor ends so-called rondels.
• the rondels are plastic discs, with the film 1 17 is welded in the embodiment.
• Embodiments takes place a bonding.
• Fig. 19 and 20 shows a shotcrete construction for a tunnel in stable mountains.
• the mountains are designated 201.
• threaded rods 202 have been introduced as anchor.
• 1 hole has been drilled in the mountains and the anchors have been glued in the mountains.
• the anchors are placed at a distance of 1, 2m so that at the circumference of the mountain outbreak creates a variety of uniform attachment points and all points are on the vertices of the same squares with an edge length of 1, 2m.
• a suitable film for shotcrete construction is shown.
• the presentation gives the film shortened again.
• the film has a length which is adapted to the tunnel circumference above the tunnel sole.
• the film 220 has a thickness of 202 mm and is provided with a cladding mat 230 of 20 mm thickness.
• the film 220 has an oversize laterally to allow overlap with other films and at the overlap edge welding possible.
• a fast-binding cement milk is thinly sprayed onto the film.
• the dried cemented milk forms an advantageous primer for a subsequent application of shotcrete.
• the shotcrete is applied in layers, starting at the tunnel sole.
• the resulting shotcrete layer is designated 206.
• the tunnel runs horizontally, so that the shotcrete is laid in horizontal layers, which are superimposed from bottom to top of the film.
• the layers have a width which corresponds to the desired shotcrete layer thickness.
• a smaller width of the layers is provided so that first a first shotcrete layer is applied to the film, which completely covers the film side. Thereafter, another shotcrete layer is applied, which completely covers the previously discussed shotcrete layer. This is repeated until the desired thickness of the shotcrete layer is reached.
• the anchors After creating the shotcrete layer, the anchors still protrude from the concrete layer. At the projecting ends cladding panels are to be attached, in particular panels for Barndschutz.
• the plates are secured in the embodiment with the anchors 2 and nuts and washers on the shotcrete. So that the thread of the anchor 2 is not unusable by the shotcrete, the thread has been protected by caps when applying the shotcrete.
• the shotcrete construction includes a film 217 as in the expansion of FIG 19, 20 and 23 and a shotcrete layer
• the anchors are made very short and mounted on the protruding anchor ends so-called rondels.
• the rondels are plastic discs, with which the film 21 7 is welded in the embodiment.
• Embodiments takes place a bonding.
• FIGS. 14 and 15 show a shotcrete construction for a tunnel in the stable rock.
• the mountains are designated 101.
• anchors have been introduced. 101 holes have been drilled into the mountains and the anchors have been glued in the mountains. The bore is first acted upon in a manner not shown with hot air. This dries the well and warms the surrounding soil.
• tubular containers 330 are used as cartridges for attachment.
• the containers 330 are made of a thin tubular film which has been sealed after filling in a mixture 331 of epoxy adhesive / mortar at the ends.
• the container 330 Prior to positioning the anchors in a bore, the container 330 is inserted.
• the container is dimensioned in the exemplary embodiment so that after insertion of the anchor, the gap to the mountains is completely filled. If a container 330 is insufficient, additional containers may be used. The additional containers may also have smaller contents.
• the armature 337 is provided in the embodiment of FIG. 4 with caterpillar-shaped or rib-shaped elevations 338 which extend obliquely to the longitudinal axis of the armature 337.
• other anchors are provided, e.g. Multi-bar anchors, pipe anchors, strand anchors
• the containers 330 are destroyed.
• the armature penetrates into the mixture 33 1 and causes a distribution of the mixture around the armature, so that the gap 342 is filled to the mountains 335 out.
• the anchor 337 Upon insertion, the anchor 337 is centered in the bore with a plastic collar 340.
• the collar 340 has some distance from the mountain outbreak and protrudes with a tubular collar in the bore. This collar penetrates into the mixture, so that an integration in the mixture arises.
• the distance of the collar 340 from the mountain outbreak may be larger or smaller as needed. There is a need if the bore does not have the exact predetermined length and / or if the anchor does not penetrate the predetermined amount into the bore. Then the gap is filled more or less and it may be necessary to push the collar deeper into the hole until the desired integration into the mixture is formed.
• a flexible centering ring 341 is still provided on the federal government. Task of the centering ring 341 is the centering of the armature 337 in the position shown, so that the armature 337 does not change its position when it is released.
• the centering is advantageous because, together with the assembly, a curing of the mixture 331 takes place in the intermediate space 342.
• the mixture 33 1 consists in the embodiment of EP.
• the EP is cured by heating.
• an unillustrated induction ring is placed on the threaded and protruding from the bore anchor end 336 and energized. This leads to a heating of the armature 337, which can be precisely controlled by changing the current in the induction ring.
• a temperature between 80 and 100 degrees Celsius is maintained.
• At the temperature of the mixture can also cure for a long time, without affecting the further expansion is disturbed.
• the curing is also beneficial to the warming of the surrounding mountains.
• the anchors are placed at a distance of 1, 2m so that at the periphery of the mountain outbreak creates a variety of uniform attachment points and all points are on the vertices of the same squares with an edge length of 1, 2m.
• the anchors serve in the embodiment of a shotcrete construction. Before proceeding with this, the curing of the mixture 33 1 must be completed and the induction rings must be removed again.
• a bellows 350 made of polyethylene (PE) is pushed onto the armature as shown in FIG.
• One end of the bellows 350 includes the collar 340.
• the disc 305 is positioned on the anchor end 336 and the bellows 350 are pulled over the disc 303.
• a waterproofing membrane / foil is laid. The laying is done in such a way that the film is placed on the protruding anchor. The anchors penetrate the film. The resulting holes are closed by means of further sealing discs 305.
• the sealing discs 303 and 305 clamp the film between them and moreover close tightly with the anchors.
• a suitable film for the shotcrete construction is shown. After mounting the film in the tunnel, in the exemplary embodiment, first a fast-binding cement milk is sprayed thinly onto the film. The dried cement slurry forms an advantageous primer for a subsequent application of shotcrete. The shotcrete is applied in layers, starting at the tunnel sole. The resulting shotcrete layer is denoted by.
• the tunnel runs horizontally, so that the shotcrete is laid in horizontal layers, which are superimposed from bottom to top of the film.
• the layers have a width which corresponds to the desired shotcrete layer thickness.
• a smaller width of the layers is provided, so that first a first shotcrete layer is applied to the film, which completely covers the film side. Thereafter, another shotcrete layer is applied, which previously explained Shotcrete layer completely covered. This is repeated until the desired thickness of the shotcrete layer is reached.
• the anchors After creating the shotcrete layer, the anchors still protrude from the concrete layer. At the projecting ends cladding panels should be attached, especially panels for fire protection.
• the plates are secured in the exemplary embodiment with the anchors and nuts and washers on the shotcrete. So that the thread of the anchor is not unusable by the shotcrete, the thread has been protected by caps when applying the shotcrete.
• Fig. 27 shows another enclosure for the armature and the other steel parts on the mountain side of the film as shown in FIG. 26.
• the enclosure consists of a pipe section 351 made of PE with welded bellows 352 made of PE.
• the pipe section 35 1 is pushed when setting the anchor with the anchor in the hole after there a sufficient amount of adhesive cartridges / mortar cartridges have been positioned inserted. With this amount of cartridges, the space between the armature and the borehole wall is completely filled and the mortar / adhesive comprises the end of the tubular piece 351 projecting into the borehole.
• the pipe section protrudes 70 mm into the borehole.
• a shrinkage material for the parts 350 and / or 35 1 and / or 352 is provided.
• the shrinkage of the material begins and closes the tube piece or the bellows around the anchor.
• Figs. 28 to 3 1 show a device for laying the film.
• the device has four pedestals 402 which are provided with rollers for the procedure below.
• the stilts 402 consist of one another Tubes with an internal drive and are telescopic. As a result, the height of the device can be changed.
• the stilts 402 are attached to pivot arms 403, which are pivotally mounted in a frame 401 of the device.
• pivot arms 403 By pivoting, the width of the device can be reduced or increased as needed. The change in width may be required to adapt the device to the particular tunnel dimensions or to pass the device past obstacles in the tunnel.
• the frame carries a pivoting device, consisting of two
• pivot arms 405 carry an axis for a film roll
• a working platform hangs pivotally on the axle.
• the entire pivoting device is horizontally displaceable on the frame 401 of the device.
• a guide 404 is provided with internal sliding drive.
• FIG. 28 shows the device with vertically upwardly pivoting arms 405 in a position centered on the frame 401. This position is suitable for work in the ridge area of the tunnel.
• Fig. 29 shows the device after lateral displacement of the pivoting device and fully extended pivoting arms 405 in a position in which the working platform is located close to the tunnel sole.
• Fig. 3 1 shows the device after lateral displacement of the pivoting device to the other side and partially extended pivoting arms.
• the platform is in a required height for work on the tunnel wall.
• Fig. 30 shows the device of another position.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Structural Engineering (AREA)
• Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
• Architecture (AREA)
• Geology (AREA)
• General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Civil Engineering (AREA)
• Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)
• Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
• Connection Of Plates (AREA)
• Revetment (AREA)
• Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
• Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
• Sealing Material Composition (AREA)
• Tents Or Canopies (AREA)
• Door And Window Frames Mounted To Openings (AREA)
• Vehicle Interior And Exterior Ornaments, Soundproofing, And Insulation (AREA)

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• 2006
  • 2006-06-30 DE DE502006006948T patent/DE502006006948D1/de active Active
  • 2006-06-30 ES ES11008814.3T patent/ES2523276T3/es active Active
  • 2006-06-30 EP EP06776099A patent/EP1902197A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
  • 2006-06-30 AT AT08002696T patent/ATE467747T1/de active
  • 2006-06-30 EP EP08002696A patent/EP1950375B1/fr active Active
  • 2006-06-30 ES ES08002696T patent/ES2341592T3/es active Active
  • 2006-06-30 EP EP11008814.3A patent/EP2420648B1/fr not_active Not-in-force
  • 2006-06-30 ES ES14002660.0T patent/ES2659022T3/es active Active
  • 2006-06-30 EP EP14002660.0A patent/EP2837768B1/fr not_active Not-in-force
  • 2006-06-30 DK DK08002696.6T patent/DK1950375T3/da active
  • 2006-06-30 WO PCT/EP2006/006358 patent/WO2007006428A2/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
• 2007
  • 2007-12-27 NO NO20076650A patent/NO341102B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
• 2016
  • 2016-05-04 NO NO20160753A patent/NO20160753A1/no not_active Application Discontinuation

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