EP1870174A1 - Automatisches steuerverfahren für walzen-korrekturmaschine für rohre - Google Patents

Automatisches steuerverfahren für walzen-korrekturmaschine für rohre Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1870174A1
EP1870174A1 EP06730626A EP06730626A EP1870174A1 EP 1870174 A1 EP1870174 A1 EP 1870174A1 EP 06730626 A EP06730626 A EP 06730626A EP 06730626 A EP06730626 A EP 06730626A EP 1870174 A1 EP1870174 A1 EP 1870174A1
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Prior art keywords
pipe
amount
roll
straightener
measured
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EP06730626A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1870174A4 (de
EP1870174B1 (de
Inventor
Masatomo c/o SUMITOMO METAL INDUSTRIES LTD KISHI
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Nippon Steel Corp
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Sumitomo Metal Industries Ltd
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D3/00—Straightening or restoring form of metal rods, metal tubes, metal profiles, or specific articles made therefrom, whether or not in combination with sheet metal parts
    • B21D3/02—Straightening or restoring form of metal rods, metal tubes, metal profiles, or specific articles made therefrom, whether or not in combination with sheet metal parts by rollers
    • B21D3/04—Straightening or restoring form of metal rods, metal tubes, metal profiles, or specific articles made therefrom, whether or not in combination with sheet metal parts by rollers arranged on axes skew to the path of the work

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an automatic control method of a roll-type pipe straightener for straightening pipes such as steel pipes.
  • it relates to an automatic control method for a roll-type pipe straightener which can obtain a stable straightening effect.
  • Pipes manufactured by various pipe manufacturing methods are finished by various types of treatment to obtain a prescribed quality.
  • Straightening is one such finishing process. It has the object of removing bends from a manufactured pipe to straighten the pipe as well as changing the external shape of the pipe from an elliptical shape to a perfectly circular shape.
  • a roll-type pipe straightener which is used for straightening has at least three stands each equipped with a pair of opposing grooved rolls R,R.
  • a roll-type pipe straightener offsets the pair of grooved rolls R,R in the #2 stand by a predetermined (amount of) offset with respect to the pairs of grooved rolls R,R in the #1 and #3 stands (the distance between the center of the grooves of the pair of grooved rolls R,R of the #2 stand and the center of the grooves of the pairs of grooved rolls R,R of the #1 and #3 stands), and the pipe P is crushed by the pairs of grooved rolls R,R in the #1 - #3 stands by a predetermined crushing amount (the difference between the target outer diameter D of the pipe P on the entrance side of the #1 - #3 stands and the spacing H between the groove bottom portions of the opposing pairs of grooved rolls R,R), thereby achieving straightening.
  • the grooved roll R in the #4 stand functions as a guide roll.
  • Patent Document 1 discloses an invention in which the load which develops on the grooved rolls in each stand is measured, and the offset and the crushing amount are set so that this load becomes a previously determined suitable value.
  • Patent Document 2 discloses an invention which predicts the amount of wear of grooved rolls and sets the offset, the crushing amount, and other factors in accordance with the predicted amount of wear.
  • Patent Document 3 discloses an invention in which the offset and the crushing amount are set based on a theoretical formula for the behavior in deformation of a pipe in a straightening process.
  • Patent Document 1 JP 2001-179340 A1
  • Patent Document 2 JP H02-207921 A1
  • Patent Document 3 JP H04-72619 B2
  • Patent Documents 1 - 3 merely set the offset and the crushing amount based on a prediction that a good pipe straightening effect will be obtained, and they do not reflect the actual amount of bending or the ellipticity of a pipe on the exit side of a straightener. Therefore, the straightening effect with these inventions is not stable, and it is difficult to keep the amount of bending and the ellipticity within a target range.
  • the present invention is an automatic control method for a roll-type pipe straightener which has at least 3 stands each provided with a pair of opposing grooved rolls and arranged such that the pair of grooved rolls in at least one stand are offset with respect to the pairs of grooved rolls in the other stands and which perform straightening by crushing a pipe with the pairs of grooved rolls in each of the stands.
  • the method comprises the below-described step 1 (first step) through step 4 (fourth step).
  • “automatic control” means control which is automatically carried out using a controller. Namely, the present invention automatically controls the following first through fourth steps using a controller.
  • the amount of bending of a pipe is measured at least on the exit side of the roll-type pipe straightener. Namely, the amount of bending r1 of the pipe P which was just straightened is measured.
  • the target value of the amount of bending of the pipe (an arbitrary value within the target range) is r'
  • an automatic control method for a roll-type pipe straightener measures the amount of bending of a pipe on the exit side of a straightener and changes the offset when straightening the next pipe so that the measured value will be within a target range for the amount of bending. Namely, it performs feedback of the measured amount of bending of a pipe on the exit side of a straightener and changes the offset. Therefore, bending of the pipe can be stably straightened.
  • the amount of bending of a pipe is defined by the amount of deviation of the center of the pipe cross section divided by the length of the pipe in the portion measured (mm/m).
  • the amount of bending of a pipe can be measured by, for example, disposing an outer diameter gauge for measuring the outer diameter of a pipe in a plurality of radial directions on the exit side of a roll-type pipe straightener, calculating the position of the center of the pipe cross section based on the location of measurement of the outer diameter in each of the radial directions by the outer diameter gauge, and calculating the amount of variation of the center in the lengthwise direction of the pipe.
  • the amount of bending of a pipe on the exit side of a roll-type pipe straightener and therefore the necessary amount of variation of the offset varies in accordance with the amount of bending of the pipe on the entrance side of the roll-type pipe straightener. Namely, when the amount of bending on the entrance side of the roll-type pipe straightener is larger than for the previous pipe which was straightened, the offset is made larger than for the previous time. Conversely when the amount of bending on the entrance side is smaller than for the previous pipe to be straightened, the offset is made smaller than for the previous time. Therefore, in order to obtain a more stable straightening effect, preferably the amount of pipe bending on the entrance side of a roll-type pipe straightener is also measured, and this amount of bending is fed forward and used to change the offset.
  • the amount of bending ro1 on the exit side of the roll-type pipe straightener of the pipe P which was just straightened is measured, and the amount of bending ri2 on the entrance side of the roll-type pipe straightener of the next pipe to be straightened P' is measured.
  • the amount of bending of a pipe on the exit side of a roll-type pipe straightener and therefore the necessary amount of change of the offset also varies in accordance with the temperature of the pipe on the entrance side of the roll-type pipe straightener. Namely, when the temperature of a pipe on the entrance side of a roll-type pipe straightener is higher than the temperature of the previous pipe to be straightened, deformation becomes easier so the offset is made smaller than the previous time. Conversely, when the temperature of a pipe on the entrance side is lower than the temperature of the previous pipe to be straightened, the offset is made larger than the previous time. Therefore, in order to obtain a more stable straightening effect, preferably, the temperature of a pipe on the entrance side of a roll-type pipe straightener is measured, and the measured temperature is fed forward and used to change the offset.
  • the amount of bending r1 of the pipe P which was just straightened is measured on the exit side of the roll-type pipe straightener, and the temperature T2 of the next pipe to be straightened P' is measured on the entrance side of the roll-type pipe straightener.
  • the present invention also provides an automatic control method for a roll-type pipe straightener which has at least 3 stands each provided with a pair of opposing grooved rolls and which perform straightening by offsetting the pair of grooved rolls in at least one stand with respect to the pairs of grooved rolls in the other stands and crushing a pipe with the pairs of grooved rolls in each of the stands, the method comprising the below-described first through fourth steps.
  • the ellipticity of the pipe on the exit side of the roll-type pipe straightener is measured. Namely, the ellipticity ⁇ 1 of the pipe P which was just straightened is measured.
  • the necessary change in the crushing amount in order to put the ellipticity of the pipe on the exit side of the roll-type pipe straightener into the target range is calculated.
  • the target value of the ellipticity of the pipe an arbitrary value within the target range
  • an automatic control method for a roll-type pipe straightener measures the ellipticity of a pipe on the exit side of the straightener and changes the crushing amount when straightening the next pipe so that the measured value of ellipticity will be within a target range for the ellipticity.
  • the actually measured ellipticity of a pipe on the exit side of the straightener is used as feedback to change the crushing amount, thereby making it possible to stably correct the ellipticity of a pipe.
  • the "ellipticity of a pipe” is defined as the maximum diameter minus the minimum diameter (mm) or as (maximum diameter - minimum diameter)/average diameter x 100 (%) in a pipe cross section.
  • the ellipticity of a pipe can be measured by, for example, installing an outer diameter gauge for measuring the outer diameter of the pipe in a plurality of radial directions on the exit side of a roll-type pipe straightener, calculating the maximum diameter and the minimum diameter based on the outer diameter measured by the outer diameter gauge in each radial direction, and calculating the average diameter in the case of the latter definition of the ellipticity.
  • the ellipticity of a pipe on the exit side of a roll-type pipe straightener and therefore the necessary amount of change of the crushing amount varies in accordance with the ellipticity of the pipe on the entrance side of the roll-type pipe straightener. Namely, when the ellipticity on the entrance side of the roll-type pipe straightener is larger than for the previous pipe to be straightened, the crushing amount is made larger than for the previous time. Conversely, when the ellipticity on the entrance side is smaller than for the previous pipe to be straightened, the crushing amount is made smaller than for the previous time. Therefore, in order to obtain a more stable straightening effect, the ellipticity of a pipe is preferably measured also on the entrance side of the roll-type pipe straightener, and the measured ellipticity is fed forward and used to change the crushing amount.
  • the ellipticity ⁇ o1 of the pipe P which was just straightened is measured on the exit side of the roll-type pipe straightener, and the ellipticity ⁇ i2 on the entrance side of the roll-type pipe straightener of the next pipe to be straightened P' is measured.
  • the ellipticity of a pipe on the exit side of a roll-type pipe straightener and therefore the necessary amount of change of the crushing amount also varies in accordance with the temperature of the pipe on the entrance side of the roll-type pipe straightener. Namely, when the temperature on the entrance side of the roll-type pipe straightener is higher than for the previous pipe to be straightened, deformation takes place more easily, so the crushing amount is made smaller than for the previous time. Conversely, when the temperature on the entrance side is lower than for the previous pipe to be straightened, the crushing amount is made larger than for the previous time. Therefore, in order to more stably obtain a straightening effect, preferably the temperature of a pipe on the entrance side of the roll-type pipe straightener is measured, and the measured temperature is fed forward and used to change the crushing amount.
  • the ellipticity ⁇ 1 on the exit side of the roll-type pipe straightener of the pipe P which was just straightened is measured, and the temperature T2 on the entrance side of the roll-type pipe straightener of the next pipe to be straightened P' is measured.
  • an automatic control method for a roll-type pipe straightener which can obtain a stable straightening effect can be provided.
  • Figure 2 is a figure schematically showing the structure of an apparatus for applying an automatic control method for a roll-type pipe straightener according to the present invention.
  • this embodiment of an automatic control method is applied to a roll-type pipe straightener 1 (referred to below, for convenience, as a "straightener” for short) which has at least 3 stands (in the illustrated example, a total of 3 stands comprising # 1 - #3 stands) each equipped with a pair of opposing grooved rolls R, R in which the pair of grooved rolls R, R in at least one of the stands (the #2 stand in the illustrated example) are offset with respect to the pairs of grooved rolls R, R in the other stands (the #1 - #3 stands in the illustrated example).
  • the straightener straightens a pipe P by crushing it with the pairs of grooved rolls in each of the #1 - #3 stands.
  • An outer diameter gauge 2 for measuring the outer diameter of the pipe P after straightening in a plurality of radial directions is provided on the exit side of the straightener 1.
  • FIG 3 is a schematic view schematically showing the structure of the outer diameter gauge 2 according to this embodiment.
  • the outer diameter gauge 2 according to this embodiment comprises a light projecting portion 21 which is constituted by a laser light source and a scanning optical system so as to project a laser beam at the pipe P while scanning (in parallel to the direction shown by the hollow arrow in the figure) and a light receiving portion 22 which is disposed opposite the light projecting portion 21 on the opposite side of the pipe P and which is constituted by a condensing optical system and a photoelectric element so as to receive the laser beam.
  • the outer diameter of the pipe P is calculated by converting the time for which the laser beam is blocked by the pipe P into dimensions.
  • the outer diameter gauge 2 is constructed so as to have only one pair of a light projecting portion 21 and a light receiving portion 22, but in actuality, the gauge has a plurality of pairs of a light projecting portion 21 and a light receiving portion 22 having different light axes for the light projecting portion 21 and the light receiving portion 22 (the direction in which the laser beam is projected and received) for each pair in order to make it possible to measure the outer diameter of the pipe P in a plurality of radial directions.
  • the outer diameter gauge 2 calculates the midpoint between the positions where the outer diameter was measured by each pair of the light projecting portion 21 and the light receiving portion 22 (the positions corresponding to both ends of a pipe in the cross section of the pipe P where the outer diameter was measured, which are the locations of points a1 and a2 in Figure 3) and calculates the location of the center of the cross section of the pipe P by geometric calculation.
  • an outer diameter gauge 3 having the same structure as outer diameter gauge 2 is provided.
  • a radiation thermometer 4 is provided for measuring the temperature of the pipe P on the entrance side of the straightener 1.
  • Output signals from the outer diameter gauges 2 and 3 (the measured value of the outer diameter of the pipe P and the measured value of the location of the center of the cross section) and the temperature measured by the radiation thermometer 4 are input to an arithmetic and control unit 5, which calculates the set value of the offset and the set value of the crushing amount when straightening the next pipe P.
  • the arithmetic and control unit 5 controls the positions of the pairs of grooved rolls R, R of the straightener 1 so that the set value of the offset and the set value of the crushing amount which were calculated are obtained.
  • a nonlinear model such as a neural network using a large number of combinations of input and output data with the amount of bending r on the exit side of the straightener 1 and each of the above-described parameters as input data and the offset ⁇ o as output data
  • a nonlinear model is identified which, in response to input of the amount of bending r on the exit side of the straightener 1 and each of the above-described parameters, outputs the corresponding offset ⁇ o.
  • Figure 4 is a graph showing an example of a relationship which is calculated by and stored in the arithmetic and control unit 5 between the offset ⁇ o (mm) of the pair of grooved rolls R, R in the #2 stand and the amount of bending r (mm) on the exit side of the straightener 1.
  • the arithmetic and control unit 5 measures the amount of bending r1 on the exit side of the straightener 1 of the pipe P which was just straightened.
  • the target value of the amount of bending of the pipe is r' (for example, in the example shown in Figure 4, an amount of bending r' of 0.6 mm/m is made a target value)
  • Figure 5 is a graph showing an example of the effects of an automatic control method of this embodiment.
  • Figure 5(a) shows the variation in the amount of bending of a pipe on the exit side of a straightener 1
  • Figure 5(b) shows the variation in the set value of the offset in the #2 stand.
  • an automatic control method according to the present embodiment is applied to the fifth and subsequent straightened pipes.
  • the target value of the amount of bending is made 0.5 mm/m, and the above-described slack coefficient is set to 0.5.
  • the ellipticity ⁇ in this embodiment is a value calculated by averaging the value (maximum diameter - minimum diameter)/average diameter x 100 (%) in a pipe cross section in different lengthwise positions at the portion of the pipe P (a location 50% along the overall length) which is calculated based on the outer diameter of the pipe P in a plurality of radial directions input from the outer diameter gauge 2.
  • a nonlinear model such as a neural network using a large number of combinations of input and output data with the ellipticity ⁇ on the exit side of the straightener 1 and each of the above-described parameters as input data and the crushing amount ⁇ c as output data
  • a nonlinear model is identified which, in response to input of the ellipticity ⁇ on the exit side of the straightener 1 and each of the above-described parameters, outputs the corresponding crushing amount ⁇ c.
  • Figure 6 is a graph showing an example of a relationship between the crushing amount ⁇ c (mm) of the pair of grooved rolls R, R in the #2 stand and the ellipticity ⁇ (%) on the exit side of the straightener 1 which is calculated by and stored in the arithmetic and control unit 5.
  • the arithmetic and control unit 5 measures the ellipticity ⁇ 1 of the pipe P which was just straightened on the exit side of the straightener 1.
  • a target range such as when the ellipticity is greater than 0.4% in the example shown in Figure 6
  • the target value of the ellipticity of the pipe is ⁇ ' (for example, 0.4% is made a target value for the ellipticity in the example shown in Figure 6)
  • Figure 7 is a graph showing an example of the effects of an automatic control method of this embodiment.
  • Figure 7(a) shows the variation in the ellipticity of a pipe on the exit side of a straightener 1
  • Figure 7(b) shows the variation in the set value of the crushing amount in the #2 stand.
  • an automatic control method according to this embodiment is applied to the fifth and subsequent straightened pipes.
  • the target value of the ellipticity is set to 0.4%
  • the above-mentioned slack coefficient is set to 0.5.
  • the ellipticity gradually was improved for the fifth and subsequent straightened pipes, and the target value of 0.4% was reached for the eighth straightened pipe. Therefore, the crushing amount was fixed from that point.
  • the output signal of the outer diameter gauge 3 (the measured value of the outer diameter of the pipe P and the measured value of the location of the center of the cross section of the pipe on the entrance side of the straightener 1) is input to the arithmetic and control unit 5 in the manner described above. Accordingly, the arithmetic and control unit 5 can calculate the set value of the offset and the set value of the crushing amount when straightening the next pipe P using the output signal from the outer diameter gauge 3.
  • the arithmetic operation for calculating the set value of the offset when straightening the next pipe P using the output signal from the outer diameter gauge 3 will be explained.
  • the arithmetic and control unit 5 previously calculates the relationship among the set value of the offset of the pair of grooved rolls R, R in the #2 stand and the amount of bending of the pipe P measured on the entrance side and the exit side of the straightener 1.
  • the arithmetic and control unit 5 measures the amount of bending ro 1 of the pipe P which was just straightened on the exit side of the straightener 1, and it also measures the amount of bending ri2 on the entrance side of the straightener of the next pipe to be straightened P'.
  • the target value of the amount of bending of the pipe is ro'
  • Figure 8 is a graph showing an example of the effects of this automatic control method.
  • Figure 8(a) shows the variation in the amount of bending of a pipe on the exit side of the straightener 1
  • Figure 8(b) shows the variation in the set value of the offset in the #2 stand.
  • a preferred control method according to this embodiment is applied to the fifth and subsequent straightened pipes.
  • the target value of the amount of bending is set to 0.5 mm/m
  • the above-described slack coefficient is set to 0.5.
  • the amount of bending rapidly was improved for the fifth and subsequent straightened pipes, and the target value of 0.5 mm/m was reached on the sixth straightened pipe. Therefore, the set value of the offset was fixed from that point. Namely, the amount of bending can be more rapidly improved than in the example shown in Figure 5.
  • the arithmetic and control unit 5 previously calculates the relationship among the set value of the crushing amount of the pair of grooved rolls R, R in each of the #1 - #3 stands and the ellipticity of the pipe P measured on the entrance side and the exit side of the straightener 1.
  • the relationship between the crushing amount ⁇ o and the ellipticity ⁇ o on the exit side of the straightener 1 actually depends on the skew angle of the pair of grooved rolls R, R in each of the #1 - #3 stands, the number of pipes P which were straightened, and the outer diameter and wall thickness of the pipes P, and the like. Therefore, a plurality of functions gl ... gn corresponding to the values of each of these parameters is calculated and stored in the same manner as described above.
  • the arithmetic and control unit 5 measures the ellipticity ⁇ o1 on the exit side of the straightener 1 of the pipe P which was just straightened and the ellipticity ⁇ i2 of the next pipe to be straightened P' on the entrance side of the straightener.
  • the target value of the ellipticity is ⁇ o'
  • Figure 9 is a graph showing an example of the effects of this automatic control method.
  • Figure 9(a) shows the variation in the ellipticity of pipes on the exit side of the straightener 1
  • Figure 9(b) shows the variation in the set value of the crushing amount in the #2 stand.
  • a preferred automatic control method according to this embodiment is applied to the fifth and subsequent straightened pipes.
  • the target value of the ellipticity is set to 0.4%
  • the above-mentioned slack coefficient is set to 0.5.
  • the set value of the crushing amount was fixed from that point. Namely, the ellipticity can be improved more rapidly than with the example shown in Figure 7.
  • the temperature measured by the radiation thermometer 4 is input to the arithmetic and control unit 5 as described above. Accordingly, the arithmetic and control unit 5 can calculate the set value of the offset and the set value of the crushing amount when straightening the next pipe P using the temperature measured by the radiation thermometer 4.
  • the arithmetic operation for calculating the set value of the offset when straightening the next pipe using the temperature measured by the radiation thermometer 4 merely uses the temperature T of the pipe P measured on the entrance side of the straightener 1 in place of the amount of bending ri measured on the entrance side of the above-described straightener 1 and is otherwise the same. Therefore, a detailed description of the arithmetic operation will be omitted, and only an example of the effects will be described.
  • Figure 10 is a graph showing an example of the effects of this control method.
  • Figure 10(a) shows the variation in the amount of bending of pipes on the exit side of a straightener 1
  • Figure 10(b) shows the variation in the set value of the offset in the #2 stand.
  • the target value of the amount of bending is 0.5 mm/m
  • the above-mentioned slack coefficient is set to 0.5.
  • the amount of bending for the fifth and subsequent straightened pipes was rapidly improved and reached the target value of 0.5 mm/m for the seventh straightened pipe. Therefore, the set value of the offset was fixed from that point. Namely, it is possible to more rapidly improve the amount of bending than in the example shown in Figure 5.
  • the arithmetic operations for calculating the set value of the crushing amount when straightening the next pipe P also using the temperature measured by the radiation thermometer 4 are otherwise the same except that the temperature T of the pipe P measured on the entrance side of the straightener 1 is used instead of the above-mentioned ellipticity ⁇ i measured on the entrance side of the straightener 1. Therefore, a detailed explanation of the arithmetic operations will be omitted, and only an example of the effects will be described.
  • Figure 11 is a graph showing an example of the effects of this automatic control method.
  • Figure 11(a) shows the variation in the ellipticity of pipes on the exit side of a straightener 1
  • Figure 11(b) shows the variation in the set value of the crushing amount in the #2 stand.
  • a preferred automatic control method according to this embodiment is applied to the fifth and subsequent straightened pipes.
  • the target value of the ellipticity is made 0.4% and the above-mentioned slack coefficient is set to 0.5.
  • the ellipticity was rapidly improved for the fifth and subsequent straightened pipes and reached the target value of 0.4 on the seventh straightened pipe. Therefore, the set value of the crushing amount was fixed from that point. Namely, it is possible to improve the ellipticity more rapidly than with the example shown in Figure 7.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Length Measuring Devices By Optical Means (AREA)
  • Control Of Metal Rolling (AREA)
  • Wire Processing (AREA)
EP06730626.6A 2005-03-31 2006-03-30 Automatisches steuerverfahren für walzen-korrekturmaschine für rohre Expired - Fee Related EP1870174B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2005101518A JP2006281228A (ja) 2005-03-31 2005-03-31 ロール式管矯正機の制御方法
PCT/JP2006/306678 WO2006106834A1 (ja) 2005-03-31 2006-03-30 ロール式管矯正機の自動制御方法

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EP1870174A1 true EP1870174A1 (de) 2007-12-26
EP1870174A4 EP1870174A4 (de) 2013-08-21
EP1870174B1 EP1870174B1 (de) 2014-09-17

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EP (1) EP1870174B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2006281228A (de)
CN (1) CN101151111B (de)
BR (1) BRPI0609606B1 (de)
WO (1) WO2006106834A1 (de)

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CN111468565B (zh) * 2020-04-14 2021-08-10 太原科技大学 一种超大口径无缝钢管矫直辊压扁量的设定方法
CN116689548A (zh) * 2023-06-07 2023-09-05 上海海隆石油管材研究所 一种高钢级抗硫钻杆的矫直方法

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WO2006106834A1 (ja) 2006-10-12
CN101151111A (zh) 2008-03-26
EP1870174A4 (de) 2013-08-21
CN101151111B (zh) 2010-12-01
BRPI0609606A2 (pt) 2010-04-20
JP2006281228A (ja) 2006-10-19
EP1870174B1 (de) 2014-09-17

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