Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
  • G07B—TICKET-ISSUING APPARATUS; FARE-REGISTERING APPARATUS; FRANKING APPARATUS
  • G07B15/00—Arrangements or apparatus for collecting fares, tolls or entrance fees at one or more control points
  • G07B15/02—Arrangements or apparatus for collecting fares, tolls or entrance fees at one or more control points taking into account a variable factor such as distance or time, e.g. for passenger transport, parking systems or car rental systems

Definitions

• the invention relates to a method and a system for the collection and billing of service charges for the travel carried out by passengers in public transport from a start to a destination using systems for registering passengers in electronic ticketing systems by means of smart cards.
• the system will automatically validate an electronic ticket on the chip card and pay for it with the money available on the "e-purse", provided that sufficient funds are available on the "e-purse”. Otherwise the dissolution of the "e-ticket” will be denied and the barriers will not be opened.
• This "e-ticket” corresponds in many systems to the tariff ticket for a single journey, which represents the highest fare in relation to this access point of the traffic system. This automatically ensures that the passenger can drive with a valid ticket to the outermost network point of the line network. If he already leaves the traffic system at a network point closer to the original access point, for which a tariff-based ticket would have been more favorable, this is determined during the system-related "check-out" procedure.
• This check-out process includes a deregistration of the passenger from the electronic power recording system of the respective transport company.
• the monetary difference between the automatically charged at check-in maximum fare ticket and the actual necessary ticket is back to its "e-purse” back. Examples of this are reports on the “Check In - Check Ouf System” planned in the Netherlands, such as “Dutch first use e - ticketing in public transport on a national scale” (Kok, Jeroen, eurotransport, Issue 2 / 2004, page 35 ff.)
• “smartcard instead of stripping” kaart "(Amling, Stephan / Kunnemann, Peter / Rumpke, Christian; International Transport; Issue 5/2004; page 215 f.).
• EP 1 187 072 discloses a system for automatic fare collection, in which a first registration record is created on check-in in a means of transport and additional data records pass through subway stations or transfer stations, on a data carrier of the passenger collected and fed when leaving the transport system during a check-out process to an evaluation station. This station determines from the waypoints stored on the data carrier the fare and is at check-out the passage for the passenger through an inventively provided lock only then released when the payment of the fare is ensured.
• the requirement associated with this system concept of a separate check-out process at corresponding locks is not feasible in many European transport systems for structural reasons.
• a waiver of the check-out is in turn the concept of EP 1 187 072 not possible, otherwise no price calculation and collection is possible.
• EP 1 187 072 provides for the transmission of the ticket ID to the evaluation system. This is at least incompatible with the data protection regulations in force in Germany, since this means that in the evaluation system a direct assignment between the recorded course of the journey and the user is unavoidable.
• the invention is based on the object of providing a method and a system for recording and billing of service charges for the journeys made by passengers in public means of transport from a start to a destination using systems for registering passengers in electronic ticket systems by means of chip cards which allows for a waiver of the customer-unpleasant or annoying check-out process and allows the retention of the "season ticket” and "multi-trip ticket” ticket types.
• the procedure or system must provide a basis for the clear billability of all transport services provided by the different transport service providers in the context of the public transport system.
• the specific travel behavior of passengers in the line network must be determined for the purpose of fair revenue. distribution between the various operators of the means of transport remains comprehensible. Nevertheless, sufficient anonymity of the user must be ensured during the evaluation.
• this data element and the associated time and place stamps are integrated into a first data record to be stored in the acquisition device,
• this data element and the associated time stamp are transmitted to a storage medium associated with the passenger
• a second or further registration record is created and stored in a detection device belonging to the second or further means of transport further registration record that contains the travel registration created during the first registration.
• a means of transport for example, public transport
• each individual service can be used with the aid of the inventive method for data collection and processing Since such transfer processes are not individual events but rather mass phenomena in an overall view, the data collected and processed in accordance with the invention can also be subjected to statistical analyzes Data of the evaluation instance emerged passenger journey 1, which is composed for example of a chain of driving sections 1A, 1 B, 1 C, to extract at least one analog passenger journey 2 from the database, in each of which the opposite directions of mentioned passage They are represented in the series 2C, 2B, 2A.
• the exact frequency distribution of the starting journeys 1A of a passenger journey 1 relative to all stops at which such type 1A travel can be started are used as an estimation distribution in order to avoid the exit stops of the travel sections 2A of the typical passenger journey 2 which are not covered according to the invention Determine accuracy.
• journey is understood to mean the passage of a route from a first start stop to a last destination stop, which may include several transfer operations and thus several “journey sections”. From the knowledge of the local and time-accurate registration data of each individual journey section, the location and / or time information of the exit can be reconstructed for the journey section immediately preceding in the course of the same travel procedure become. The location and time information of the exit for the last and concluding in the course of a journey section are reconstructed using stochastic methods known per se from the total amount of recorded registration records.
• An advantageous embodiment of the inventive idea provides that the journey of the or each passenger uniquely identifying data element (travel identifier) is formed from a unique numeric device identifier of the detection device and a unique identifier for each performed on this detection device sign-on.
• the unique identifier of each logon process on a logging device be formed from a numerically incremented incremental value with each logon process performed on this logger device.
• the timestamp of the first registration process during the travel course during a second or further registration of the o each of the passengers in a second or further means of transport by the detection device assigned to this second or further means of transport is read from the storage medium and a comparison with the supplied in the detection device at the time of the second or further registration present time stamp.
• a new travel identifier is integrated into a new registration record to be stored in the acquisition device and transmitted to the passenger's storage medium, wherein the data element of the storage medium containing the previous travel identifier with the new Travel ID is overwritten.
• the method according to the invention makes it possible to check the maximum permissible travel times provided for in many tariff conditions for journeys in the direction of a specific destination.
• the invention provides for the creation of a new travel identifier, whereby a new, separated with the passenger separated from the previous transport process promotion process is initiated.
• the invention further provides that in the generation of one or each log record in the detection device of a means of transport a data element for unique identification of the ticket type and operator of the means of transport is created and integrated into the logon record.
• a data element characterizing the operator of the means of transport facilitates the evaluation of the data sets created in accordance with the invention with regard to the distribution of the revenue generated in the transport network to the various operator companies.
• a data element containing a validity feature for identifying a successful application of the log-on data set in the recording device is exchanged between the detection device and the storage medium of the passenger.
• a validity feature which is created in the course of a successful registration process of the passenger in the transport and deposited on the storage medium of the passenger can be used for control purposes while driving.
• This validity feature can be determined by a central on-board device of the means of transport at the beginning of a mission for a defined route and direction - for example, with the aid of a random number generator - and distributed to the detection means associated with the transport.
• the invention further provides that as a validity feature a generated with on-board devices of the transport random number of each of the respective means of transport associated detection device after successful application of the log-record transmitted to the storage medium of the registering passenger and on each one the transmitting detection device and / or the display associated with the receiving storage medium is displayed.
• a validity feature a generated with on-board devices of the transport random number of each of the respective means of transport associated detection device after successful application of the log-record transmitted to the storage medium of the registering passenger and on each one the transmitting detection device and / or the display associated with the receiving storage medium is displayed.
• a validity feature a generated with on-board devices of the transport random number of each of the respective means of transport associated detection device after successful application of the log-record transmitted to the storage medium of the registering passenger and on each one the transmitting detection device and / or the display associated with the receiving storage medium is displayed.
• other types of acknowledgment signals are also possible within the scope of the method according to the invention, which make lower demands on the active participation of
• the inventive concept proposes that the registration data records generated and stored in the acquisition devices are transmitted to a central authority for evaluating the paths traveled by the or each passenger in the various modes of transport and that the login data records are in the central evaluation entity in order to determine the journeys made by the passengers in different means of transport, in a first method step according to the journey identifier and in a second method step, all data records assignable to the same travel identifier are sorted according to time stamps.
• the transmission to the central evaluation entity can take place, for example, by a vehicle on-board device which reads out the new registration data records present in the registration devices belonging to the respective vehicle at predeterminable time intervals or at predeterminable times and collects them by radio data transmission to the central evaluation entity transfers.
• the data records are prepared, whereby the chain of individual travel sections traveled by the passenger is reconstructed for each assigned travel identifier.
• Each second and subsequent log-on record during a journey is treated recursively as a check-out record of the respective immediately preceding travel section.
• the collected registration data records are prepared by the method according to the invention in such a way that the point in time and location of the last travel section in the course of a journey can be determined by means of a stochastic method, which however is not the subject of the present invention.
• the invention further comprises a system for the collection and billing of service charges for the journeys made by passengers on public transport from a start to a destination using systems for registering passengers in electronic ticketing systems by means of chip cards, which devices
• ⁇ for carrying out a temporal validity comparison of the data read out from this storage medium with respect to the time currently available in the device, ⁇ for creating a new travel identifier and transferring it in write access to the storage medium of the passenger,
• ⁇ as well as the or each passenger is associated with a read-write access memory device arranged in the means of transport on which a data element (travel identifier) characterizing a journey of the passenger from a start point to a destination point
• Date of first generation of this travel identifier descriptive data element can be stored includes.
• the invention further provides that
• each means of transport means for detecting current line number and direction of the means of transport, for creating and storing line number and direction of the vehicle containing registration records, for querying the line number and direction of previous log-data containing data elements of one or the other
• Passenger carried storage medium and to make validity comparisons between the current and requested from the storage medium line numbers and directions,
• the invention allows a check against travel routes of the passenger, which are defined in the tariff rules of most transport associations as inadmissible.
• the storage and cross-checking of the line number and direction of the first log-on procedure in the course of a passenger journey makes it possible to check whether the passenger turns a circular route or a detour route during transfer operations.
• the storage and the cross check of line number and direction indication of the last in the course of a passenger journey (ie current for the current section) registration process allows the check whether the passenger embarks a transfer in the opposite direction during transfer operations.
• Both circular and detour trips as also trips in the opposite direction are usually inadmissible with single tickets and require the release of an additional ticket.
• the storage medium has a predefined number of permissible journeys designating data element, which is reduced by write access of the detection device by one unit at each sign-on process in which the detection device a new travel identifier is generated , In this way, the provision of an electronic ticket, which allows a predefined plurality of trips, feasible.
• the invention further provides that the storage medium has a data element for storing a validation feature exchanged between the detection device and the storage medium of the passenger in order to identify a successful application of the registration record in the detection device.
• mobile control devices can be provided, which read this data element and perform a verification with regard to the proper detection of the traveler in the system according to the invention.
• the storage medium has a device for optical plain text display of the content of the data element containing the validity feature and a device for optical plain text display of the content of the assignable with a predefinable number of permitted travel data element. This allows a self-control of the passenger whether the registration process carried out by him has been successful.
• the storage medium allocated to the or each passenger is a smart card provided with an antenna for the wireless exchange of data with the means of transport associated with the means of transport and with an optical display for displaying 7-segment digits equipped with RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) functionality equipped mobile device
• RFID Radio Frequency Identification
• An expedient embodiment is that in or on the or each means of transport devices for transmitting the registration records are provided to a central authority for the evaluation of the distance covered by the or each passenger in the various modes of transport.
• This central authority can For example, form a vehicle on-board unit, which reads out in predeterminable time intervals or at predeterminable times the present in the respective vehicle detection devices present new login records and collects data transmits to the central evaluation instance.
• the evaluation instance is used to process the data records, the chain of individual travel sections covered by the passenger being reconstructed for each assigned travel identifier.
• each second and further log-on record treats each second and further log-on record as a check-out record of the immediately preceding travel section and determines the time and location of the last travel section in the course of a journey by means of a stochastic method, which, however is not the subject of the present invention.
• FIG. 1 overall system
• FIG. 2 structural structure contained on the storage medium
• FIG. 3 structural structure of a login record
• FIG. 4 Structural design of the operating data held in the recording device
• FIG. 5 Program sequence of the registration method
• FIG. 7 Reconstruction of the exit stop of a journey in the course of a passenger journey on the basis of the entry stop after a transfer operation
• FIG. 8 Reconstruction of the exit stops for a group A of FIG.
• the ticket system consists of a storage medium (11) which can be designed as a contactless chip card or as a mobile radio device (mobile phone) which is equipped with an additional function for receiving RFID technology.
• the chip card has on its surface two display Fields on which numbers can preferably be represented as 7-segment numbers. These numbers appear on the displays of the smart card only when the smart card is in the range of the induction field of a detection device (12).
• the validity identifier (1231) always appears when the passenger has successfully logged on with his smart card (11) to a detection device (12).
• the chip card On the display field (114) appears in the memory of the smart card located number of trips (1156), which can still be used for tariff transportations in the network, such as a transport network.
• the chip card further has an antenna (111), as standard part of a contactless chip card, a CPU (112), run in the necessary processes for the operation of the chip card and a data memory (115) in which various rewritable data elements can be stored.
• the storage medium is a mobile radio device with additional RFID function
• the displays (113) and (114) appear with their respective numerical values to be displayed on the usual display field of the mobile radio device.
• CPU, antenna and data memory are then integrated into the RFID additional functions of the mobile device.
• the detection device (12) largely corresponds to a known smart card reader, as is commonly used in conventional ticket systems with contactless chip cards. It has an antenna (121) and a CPU (122) via which the radio communication (14) with the mentioned storage media (11) can be controlled.
• the detection device (12) is equipped so that it can communicate simultaneously with a plurality of storage media (11). This ensures that even with large crowds of passengers in front of a detection device fast clearance of each storage medium can be performed. Therefore, the technology according to ISO 14443 A is used for establishing the radio connection.
• a new additional function of the detection device according to the invention represents the display field (123) on which the validity identifier (1231) is displayed.
• the validity flag satisfies the function in the invention Ticket inspectors to be able to prove that you have registered his storage medium (11) on which an e-ticket (1151) is collectively on the acquisition device (12). Every passenger is obliged to register with his storage medium (11) on a recording device (12) immediately after entering a means of transport. He is also obliged to make sure that this registration process of his e-ticket could also be completed correctly in the acquisition device. To make this personal check easy, the validation identifier (1231) is sent from the capture device (12) to the storage medium (11) after the login process has been successfully completed.
• the validity identifier (1231) then appears on the display (113).
• the passenger compares the numerical validity code displayed on his storage medium (11) with the number on the display (123) of the recording device: if the content of both displays is identical, the registration process was successful.
• the passenger is now in possession of a valid ticket for this journey.
• the validity identifier (1231) is non-volatile stored on the storage medium (11), so that by means of mobile readers a check of the proper log-on state of the storage medium (11) can be made. This can be done, for example, in the form of random ticket checks. A battery buffering of the storage medium (11) is not necessary for this, since the activation takes place by means of an induction field emanating from the mobile reading devices.
• This number (12411) is the one part of a travel identifier (1241) that is re-assigned to a capture device (12) each time a new passenger trip logs in.
• the second part of this trip identifier consists of a counter value (12412) which is incremented by the CPU (122) incrementally with each new corresponding sign-on service.
• FIG. 3 shows the structural design of a logon record generated according to the invention.
• the two values (12411) and (12412) generate via a chaining (concatenation) the numerical value of the travel identifier (1241), which is used to uniquely identify a passenger journey in the public transport network.
• a passenger journey can be a direct trip, ie a journey in which the passenger does not have to change on the way to his destination, or a passenger journey with one or more transfer operations.
• travel on different Lines in the line network are assigned the same trip identifier (1241) in the login records of the individual trip sections. This makes it possible to use the registration records at a later date in the computer center (13) again for the reconstruction of the original passenger journey.
• FIG. 5 In order for the registration method shown in FIG. 5 to be carried out in the CPU (122), operational data for the journey of the means of transport are initially stored in a data memory (125) and constantly updated.
• Figure 4 illustrates the structural design of the operational data held in the logger (12).
• Each vehicle belongs to a particular carrier (1251) which provides the current scheduled trip while a passenger is traveling with their e-ticket at the logger (12) logs.
• the data memory (125) also contains the current line number with direction indication (1252). The content of this data memory is always changed or updated when the means of transport terminates at a final stop of a public transport line on this line with direction indication and a new scheduled journey on another line or in the opposite direction on the same line performs.
• the data memory (125) also contains a data group (1253), in which for each transfer stop, on the line currently being traveled with the direction of travel
• the detection device (12) subjects the relation between a feeder line running to the transfer location in the course of a transfer operation of the passenger and a pick-up line of a permissibility check outgoing from the transfer location. If there is no exclusion criterion (ie the passenger has behaved in accordance with the tariff conditions during the changeover and continues his journey in the direction of a destination), the system does not create a new travel identifier and transfers it to the storage medium (11) but instead the creation of a new logon record with retained travel ID takes place. The passenger thus consumes no new ticket, but the previous applies. This control function is guaranteed over the value range (12531).
• Table 1 shows an example of the tabular representation of such a value range with the transfer relationships permitted at a transfer stop:
• Table 1 shows this range of values for the transfer station II shown in Figure 6 It may only be changed between the six specified lines with direction indication. If a passenger has e.g. last used a line "i / Osten”, then got off at the transfer stop VI, then bridged the distance from stop VI to stop Il by foot and then logs in there in a mode of the line "a / north”, this is not accepted as a transfer, as the line "i / east” is not included in Table 1 valid for station Il.
• Table 2 refers to the transfer stop II shown in Figure 6. Traveling in the direction of travel "north” are possible from there with the two parallel lines “a / north” and “b / north.” In both cases, a ride In the opposite direction, the use of the two lines “a / south” or “b / south” required .This is verified by means of the data stored for the line groups 2 and 4.
• Table 3 shows this value range for the transfer station IV shown in FIG. 6.
• the data listed in the right-hand column of this table define the lines with the direction in which the passenger could have started a passenger journey. All possible route numbers based on the given network are listed.
• the test first looks for the line group that belongs to the directional line in which the acquisition device is located (data element 1252).
• the same criteria are used to decide whether a registration process registered at the registration device (12) is the registration of a new passenger -Travel or only involves the registration of a further partial travel section in the course of an already started passenger journey.
• the holder of a time ticket does not have to pay for a new passenger journey, but for statistical purposes it is still important for the operators of the means of transport to record how many passenger journeys with the ticket type "time ticket" within a passenger were actually requested in the line network.
• the travel ID (1241) documents each trip; however, it does not document personal data of the e-ticket, even if it is a personal time card (e.g., student time card).
• a log-on record (124) is always generated for each logon process on a logging device (12) which is stored in a data memory (126) until it can be dubbed to a computer center (13).
• this computer center (13) are then based on the costs incurred in passenger travel with transfer operations in different means of transport registration records (124) originally as a contiguous passenger journey realized by the passenger paid passenger trips through the network again in the original state. All entry stops can be found in the registration data records.
• FIG. 2 shows the structure of the data elements contained in the data memory 115.
• An e-ticket can be stored in the data element (1151) that can adapt to existing definitions of e-tickets for public transport in terms of its data structure.
• the ticket type is defined, wherein it is to be distinguished whether the e-ticket is a time ticket or a multi-trip ticket.
• the start date and the end date of the validity period are included in the data record.
• the data element (11512) contains the maximum number of single trips specified at the time of purchase, which may be used with this ticket in passenger journeys in the network.
• the data element (1152) stores the travel identifier, which is transmitted to the storage medium (11) from the acquisition device (12) when a new passenger journey starts. In a newly purchased storage medium (11) this data element is at a default value.
• the data element (1153) stores a time stamp, which is transmitted to the storage medium (11) from the acquisition device (12) when a new passenger journey starts. For a newly purchased storage medium, this data element is also preset to a default value.
• the data element (1154) stores the line identifier with the direction indicator, which is transmitted to the storage medium (11) by the acquisition device (12) when a new passenger journey starts. For a newly purchased storage medium, this data element is also preset to a default value.
• the data item (1155) stores the line identifier with direction indication given every trip in the course of a passenger's journey. For a newly purchased storage medium, this data element is also preset to a default value.
• the data item (1156) stores the number of trips that can still be made with a multi-trip ticket.
• the maximum value contained in the data element (11512) is entered here. Thereafter, this counter is incrementally decremented by one counter each time a new trip identifier is created.
• the validity identifier is entered, which is sent by the detection device (12) to the storage medium (11) if a trip could be successfully registered.
• the login record (124) contains, in addition to the data elements already described, both a timestamp (1242) which records the exact time of logon and the exact entry location (1243) (ie the uniquely identifying trunk number of this entry point in the line network ) as well as in the data element (1252) for the line identifier associated with the means of transport at the time of registration Direction indication.
• Each logon process thus provides a clear protocol to the computer center (13).
• Step No. 231 If it is the first use of a newly purchased storage medium (11), the default values of the data elements provided for this case are detected and the detection device (12) immediately generates a new travel identifier for the start of a new passenger journey in the network (Step No. 231). If the newly used ticket is a multi-trip ticket, the amount of travel still possible is reduced by one unit (step 232). A log-on log-on record (124) is generated and the data elements 1241, 1153, 1154,
• method step 22 If it has been determined in method step 22 that this is not the first-time use of a new storage medium (11), but re-use, then it is examined in four successive examination queries (method steps 240, 241, 242 and 243) as to whether the passenger want to register (or have to register) a completely new passenger journey, or whether the registration request is a registration of a journey after a transfer process, with which only an already started passenger journey is continued to a destination stop to reach in the network. In method step 240 it is checked whether, since the start time of the passenger journey (data element 1153), the time limit value of the variable (data element 1254) has not already been exceeded at the time of the registration request at the detection device (12).
• step 241 it is checked whether on the basis of the last journey made (data element 1155) compared to the current journey of the means of transport (data element 1252) an interchange process is at all is permissible.
• step 242 by means of a comparison as to whether the current trip of the means of transport (data element 1252) occurs with 1155 in the second value range (12532) together in a line group, it is checked whether a trip in the return direction is desired.
• step 243 on the basis of the third value range (12533), it is checked whether the borderline case of a round trip in the line network makes it impossible to continue the passenger journey.
• the third value range 12533
• step 5 it is shown in each case whether the check leads to an acceptance of the continuation of a passenger journey that has begun with another trip or to a rejection.
• the method jumps to step 231.
• step 245 only the data elements (11559) and (1231) are sent with new values to the storage medium (11).
• a complete log-on record (124) is generated and stored in the data memory (126).
• FIG. 6 shows by way of example a public transport network comprising 10 lines.
• the lines have got the designations from “a” to "j".
• a passenger starts a passenger journey R.1 with a first trip R 1.1 (reference 31) at the simple stop I (reference 32). It enters a means of transport, which drives the line "a" in direction "north", and announces itself immediately after the entrance. His first journey takes him to the first transfer stop II. There he climbs. He goes for his second trip R 1.2 in the course of the passenger journey R 1 in a mode of transport of the line "h" in the direction of travel "West”. After confirming the registration process, he generates a second trip R 1.2.
• FIG. 7 shows a third exemplary passenger journey R 3, which uses the lines "e / south", “h / east” and "a / south” successively with its three voyages R 3.1, R 3.2 and R 3.3.
• the departure point of the passenger journey is stop VIII (a one-stop stop without transfer options), after which the passenger transfers to stop III and II.
• this arrow represents a plurality Same passenger journeys in the network of lines, since on the line branch of the line "e / south", which starts at the stop Xl and up to the Transfer stop III is sufficient, with a total of three stops from which passenger trips can begin with a first trip "R X.1", these are the stops: Xl, IX and III, a total of three thick black arrows subsumed under the reference numeral 51.
• this estimation function can be derived from a measured distribution (521) that could be calculated based on the true entry-level location of first voyages R X.1 of passenger voyages RX exactly in the reverse direction on the "a / north” line. then take a second trip on the "h / west” line to end the passenger journey with a journey on the "e / North” line.
• the equivalent first trips of equivalent passenger trips are available to provide good estimation functions (512 or 522) with their measured distributions (511 or 521) to be able to.
• estimators can be used to determine good approximations for the location of the exit stops on the last trips of passenger trips with transfer operations. This is the full route of such passenger travel in the network known.
• the revenue for certain types of tickets can be divided in a first step proportional to the amount A of trips of the type "direct drive” and the amount B of the type of "passenger trip with transfer operations".
• the revenue share attributable to the quantity B can then be further divided according to the travel lengths traveled on a single passenger journey on different lines of the network. LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS
• 12532 second value range (check for travel in opposite direction)
• 12533 third value range (check for round trip in the network)
• 1254 time variable maximum time in the transfer operations after commencement of the passenger journey are allowed
• Transfer terminal IN begins, followed by a second trip
• Transfer stop Il begin, then join a second trip R B.2 (on the line "h / west"), change to III and make a final trip there B. B. (on the line “e / north”)

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• Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
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• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Devices For Checking Fares Or Tickets At Control Points (AREA)
• Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
• Liquid Crystal (AREA)

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• 2004
  • 2004-12-30 DE DE102004063600A patent/DE102004063600B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2005
  • 2005-11-11 WO PCT/EP2005/012106 patent/WO2006074738A1/fr active Application Filing
  • 2005-11-11 AT AT05806387T patent/ATE548714T1/de active
  • 2005-11-11 SI SI200531535T patent/SI1839269T1/sl unknown
  • 2005-11-11 EP EP05806387A patent/EP1839269B1/fr not_active Not-in-force
  • 2005-11-11 DK DK05806387.6T patent/DK1839269T3/da active

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