EP1726876B1 - Méthode améliorée pour la combustion des déchets solides - Google Patents

Méthode améliorée pour la combustion des déchets solides Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1726876B1
EP1726876B1 EP20050253289 EP05253289A EP1726876B1 EP 1726876 B1 EP1726876 B1 EP 1726876B1 EP 20050253289 EP20050253289 EP 20050253289 EP 05253289 A EP05253289 A EP 05253289A EP 1726876 B1 EP1726876 B1 EP 1726876B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
waste
combustion
stoker
air
gas
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EP20050253289
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1726876A1 (fr
Inventor
Shizuo Kataoka
Tomonori Aso
Jin Akiyama
Ryoji Sameshima
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Takuma Co Ltd
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Takuma Co Ltd
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/02—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment
    • F23G5/04—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment drying
    • F23G5/05—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment drying using drying grates
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/08—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating
    • F23G5/14—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating including secondary combustion
    • F23G5/16—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating including secondary combustion in a separate combustion chamber
    • F23G5/165—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating including secondary combustion in a separate combustion chamber arranged at a different level
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/50—Control or safety arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
    • F23L1/00—Passages or apertures for delivering primary air for combustion 
    • F23L1/02—Passages or apertures for delivering primary air for combustion  by discharging the air below the fire
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
    • F23L9/00—Passages or apertures for delivering secondary air for completing combustion of fuel 
    • F23L9/02—Passages or apertures for delivering secondary air for completing combustion of fuel  by discharging the air above the fire
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N3/00—Regulating air supply or draught
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2202/00—Combustion
    • F23G2202/10—Combustion in two or more stages
    • F23G2202/101—Combustion in two or more stages with controlled oxidant supply
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2202/00—Combustion
    • F23G2202/10—Combustion in two or more stages
    • F23G2202/103—Combustion in two or more stages in separate chambers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2203/00—Furnace arrangements
    • F23G2203/10—Stoker grate furnace
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2206/00—Waste heat recuperation
    • F23G2206/10—Waste heat recuperation reintroducing the heat in the same process, e.g. for predrying
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2207/00—Control
    • F23G2207/10—Arrangement of sensing devices
    • F23G2207/101—Arrangement of sensing devices for temperature
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2207/00—Control
    • F23G2207/10—Arrangement of sensing devices
    • F23G2207/103—Arrangement of sensing devices for oxygen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2207/00—Control
    • F23G2207/10—Arrangement of sensing devices
    • F23G2207/104—Arrangement of sensing devices for CO or CO2
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2207/00—Control
    • F23G2207/10—Arrangement of sensing devices
    • F23G2207/105—Arrangement of sensing devices for NOx
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2207/00—Control
    • F23G2207/10—Arrangement of sensing devices
    • F23G2207/112—Arrangement of sensing devices for waste supply flowrate
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2207/00—Control
    • F23G2207/10—Arrangement of sensing devices
    • F23G2207/113—Arrangement of sensing devices for oxidant supply flowrate
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2207/00—Control
    • F23G2207/10—Arrangement of sensing devices
    • F23G2207/114—Arrangement of sensing devices for combustion bed level
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2207/00—Control
    • F23G2207/30—Oxidant supply
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2229/00—Flame sensors
    • F23N2229/20—Camera viewing

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to improvements to a method of combusting municipal solid waste such as industrial waste, household solid waste and the like (hereinafter called waste) with a stoker-type waste incinerator.
  • waste Municipal solid waste
  • the present invention concerns improvements in such a method of combusting waste by using a stoker-type waste incinerator at a low air ratio. This enables the stoker-type waste incinerator to combust waste efficiently and perfectly whilst using a reduced amount of fed combustion air, to substantially reduce generation of toxic substances, to improve heat recovery efficiency, and to downsize the dimensions of both the stoker-type waste incinerator and exhaust gas treatment facilities.
  • Waste incinerators commonly used include either stoker-type waste incinerator or fluidized bed-type waste incinerators, with the stoker-type waste incinerator being the most popular type.
  • EP 0621448 describes a method for the combustion of waste with grate firing. Oxygen enriched primary air is fed underneath the grate for enhancing combustion intensity, and recycled exhaust gas is used to reduce oxygen content in secondary air so as to restrict combustion in a secondary zone.
  • EP 0770820 describes equipment for, and a method of, incinerating refuse. Combustible material is crushed and sorted according to particle size. Coarse particles are combusted on a fire grate in a main combustion chamber. Fine particles and oxygen enriched air are injected into a further combustion chamber above the main chamber and form a reduction region.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates one example of a stoker-type waste incinerator.
  • Said stoker-type waste incinerator 50 comprises a furnace 51, a waste hopper 52, a feeder pusher 53, a stoker 54, an under-stoker hopper 55, a primary combustion chamber 56, a secondary combustion chamber 57, a primary combustion air duct 58, a secondary combustion air duct 59, an ash discharge chute 60, an exhaust gas outlet 61 and the like.
  • the stoker 54 consists of a drying stoker 54a, a combustion stoker 54b and a burnout stoker 54c, to feed the primary combustion air A1 from underneath the stoker 54 to stokers 54a, 54b and 54c.
  • the waste W fed into the waste hopper 52 is fed onto the drying stoker 54a in succession with a feeder pusher 53, and then heated and dried with primary combustion air A1 fed from underneath the drying stoker 54a and also with radiant heat from the upper-positioned primary combustion chamber 56 at elevated temperatures.
  • primary combustion air A1 fed from underneath the drying stoker 54a and also with radiant heat from the upper-positioned primary combustion chamber 56 at elevated temperatures.
  • Dried waste W is conveyed from the drying stoker 54a to the combustion stoker 54b, and burned in flames with primary combustion air A1b fed from its underneath thereon. It reaches the burnout position just at the end part on the downstream side of the combustion stoker 54b. Then, the waste W burned out in proximity to the end part of the downstream side of the combustion stoker 54b is conveyed onto the burnout stoker 54c. Next, after so-called embers are burnt with primary combustion air A1c fed from underneath the burnout stoker 54c, the incineration residues (having typically unburned combustibles content of 5% or less) are discharged from the ash discharge chute 60 downward.
  • primary combustion gas G containing the unburned gas and unburned combustibles, which were generated while drying and burning the waste W, flows into the second combustion chamber 57 that is installed above the pnmary combustion chamber 50. It is, then, discharged from the exhaust gas outlet 61 to the outside after so-called secondary combustion has been performed in the secondary combustion chamber 57 by feeding the secondary combustion air A2, to achieve complete combustion.
  • compositions and temperatures of the combustion gas generated while waste W is combusted differ depending on where it is combusted.
  • a zone is formed where the combustion gas containing a large quantity of the unburned gas such as CO and the like is generated, a further zone is formed where the combustion gas containing a large quantity of NOx is generated with intensive burning, and a yet a further zone is formed where the low temperature combustion gas of 500 ⁇ 700°C containing the residual oxygen of more than 15% with the excess air, thus making the combustion gas inside the primary combustion chamber 56 to be in such a state that the distribution of compositions and temperatures is found not to be uniform.
  • the steam flow rate of the boiler, temperatures inside the furnace, 02, CO and NOx concentration in the secondary combustion gas are detected such that, the volume of the primary and secondary combustion air, the distribution of the primary combustion air to the stokers and the operating velocity of the stokers can be adjusted.
  • This is to be obtained in a manner that combustion gas with high oxygen concentration can be drawn from the range where the burnout stoker in the primary combustion chamber of the stoker-type waste incinerator, and the combustion gas drawn is fed to the primary combustion gas underneath the feeding position of the secondary combustion air, that is, on the upstream side.
  • a mixing, stirring and reduction zone of the primary combustion gas is formed.
  • a steady state control part mainly responsible at least for the combustion control in normal operating conditions including the control of heat inputs of the waste fed, the control of the combustion-center and burnout position and the real time control of the secondary combustion air and a fuzzy control part responsible for restoring the abnormal combustion to the steady state of combustion when the abnormal combustion of waste happens can be employed.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a stoker-type waste incinerator 1 for carrying out the method according to the present technique.
  • Said stoker-type waste incinerator 1 comprises a furnace body 2 formed with a furnace wall, a waste hopper 3 in which waste W is fed, a stoker 4 for burning waste W, a waste feeder 5 to feed waste W onto the stoker 4, an under-stoker hopper 6 installed underneath the stoker 4, a combustion chamber (reference number omitted) consisting of a primary combustion chamber 7 formed above the stoker 4 and a secondary combustion chamber 8 formed above the primary combustion chamber 7, an ash discharge chute 9 for discharging incineration ashes.
  • a exhaust gas outlet 10 is present for discharging the secondary combustion gas Go, a primary combustion air blower 11 feeds the primary combustion air A1 into the primary combustion chamber 7 from beneath the stoker 4, a duct of re-circulating combustion gas 12 leads the re-circulating combustion gas G', drawn from the primary combustion chamber 7 on the downstream side of the stoker 4, to the outside of the primary combustion chamber 7, into the combustion chamber on the upstream side of the blow-in position of the secondary combustion air A2.
  • a fan 13 is located within the duct of re-circulating combustion gas 12, a heat exchanger 14 is provided in the duct of re-circulating combustion gas 12 on the upstream side of the fan 13.
  • An air duct 15 is connected to the heat exchanger and the like to take out fresh air A preheated by the heat exchanger, a secondary combustion air blower 16, a stoker driving device 17 to actuate the stoker 4, and dampers 18, 19a ⁇ 19g.
  • 5a designates a driving part of the waste feeder (waste feeder controller).
  • 11a a driving part of the primary combustion air blower (primary combustion air blower controller), 13a a driving part of the fan.
  • 16a a driving part of the secondary combustion air blower(secondary combustion air blower controller), 17a a stoker driving device controller, and 18a.20 damper controllers.
  • 21 designates a waste heat recovery boiler, 22 a boiler drum, 23 an exhaust gas treatment equipment, and 24a an automatic combustion control unit.
  • 25 designates a waste scale
  • 26 a scanning laser-type level meter
  • 28 a waste layer thickness meter
  • 29 a gas thermometer
  • 30 a scanning-type infrared radiation thermometer
  • 31 a NOx analyzer
  • 32 an 02 analyzer
  • 33 a CO analyzer
  • 34 a steam pressure gauge and thermometer and 35 a steam flow meter.
  • the above-mentioned stoker 4 comprises a drying stoker 4a, a combustion stoker 4b and a burnout stoker 4c, and an under-stoker hopper 6 is located underneath the stokers 4a, 4b and 4c respectively.
  • These stoker 4a, 4b and 4c are formed with both conventionally known travelling grates (not illustrated), and fixed grates (not illustrated), which are arranged in alternating order.
  • the waste W on the stoker 4 is moved forward from the upstream side to the downstream side while stirring it in a reciprocating motion of travelling grates back and forth with a certain pitch by the stoker driving device 17.
  • a primary combustion chamber 7 for drying and combusting the waste W while it moves forward on the stoker 4 with primary combustion air A1a ⁇ A1c fed from underneath the stoker 4.
  • a secondary combustion chamber 8 for combusting the unburned gas such as CO and the like and unburned combustibles generated in the primary combustion chamber with secondary combustion air A2.
  • the above-mentioned primary combustion air blower 11 which is for supplying the primary combustion air A1 to the lower part of the stokers 4a, 4b and 4c through the under-stoker hoppers 6 under the stoker 4, is equipped with a plural number of air volume adjusting dampers 19a ⁇ 19g. Further, damper controllers 20 control the opening/closing of these dampers 19a ⁇ 19g with which the amount of the primary combustion air A1 fed to the lower part of the stoker 4a, 4b and 4c is adjusted.
  • the amount of the primary combustion air A1 fed from underneath the stoker 4 is controlled, typically the primary air ratio (the amount of the primary combustion air/the amount of the theoretical combustion air) being 0.8 ⁇ 1.0.
  • the primary air ratio the amount of the primary combustion air/the amount of the theoretical combustion air
  • usually approximately 70 ⁇ 80% of the primary combustion air A1 is fed from the combustion stoker 4b, to form the reduction zone containing the unburned gas, such as CO, HC and the like above the combustion stoker 4b, so that the space above the combustion stoker 4b is made to be the atmosphere inhibiting to the generation of NOx.
  • approximately 20% of the primary combustion air A1c is fed from the burnout stoker 4c, to achieve complete combustion of the unburned combustibles in the ashes.
  • the distribution amount and temperature of the primary combustion air A1a ⁇ A1c fed to the lower part of stokers 4a, 4b and 4c and the amount of waste forwarded by the stokers are controlled so that the residual oxygen in the re-circulating combustion gas G' is typically found to be more than 15%, and the temperatures above the burnout stoker 4c to be a value set generally between 600 ⁇ 800°C.
  • the above-mentioned duct of re-circulating combustion gas 12 is for leading the re-circulating combustion gas G' on the upper part on the downstream side of the stoker 4 (the upper part of the burnout stoker 4c) being drawn to the outside of the primary combustion chamber 7 into the combustion chamber on the upstream side of the blow position of the secondary combustion air A2.
  • the re-circulating combustion gas G' above the burnout stoker 4c is drawn to the outside of the furnace, and the drawn re-circulating combustion gas G' is blown into the combustion chamber on the upstream side of the blow-in position of the secondary combustion air A2 to mix and stir the primary combustion gas G generated inside the primary combustion chamber 7.
  • a slightly reducing atmosphere (reduction zone B) where the composition and temperatures of the primary combustion gas G become uniform is formed at a region of the combustion chamber upstream of the blow-in position of the secondary combustion air A2 to prevent the generation of NOx, and to combust unburned gas and the like completely by supplying the minimum amount of secondary combustion air A2 thereafter.
  • the retention time of the afore-mentioned primary combustion gas G is such that at the reduction zone B (i.e. the time required to pass the reduction zone B) is typically 0.5 seconds or longer, and generally it can retain in the high temperature zone of higher than 850°C for 1.5 seconds or longer after supplying secondary combustion air.
  • the above-mentioned heat exchanger 14 is provided in the duct of re-circulating combustion gas 12 on the upstream side of the fan 13 (with this example, inside the suction chamber 12a) to reduce the temperature of the re-circulating combustion gas G'.
  • An economizer, deaeration heater, boiler, air heater and the like can typically be employed as such a heat exchanger 14.
  • Corrosive gases such as HCl, SOx and the like, in the afore-mentioned primary combustion gas, are generated when plastics such as polyvinyl chloride and the like, contained in waste W, are combusted. Plastics are mainly burned on the combustion stoker 4b because they are decomposed and are generally burned at temperatures of 350°C ⁇ 500°C at a relatively high velocity of combustion.
  • corrosive gases are mainly generated on the combustion stoker 4b, and found in the primary combustion gas G above the combustion stoker 4b and drying stoker 4a, while the re-circulating combustion gas G' above the burnout stoker 4c has a lesser concentration of corrosive gas and dust, thus allowing the afore-mentioned heat exchanger 14 to be provided inside the suction chamber 12a so as to draw the re-circulating combustion gas G' above the burnout stoker 4c. And, there are caused no problems such as corrosion and the like even when the re-circulating combustion gas G' which temperatures are reduced to 200°C ⁇ 300°C is blown into the secondary combustion chamber 8 by the fan 13.
  • the afore-mentioned secondary combustion air blower 16 is for supplying the secondary combustion air A2 to the blowing nozzles of secondary combustion air16b formed on the furnace wall of the secondary combustion chamber 8.
  • the volume of the secondary combustion air A2 blown into the secondary combustion chamber 8 is adjusted by means of a damper 18.
  • the volume of the secondary combustion air A2 fed into the secondary combustion chamber 8 is set at 0.3 ⁇ 0.4 as its secondary air ratio (the secondary combustion air volume/the theoretical combustion air volume), and the total volume of the primary combustion air A1 and secondary combustion air A2 is set at 1.3 as its air ratio.
  • the oxygen concentration of the secondary combustion gas Go is continuously measured at real time by the laser-type oxygen analyzer 32 and the volume of the secondary combustion air is controlled to make the oxygen concentration to be approximately 5% (dry).
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic system diagram that illustrates a heat input measuring device and a waste feeding controller for which a below mentioned waste scale 25 and a scanning laser-type level meter 26 are employed.
  • the waste scale 25 can be used for measuring the weight of waste picked up by a crane C, and the measured data are inputted to the waste quality and heat input computation part 36.
  • the data on the waste volume in the waste hopper 3 obtained by the scanning laser-type level meter 26 installed above the waste hopper 3 is also inputted to the waste quality and heat input computation part 36.
  • the waste quality (heat value) is estimated based on the specific gravity of the waste computed by both afore-mentioned inputted volume and weight of the waste and stored each time the waste is fed. Also, changes in the total volume of the waste per unit time are computed from the total volume of the waste stored in the waste hopper 3, and the moving volume of the waste (that is, the fluctuation rate of the volume of the waste in the hopper) is determined by the changes in the total volume of the waste per unit time, thus the heat input of the waste per unit time is computed from the moving volume and the heat value predicted from the afore-mentioned specific gravity.
  • Waste feeding control part 37 which controls the waste feeder controller 5a of the waste feeder 5.
  • the waste feeder 5 and stoker driving device 17 are controlled by the waste feeding control part 37 to make the heat input of the waste fed into the stoker-type waste incinerator constant at the setting value.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic system diagram that illustrates the control of burning center and burnout points.
  • the information on the incineration occurring inside the furnace from scanning-type infrared radiation thermometer 30 is inputted to an image processing part 40, which constitutes a automatic combustion control unit 24.
  • detecting signals obtained by an 02 analyzer 32 and the like, a gas thermometer 29 and a layer thickness meter 28 and the like are also inputted to the total air volume computation part 41 and burning center control part 49 of the automatic combustion control unit 24.
  • the information data regarding the inside of the furnace processed at the afore-mentioned image processing part 40 is inputted to the zone temperature distribution assessment part 42, where the temperature distribution, burning center position (the position of the highest temperature) and burnout point inside the furnace are assessed.
  • the distribution volume of the primary combustion air A1 is computed at the distribution air volume computation part 43 based on the temperature distribution inside the furnace obtained at the zone temperature distribution assessment part 42, and so the temperature distribution inside the furnace can be adjusted to the temperature distribution set in advance by making the dampers 19a ⁇ 19g open or close through the air- adjusting device control part 44. Furthermore, based on signals outputted from the waste layer thickness meter 28 and the afore-mentioned burning center position, the waste feeder 5 and stoker driving device 17 are adjusted respectively through the burning center control part 49, waste forwarding control part 38 and waste feeding control part 37. Thus the waste forwarding velocity and waste feeding volume can be controlled, so that the waste layer level on the drying stoker 4a and burning center position on the combustion stoker 4b are positioned within a set range.
  • the automatic combustion control unit 24 is equipped with the afore-mentioned waste quality and heat input computation part 36, combustion gas control part 36, boiler steam flow rate control part 47 , total air feeding control part 48 and the like as shown in Figure 2 .
  • detecting signals from the boiler steam pressure gauge and thermometer 34 and steam flow meter 35 are inputted to the boiler steam flow rate control part 47, to compute the volume of steam generated, and the heat input of the waste required to generate steam.
  • operating signals are transmitted to the devices 5, 17, 11 and the like from the waste feeding control part 37, waste forwarding control part 38, total air feeding control part 48 and the like to acquire the heat input needed.
  • combustion gas control part 46 is for controlling the operation of the fan 13 to draw the re-circulating combustion gas G' fed into the combustion chamber.
  • the volume of the primary combustion air A1 c fed to the burnout stoker 4c is controlled so that the re-circulating combustion gas G' having oxygen concentration of 15% or more can be fed to the blowing nozzle of re-circulating combustion gas 12b .
  • the temperature of the above-mentioned re-circulating combustion gas G' is continuously detected with the gas thermometer 45, and it is controlled to keep setting between 600 ⁇ 800°C by adjusting both the volume of the primary combustion air A1c fed underneath the burnout stoker 4c and waste feed rate of the stoker 4.
  • the volume of the primary combustion air AC 1 fed underneath the burnout stoker 4c and the waste feed rate of the stoker 4 can be adjusted by measuring at least one of 02 concentration, CO concentration and HCl concentration in the re-circulating combustion gas G', thus making the measured value remain in the range of concentration set in advance.
  • the volume of the above-mentioned re-circulating combustion gas G' is usually adjusted so that the NOx concentration in the secondary combustion gas Go is less than 60ppm at any time with the detecting signals coming from NOx analyzer 31. If the NOx concentration exceeds 60ppm, the feeding volume of the re-circulating combustion gas G' is increased to enhance the ability of mixing and stirring the re-circulating combustion gas G' in the reduction zone B.
  • the operation of the above-mentioned secondary combustion air blower 16 is controlled by the total air volume computation part 41 and total air supplying volume control part 48, with the detecting signals from the 02 analyzer 32 provided at the combustion chamber outlet, so that the oxygen concentration of the secondary combustion gas Go typically comes to approximately 5%, and the total volume of the primary combustion air A1 and secondary combustion air A2 has been adjusted to the air volume of 1.3 as the air ratio.
  • the feeding volume of the secondary combustion air A2 is reduced to 0.2 or less as the air ratio, complete secondary combustion cannot be performed because of its insufficient mixing with the primary combustion gas G. Accordingly, in order to solve this problem, even when the oxygen concentration in the secondary combustion gas Go exceeds 5%, the feeding volume of the secondary combustion air A2 should not be less than 0.2 as the air ratio.
  • FIG 4 is a basic block diagram that illustrates the combustion control system of the stoker-type waste incinerator employed with this embodiment.
  • the combustion control system comprises a steady state control part D and a fuzzy control part E. That is, the steady state control part D controls stable combustion conditions in a steady state of the stoker-type waste incinerator, while the fuzzy control part E controls abnormal combustion conditions under non-steady state of the incinerator, to restore the abnormal combustion back to the steady state.
  • the major elements that constitute the above-mentioned steady state control part D include waste heat input control D1, combustion center position control D2, burnout point control D3, air-waste ratio control D4, boiler steam flow rate control D5 , secondary combustion air real time control D6, re-circulating combustion gas control D7, and the like.
  • waste heat input control D1 controls the velocity of the waste feeder 5 and stoker 4 to hold the volume of the waste (the waste heat input) fed into the furnace body to the set value.
  • the air-waste ratio control D4 corrects the incorrect balance between the volume of the primary combustion air A1 and the waste volume by adjusting the velocity of the stoker 4.
  • the boiler steam flow rate control D5 adjusts the volume of the primary combustion air A1, and the operating velocity of the waste feeder 5, the stoker 4 and the like in order that the boiler steam generation rate is held at the set value.
  • the secondary combustion air real time control D6 adjusts the volume of the secondary combustion air A2 so that the value measured by the oxygen analyzer installed at the combustion chamber outlet is constant to the set value.
  • the combustion center position control D2 and burnout point control D3 correct the incorrect combustion center and burnout position by adjusting both the volume of the primary combustion air A1 and the velocity of the stoker, or at least by adjusting one of them.
  • the re-circulating combustion gas control D7 adjusts the volume of the re-circulating combustion gas G' drawn from the space above the burnout stoker 4c to keep NOx concentration of furnace outlet gas less than 60 ppm and correct the temperature of re-circulating combustion gas G', oxygen concentration, and the like.
  • the above-mentioned fuzzy control part E checks the state of combustion by a plural number of parameters when the combustion becomes a so-called non-steady state due to the substantial and abrupt changes in the quantity and quality of the waste, and performs the restoration control of the non-steady state of combustion back to the steady state by outputting the control signal to correct the volume of combustion air and waste feed rate depending on the abnormal state by applying fuzzy-logical inferences with multivariable logics.
  • the above-mentioned waste heat input control D1 and air-waste ratio control D4 are capable of dealing with a certain fluctuation of the quantity and quality of the waste.
  • the waste W in the waste hopper 3 is continuously fed by the waste feeder 5 onto the drying stoker 4a on which the waste W is dried with the primary combustion air A1 fed from beneath the drying stoker 4a and radiation heat of the high-temperature combustion gas G generated with the combustion on the combustion stoker 4b in the next stage. Also, some combustion contents of the waste W on the drying stoker 4a starts gasification and combustion. Moisture in the waste W is evaporated, and unburned gas such as CO, HC and the like are released herewith.
  • the dried waste W forwarded from the drying stoker 4a onto the combustion stoker 4b in succession is combusted with flames with the primary combustion air A1b fed from underneath the combustion stoker 4b,and burned out at the end part on the downstream side of the stoker 4b.
  • the waste W burned out at the end part on the downstream side of the combustion stoker 4b is forwarded onto the burnout stoker in succession.
  • the waste W is discharged from the ash discharge chute 9 as incinerated ashes not containing almost no unburned combustibles at all.
  • the volume of the primary combustion air A1 fed underneath the stoker 4 is made to be 0.8 ⁇ 1.0 as the air ratio, and approximate 70% ⁇ 80% of the total primary combustion air A l is fed from underneath of the combustion stoker 4b, to form a reduction zone containing the unburned gas such as CO, HC and the like. Then, approximately 20% of the primary combustion air A1 is fed from underneath of the burnout stoker 4c to combust the unburned combustible contents of ash completely.
  • the re-circulating combustion gas G' (temperature: 600°C ⁇ 800°C) above the burnout stoker 4c is sucked into the suction chamber 12a by the fan 13, and the re-circulating combustion gas G' which temperature is reduced by the heat exchanger (temperature: 200°C ⁇ 300°C) is blown into the combustion chamber on the upstream of the blow-in position of the secondary combustion air A2 (the combustion chamber on the lower side of the blowing nozzle of secondary combustion air gas 20b) from the blowing nozzle of re-circulating combustion gas 12b at high velocity (higher than 50m/s).
  • the primary combustion gas G that has ascended from the primary combustion chamber 7 is mixed and stirred, thus the inside of the upstream of the blow-in position of the secondary combustion air A2 becomes a reduction zone B containing a weak reducing atmosphere. Then, the secondary combustion air A2 is blown into the secondary combustion chamber 8 through the secondary combustion air nozzle 20b from the secondary combustion air blower 16.
  • the total air ratio of the primary air A1 and secondary air A2. is kept 1.3.
  • the primary combustion gas G containing the unburned gas and unburned combustibles is mixed and stirred twice with the re-circulating combustion gas G' blown in from the blowing nozzle of re-circulating combustion gas 12b and with the secondary combustion air A2. That is, the primary combustion gas G having varied components generated from the stokers 4a, 4b and 4c is mixed and stirred twice with the re-circulating combustion gas G' and secondary combustion air A2. thus making its composition and temperature distribution uniform, and sufficient mixing with the secondary combustion air A2 also being achieved.
  • the unburned gas and unburned combustibles in the primary combustion gas G are completely combusted without a large volume of combustion air being blown into the furnace, and the generation of CO, dioxins, NOx and the like are sufficiently suppressed.
  • CO at the furnace outlet ⁇ 10ppm, DXN ⁇ 0.5ngTEQ/m 3 N, NOx ⁇ 60ppm).
  • the re-circulating combustion gas G' drawn from above the burnout stoker 4c contains more than 15% oxygen.
  • the residual oxygen can effectively be utilised by blowing it into the primary combustion gas G. Because of low concentration of dust. HCl and the like which are corrosive, the heat exchanger 14 provided at the suction chamber 12a and fan13 are not damaged by corrosion.
  • the primary combustion gas G containing the unburned gas and unburned combustibles is burned completely with the re-circulating combustion gas G' blown into the combustion chamber on the upstream of the blow-in position of the secondary combustion air A2 and with the secondary combustion air A blown into the secondary combustion chamber 8, it is discharged from the exhaust gas outlet 10 as the secondary combustion gas, and released in the atmosphere through the boiler, exhaust gas treatment facility and the like.
  • the suction chamber 12a is provided with an air heater to be used as a heat exchanger 14.
  • an air heater to be used as a heat exchanger 14.
  • it can be replaced by an economizer, deaeration heater or superheater.
  • a heat exchanger 14 is provided in the suction chamber 12a.
  • the place where the heat exchanger 14 may be installed can be chosen, as desired.
  • the volume of the primary combustion air to be fed from underneath the stoker can be set as 0.8. ⁇ 1.0 as the primary air ratio, and the combustion chamber can be made to be a strongly reducing atmosphere by drawing the re-circulating combustion gas G' having high oxygen concentration above on the downstream of the stoker to the outside, and the inside of the combustion chamber on the upstream side of the blow-in position of the secondary combustion air A2 can be made to be a mildly reducing atmosphere (a reduction zone B), in which the composition and temperature distribution of the primary combustion gas can be made uniform by blowing the re-circulating combustion gas G' having high oxygen concentration into the combustion chamber on the upstream of the blow-in position of the secondary combustion air A2.
  • the unburned gas and unburned combustibles in the primary combusting gas G are typically burned over the 3 completely by blowing the secondary combustion air A2 into the secondary combustion chamber on the downstream of the afore-mentioned reduction zone B. It follows that the waste can be burned completely with the 3 stage combustion under a state of 1.3 or less as the total air ratio
  • the combustion of waste is achieved by using a stoker-type waste incinerator equipped with a combustion control system comprising a steady state control part and fuzzy control part, hence not only achieving stable waste combustion in a steady state, but also being able to restore the abnormal state back to the steady state by the combustion control of the fuzzy control part, which responds to the case of abnormality promptly when abnormal situations such as substantial fluctuation in the quality and quantity of waste and the like occur.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Incineration Of Waste (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Procédé de combustion de déchets (W) avec un incinérateur de déchets du type de chauffe (1) à un rapport d'air bas comprenant les étapes de : déplacer lesdits déchets (W) d'un appareil de chauffe de séchage (4a) à un appareil de chauffe de combustion (4b), à l'appareil de chauffe d'épuisement (4d), successivement pour la combustion primaire desdits déchets (W), lesdits déchets (W) étant placés sur des appareils de chauffe (4) dudit incinérateur, effectuer ladite combustion en amenant de l'air de combustion primaire (A1) depuis en dessous desdits appareils de chauffe (4) à une chambre de combustion primaire (7) au-dessus desdits appareils de chauffe (4), maintenir le volume dudit air de combustion primaire (A1) amené depuis en dessous desdits appareils de chauffe (4) pour que le rapport d'air puisse être de 0,8 ∼1,0, effectuer ladite combustion pour le gaz non brûlé et les combustibles non brûlés se trouvant dans le gaz de combustion primaire (G) arrivant de ladite chambre de combustion primaire (7) en amenant de l'air de combustion secondaire (A2) dans une chambre de combustion secondaire (8) placée au-dessus de la chambre de combustion primaire (7) ; commander la quantité de distribution et la température de l'air de combustion primaire (A1) amené à la partie inférieure desdits appareils de chauffe (4) et la quantité desdits déchets (W) déplacés par ledit appareil de chauffe (4) de telle sorte qu'une concentration d'oxygène du gaz de combustion dans ladite chambre de combustion primaire (7) dans la zone dans laquelle ledit appareil de chauffe d'épuisement (4d) est positionné est de 15% ou plus, aspirer le gaz de combustion de recirculation (G') ayant une concentration d'oxygène de 15% ou plus de ladite chambre de combustion primaire (7) dans la zone où ledit appareil de chauffe d'épuisement (4d) est positionné, souffler ledit gaz de combustion de recirculation aspiré (G') dans ledit gaz de combustion primaire (G) arrivant de ladite chambre de combustion primaire (7) vers le haut d'une position d'amenée dans ledit air de combustion secondaire (A2) pour mélanger et agiter ledit gaz de combustion primaire (G) avec le gaz de combustion de recirculation (G') soufflé, en formant ainsi une zone de réduction haute température avec un rapport d'air de 0,8-1,0 et aussi avec une distribution uniforme de la composition et de la température de l'écoulement du gaz ; mesurer la concentration de l'oxygène du gaz de combustion secondaire (Go) à la sortie de ladite chambre de combustion secondaire (8) continuellement en temps réel, en utilisant un analyseur d'oxygène de type laser, en commandant le volume d'amenée dudit air de combustion secondaire (A2) pour permettre que le rapport d'air du gaz de combustion secondaire soit de 0,3-0,4, et la valeur mesurée de ladite concentration d'oxygène devienne sensiblement 5%, en atteignant ainsi une combustion complète des déchets (W) avec un rapport d'air total inférieur à 1,3 ; effectuer la commande de combustion avec un système de commande de combustion comprenant une partie de commande d'état régulier (D) responsable de la commande de combustion stable dans des conditions de fonctionnement normales incluant au moins : commander l'entrée de chaleur des déchets (W), commander des positions de centre de chauffe et d'épuisement et commander en temps réel l'air de combustion secondaire (A2), et une partie de commande à logique floue (E) responsable de la restauration d'un état de combustion anormale à des conditions régulières stables lorsqu'une combustion anormale des déchets (W) a eu lieu, en atteignant ainsi une combustion complète desdits déchets (W) .
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel lesdites températures du gaz de combustion de recirculation (G') aspiré de la chambre de combustion primaire (7) sont réduites à environ 200°C∼300°C en utilisant un échangeur de chaleur (14) consistant en l'un quelconque ou plusieurs d'un appareil de chauffage de désaération, économiseur, boiler ou appareil de chauffage d'air.
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel ledit gaz de combustion primaire (G) arrivant de la chambre de combustion primaire (7) à ladite zone de réduction (B) est retenu dans ladite zone de réduction (B) pendant plus que 0,5 secondes, et ledit gaz de combustion secondaire (Go) après que l'air de combustion secondaire (A2) a été soufflé, est retenu dans la zone de température élevée plus élevée que 850 °C pendant plus que 1,5 secondes.
  4. Procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel la commande de ladite quantité de distribution et de ladite température de l'air de combustion primaire (A1) amené à la partie inférieure de l'appareil de chauffe (4) et ladite quantité de déchets (W) déplacée par l'appareil de chauffe (4) est telle que la température du gaz de combustion de recirculation (G') au-dessus de l'appareil de chauffe d'épuisement (4d) devient constante avec des températures réglées entre 600°C-800°C, ou au moins une parmi la concentration CO ou la concentration HCl du gaz de combustion de recirculation (G') reste dans la plage de concentration réglée à l'avance.
  5. Procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel ledit volume du gaz de combustion de recirculation (G') aspiré de la chambre de combustion primaire (7) et soufflé dans la chambre de combustion sur le côté amont de la position d'amenée dans l'air de combustion secondaire est commandé de telle sorte que les NOx (31) se trouvant dans le gaz de combustion secondaire (Go) évacués par l'incinérateur des déchets (1) devient inférieur à 60 ppm.
  6. Procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel le procédé comprend la mesure du poids des déchets (W) amenés dans une trémie de déchets (3) par une grue des déchets et la mesure continuelle du niveau des déchets dans la trémie des déchets ; le calcul du volume des déchets amenés et le calcul de la gravité spécifique des déchets (W) avec ledit poids et le volume des déchets (W) ; calculer le volume des déchets (W) continuellement amenés dans l'incinérateur des déchets du type de chauffe (1) ; calculer l'entrée de chaleur des déchets dudit volume des déchets (W) introduits et ladite gravité spécifique des déchets de sorte qu'un dispositif d'amenée des déchets est commandé pour rendre constante ladite entrée de chaleur des déchets (W) ; estimer la qualité des déchets (W) comme la valeur calorifique avec ladite gravité spécifique calculée, et commander le volume de l'air de combustion primaire (A1) amené en dessous du dispositif de chauffe (4) sur la base de ladite qualité des déchets (W).
  7. Procédé selon la revendication 1, où le procédé comprend la détection continue de la distribution de température sur la surface des déchets dans la direction d'écoulement des déchets (W) sur les dispositifs de chauffe (4) en utilisant un thermomètre de rayonnement infrarouge de type à scanner (30) situé au-dessus des dispositifs de chauffe (4) ; déterminer la position centrale de combustion des déchets (W) à partir de la température la plus élevée détectée sur la surface des déchets ; déterminer la position de combustion d'épuisement des déchets (w) sur le dispositif de chauffe (4) à partir du taux de chute le plus élevé de la température sur la surface des déchets, et commander la vitesse des dispositifs de chauffe (4) et le volume de l'air de combustion primaire (A1) introduit pour maintenir la position centrale de combustion et la position de chauffe d'épuisement des déchets (W) sur les dispositifs de chauffe (4) aux positions réglées.
  8. Procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel ladite commande de l'entrée de chaleur des déchets (W), la commande des positions du centre de combustion et de chauffe d'épuisement et la commande de l'air de combustion secondaire (A2) en temps réel sont effectués en utilisant un système intégré.
  9. Procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel, même si la valeur de la concentration de l'oxygène dans le gaz de combustion secondaire (Go) à la sortie de la chambre de combustion secondaire (8) détectée par l'analyseur d'oxygène de type laser dépasse 5%, le volume d'amenée de l'air de combustion secondaire (A2) est commandé pour qu'il soit au moins supérieure à 0,2 pour le rapport d'air pour maintenir la vitesse de soufflage de l'air de combustion secondaire (A2) supérieure à la valeur réglée.
  10. Procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel le procédé comprend la détermination des positions du centre de combustion et de la chauffe d'épuisement des déchets sur les dispositifs de chauffe ; et si les positions du centre de combustion et de chauffe d'épuisement sont en dehors des conditions de fonctionnement normales ou diffèrent sensiblement des conditions de fonctionnement normales, le procédé comprend en outre l'ajustement du taux d'amenée des déchets (W) avec la commande à logique floue.
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