EP1726876B1 - Verbessertes Verfahren zur Verbrennung von festen Abfällen - Google Patents

Verbessertes Verfahren zur Verbrennung von festen Abfällen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1726876B1
EP1726876B1 EP20050253289 EP05253289A EP1726876B1 EP 1726876 B1 EP1726876 B1 EP 1726876B1 EP 20050253289 EP20050253289 EP 20050253289 EP 05253289 A EP05253289 A EP 05253289A EP 1726876 B1 EP1726876 B1 EP 1726876B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
waste
combustion
stoker
air
gas
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EP20050253289
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1726876A1 (de
Inventor
Shizuo Kataoka
Tomonori Aso
Jin Akiyama
Ryoji Sameshima
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Takuma Co Ltd
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Takuma Co Ltd
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/02—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment
    • F23G5/04—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment drying
    • F23G5/05—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment drying using drying grates
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/08—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating
    • F23G5/14—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating including secondary combustion
    • F23G5/16—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating including secondary combustion in a separate combustion chamber
    • F23G5/165—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating including secondary combustion in a separate combustion chamber arranged at a different level
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/50—Control or safety arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
    • F23L1/00—Passages or apertures for delivering primary air for combustion 
    • F23L1/02—Passages or apertures for delivering primary air for combustion  by discharging the air below the fire
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
    • F23L9/00—Passages or apertures for delivering secondary air for completing combustion of fuel 
    • F23L9/02—Passages or apertures for delivering secondary air for completing combustion of fuel  by discharging the air above the fire
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N3/00—Regulating air supply or draught
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2202/00—Combustion
    • F23G2202/10—Combustion in two or more stages
    • F23G2202/101—Combustion in two or more stages with controlled oxidant supply
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2202/00—Combustion
    • F23G2202/10—Combustion in two or more stages
    • F23G2202/103—Combustion in two or more stages in separate chambers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2203/00—Furnace arrangements
    • F23G2203/10—Stoker grate furnace
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2206/00—Waste heat recuperation
    • F23G2206/10—Waste heat recuperation reintroducing the heat in the same process, e.g. for predrying
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2207/00—Control
    • F23G2207/10—Arrangement of sensing devices
    • F23G2207/101—Arrangement of sensing devices for temperature
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2207/00—Control
    • F23G2207/10—Arrangement of sensing devices
    • F23G2207/103—Arrangement of sensing devices for oxygen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2207/00—Control
    • F23G2207/10—Arrangement of sensing devices
    • F23G2207/104—Arrangement of sensing devices for CO or CO2
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2207/00—Control
    • F23G2207/10—Arrangement of sensing devices
    • F23G2207/105—Arrangement of sensing devices for NOx
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2207/00—Control
    • F23G2207/10—Arrangement of sensing devices
    • F23G2207/112—Arrangement of sensing devices for waste supply flowrate
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2207/00—Control
    • F23G2207/10—Arrangement of sensing devices
    • F23G2207/113—Arrangement of sensing devices for oxidant supply flowrate
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2207/00—Control
    • F23G2207/10—Arrangement of sensing devices
    • F23G2207/114—Arrangement of sensing devices for combustion bed level
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2207/00—Control
    • F23G2207/30—Oxidant supply
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2229/00—Flame sensors
    • F23N2229/20—Camera viewing

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to improvements to a method of combusting municipal solid waste such as industrial waste, household solid waste and the like (hereinafter called waste) with a stoker-type waste incinerator.
  • waste Municipal solid waste
  • the present invention concerns improvements in such a method of combusting waste by using a stoker-type waste incinerator at a low air ratio. This enables the stoker-type waste incinerator to combust waste efficiently and perfectly whilst using a reduced amount of fed combustion air, to substantially reduce generation of toxic substances, to improve heat recovery efficiency, and to downsize the dimensions of both the stoker-type waste incinerator and exhaust gas treatment facilities.
  • Waste incinerators commonly used include either stoker-type waste incinerator or fluidized bed-type waste incinerators, with the stoker-type waste incinerator being the most popular type.
  • EP 0621448 describes a method for the combustion of waste with grate firing. Oxygen enriched primary air is fed underneath the grate for enhancing combustion intensity, and recycled exhaust gas is used to reduce oxygen content in secondary air so as to restrict combustion in a secondary zone.
  • EP 0770820 describes equipment for, and a method of, incinerating refuse. Combustible material is crushed and sorted according to particle size. Coarse particles are combusted on a fire grate in a main combustion chamber. Fine particles and oxygen enriched air are injected into a further combustion chamber above the main chamber and form a reduction region.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates one example of a stoker-type waste incinerator.
  • Said stoker-type waste incinerator 50 comprises a furnace 51, a waste hopper 52, a feeder pusher 53, a stoker 54, an under-stoker hopper 55, a primary combustion chamber 56, a secondary combustion chamber 57, a primary combustion air duct 58, a secondary combustion air duct 59, an ash discharge chute 60, an exhaust gas outlet 61 and the like.
  • the stoker 54 consists of a drying stoker 54a, a combustion stoker 54b and a burnout stoker 54c, to feed the primary combustion air A1 from underneath the stoker 54 to stokers 54a, 54b and 54c.
  • the waste W fed into the waste hopper 52 is fed onto the drying stoker 54a in succession with a feeder pusher 53, and then heated and dried with primary combustion air A1 fed from underneath the drying stoker 54a and also with radiant heat from the upper-positioned primary combustion chamber 56 at elevated temperatures.
  • primary combustion air A1 fed from underneath the drying stoker 54a and also with radiant heat from the upper-positioned primary combustion chamber 56 at elevated temperatures.
  • Dried waste W is conveyed from the drying stoker 54a to the combustion stoker 54b, and burned in flames with primary combustion air A1b fed from its underneath thereon. It reaches the burnout position just at the end part on the downstream side of the combustion stoker 54b. Then, the waste W burned out in proximity to the end part of the downstream side of the combustion stoker 54b is conveyed onto the burnout stoker 54c. Next, after so-called embers are burnt with primary combustion air A1c fed from underneath the burnout stoker 54c, the incineration residues (having typically unburned combustibles content of 5% or less) are discharged from the ash discharge chute 60 downward.
  • primary combustion gas G containing the unburned gas and unburned combustibles, which were generated while drying and burning the waste W, flows into the second combustion chamber 57 that is installed above the pnmary combustion chamber 50. It is, then, discharged from the exhaust gas outlet 61 to the outside after so-called secondary combustion has been performed in the secondary combustion chamber 57 by feeding the secondary combustion air A2, to achieve complete combustion.
  • compositions and temperatures of the combustion gas generated while waste W is combusted differ depending on where it is combusted.
  • a zone is formed where the combustion gas containing a large quantity of the unburned gas such as CO and the like is generated, a further zone is formed where the combustion gas containing a large quantity of NOx is generated with intensive burning, and a yet a further zone is formed where the low temperature combustion gas of 500 ⁇ 700°C containing the residual oxygen of more than 15% with the excess air, thus making the combustion gas inside the primary combustion chamber 56 to be in such a state that the distribution of compositions and temperatures is found not to be uniform.
  • the steam flow rate of the boiler, temperatures inside the furnace, 02, CO and NOx concentration in the secondary combustion gas are detected such that, the volume of the primary and secondary combustion air, the distribution of the primary combustion air to the stokers and the operating velocity of the stokers can be adjusted.
  • This is to be obtained in a manner that combustion gas with high oxygen concentration can be drawn from the range where the burnout stoker in the primary combustion chamber of the stoker-type waste incinerator, and the combustion gas drawn is fed to the primary combustion gas underneath the feeding position of the secondary combustion air, that is, on the upstream side.
  • a mixing, stirring and reduction zone of the primary combustion gas is formed.
  • a steady state control part mainly responsible at least for the combustion control in normal operating conditions including the control of heat inputs of the waste fed, the control of the combustion-center and burnout position and the real time control of the secondary combustion air and a fuzzy control part responsible for restoring the abnormal combustion to the steady state of combustion when the abnormal combustion of waste happens can be employed.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a stoker-type waste incinerator 1 for carrying out the method according to the present technique.
  • Said stoker-type waste incinerator 1 comprises a furnace body 2 formed with a furnace wall, a waste hopper 3 in which waste W is fed, a stoker 4 for burning waste W, a waste feeder 5 to feed waste W onto the stoker 4, an under-stoker hopper 6 installed underneath the stoker 4, a combustion chamber (reference number omitted) consisting of a primary combustion chamber 7 formed above the stoker 4 and a secondary combustion chamber 8 formed above the primary combustion chamber 7, an ash discharge chute 9 for discharging incineration ashes.
  • a exhaust gas outlet 10 is present for discharging the secondary combustion gas Go, a primary combustion air blower 11 feeds the primary combustion air A1 into the primary combustion chamber 7 from beneath the stoker 4, a duct of re-circulating combustion gas 12 leads the re-circulating combustion gas G', drawn from the primary combustion chamber 7 on the downstream side of the stoker 4, to the outside of the primary combustion chamber 7, into the combustion chamber on the upstream side of the blow-in position of the secondary combustion air A2.
  • a fan 13 is located within the duct of re-circulating combustion gas 12, a heat exchanger 14 is provided in the duct of re-circulating combustion gas 12 on the upstream side of the fan 13.
  • An air duct 15 is connected to the heat exchanger and the like to take out fresh air A preheated by the heat exchanger, a secondary combustion air blower 16, a stoker driving device 17 to actuate the stoker 4, and dampers 18, 19a ⁇ 19g.
  • 5a designates a driving part of the waste feeder (waste feeder controller).
  • 11a a driving part of the primary combustion air blower (primary combustion air blower controller), 13a a driving part of the fan.
  • 16a a driving part of the secondary combustion air blower(secondary combustion air blower controller), 17a a stoker driving device controller, and 18a.20 damper controllers.
  • 21 designates a waste heat recovery boiler, 22 a boiler drum, 23 an exhaust gas treatment equipment, and 24a an automatic combustion control unit.
  • 25 designates a waste scale
  • 26 a scanning laser-type level meter
  • 28 a waste layer thickness meter
  • 29 a gas thermometer
  • 30 a scanning-type infrared radiation thermometer
  • 31 a NOx analyzer
  • 32 an 02 analyzer
  • 33 a CO analyzer
  • 34 a steam pressure gauge and thermometer and 35 a steam flow meter.
  • the above-mentioned stoker 4 comprises a drying stoker 4a, a combustion stoker 4b and a burnout stoker 4c, and an under-stoker hopper 6 is located underneath the stokers 4a, 4b and 4c respectively.
  • These stoker 4a, 4b and 4c are formed with both conventionally known travelling grates (not illustrated), and fixed grates (not illustrated), which are arranged in alternating order.
  • the waste W on the stoker 4 is moved forward from the upstream side to the downstream side while stirring it in a reciprocating motion of travelling grates back and forth with a certain pitch by the stoker driving device 17.
  • a primary combustion chamber 7 for drying and combusting the waste W while it moves forward on the stoker 4 with primary combustion air A1a ⁇ A1c fed from underneath the stoker 4.
  • a secondary combustion chamber 8 for combusting the unburned gas such as CO and the like and unburned combustibles generated in the primary combustion chamber with secondary combustion air A2.
  • the above-mentioned primary combustion air blower 11 which is for supplying the primary combustion air A1 to the lower part of the stokers 4a, 4b and 4c through the under-stoker hoppers 6 under the stoker 4, is equipped with a plural number of air volume adjusting dampers 19a ⁇ 19g. Further, damper controllers 20 control the opening/closing of these dampers 19a ⁇ 19g with which the amount of the primary combustion air A1 fed to the lower part of the stoker 4a, 4b and 4c is adjusted.
  • the amount of the primary combustion air A1 fed from underneath the stoker 4 is controlled, typically the primary air ratio (the amount of the primary combustion air/the amount of the theoretical combustion air) being 0.8 ⁇ 1.0.
  • the primary air ratio the amount of the primary combustion air/the amount of the theoretical combustion air
  • usually approximately 70 ⁇ 80% of the primary combustion air A1 is fed from the combustion stoker 4b, to form the reduction zone containing the unburned gas, such as CO, HC and the like above the combustion stoker 4b, so that the space above the combustion stoker 4b is made to be the atmosphere inhibiting to the generation of NOx.
  • approximately 20% of the primary combustion air A1c is fed from the burnout stoker 4c, to achieve complete combustion of the unburned combustibles in the ashes.
  • the distribution amount and temperature of the primary combustion air A1a ⁇ A1c fed to the lower part of stokers 4a, 4b and 4c and the amount of waste forwarded by the stokers are controlled so that the residual oxygen in the re-circulating combustion gas G' is typically found to be more than 15%, and the temperatures above the burnout stoker 4c to be a value set generally between 600 ⁇ 800°C.
  • the above-mentioned duct of re-circulating combustion gas 12 is for leading the re-circulating combustion gas G' on the upper part on the downstream side of the stoker 4 (the upper part of the burnout stoker 4c) being drawn to the outside of the primary combustion chamber 7 into the combustion chamber on the upstream side of the blow position of the secondary combustion air A2.
  • the re-circulating combustion gas G' above the burnout stoker 4c is drawn to the outside of the furnace, and the drawn re-circulating combustion gas G' is blown into the combustion chamber on the upstream side of the blow-in position of the secondary combustion air A2 to mix and stir the primary combustion gas G generated inside the primary combustion chamber 7.
  • a slightly reducing atmosphere (reduction zone B) where the composition and temperatures of the primary combustion gas G become uniform is formed at a region of the combustion chamber upstream of the blow-in position of the secondary combustion air A2 to prevent the generation of NOx, and to combust unburned gas and the like completely by supplying the minimum amount of secondary combustion air A2 thereafter.
  • the retention time of the afore-mentioned primary combustion gas G is such that at the reduction zone B (i.e. the time required to pass the reduction zone B) is typically 0.5 seconds or longer, and generally it can retain in the high temperature zone of higher than 850°C for 1.5 seconds or longer after supplying secondary combustion air.
  • the above-mentioned heat exchanger 14 is provided in the duct of re-circulating combustion gas 12 on the upstream side of the fan 13 (with this example, inside the suction chamber 12a) to reduce the temperature of the re-circulating combustion gas G'.
  • An economizer, deaeration heater, boiler, air heater and the like can typically be employed as such a heat exchanger 14.
  • Corrosive gases such as HCl, SOx and the like, in the afore-mentioned primary combustion gas, are generated when plastics such as polyvinyl chloride and the like, contained in waste W, are combusted. Plastics are mainly burned on the combustion stoker 4b because they are decomposed and are generally burned at temperatures of 350°C ⁇ 500°C at a relatively high velocity of combustion.
  • corrosive gases are mainly generated on the combustion stoker 4b, and found in the primary combustion gas G above the combustion stoker 4b and drying stoker 4a, while the re-circulating combustion gas G' above the burnout stoker 4c has a lesser concentration of corrosive gas and dust, thus allowing the afore-mentioned heat exchanger 14 to be provided inside the suction chamber 12a so as to draw the re-circulating combustion gas G' above the burnout stoker 4c. And, there are caused no problems such as corrosion and the like even when the re-circulating combustion gas G' which temperatures are reduced to 200°C ⁇ 300°C is blown into the secondary combustion chamber 8 by the fan 13.
  • the afore-mentioned secondary combustion air blower 16 is for supplying the secondary combustion air A2 to the blowing nozzles of secondary combustion air16b formed on the furnace wall of the secondary combustion chamber 8.
  • the volume of the secondary combustion air A2 blown into the secondary combustion chamber 8 is adjusted by means of a damper 18.
  • the volume of the secondary combustion air A2 fed into the secondary combustion chamber 8 is set at 0.3 ⁇ 0.4 as its secondary air ratio (the secondary combustion air volume/the theoretical combustion air volume), and the total volume of the primary combustion air A1 and secondary combustion air A2 is set at 1.3 as its air ratio.
  • the oxygen concentration of the secondary combustion gas Go is continuously measured at real time by the laser-type oxygen analyzer 32 and the volume of the secondary combustion air is controlled to make the oxygen concentration to be approximately 5% (dry).
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic system diagram that illustrates a heat input measuring device and a waste feeding controller for which a below mentioned waste scale 25 and a scanning laser-type level meter 26 are employed.
  • the waste scale 25 can be used for measuring the weight of waste picked up by a crane C, and the measured data are inputted to the waste quality and heat input computation part 36.
  • the data on the waste volume in the waste hopper 3 obtained by the scanning laser-type level meter 26 installed above the waste hopper 3 is also inputted to the waste quality and heat input computation part 36.
  • the waste quality (heat value) is estimated based on the specific gravity of the waste computed by both afore-mentioned inputted volume and weight of the waste and stored each time the waste is fed. Also, changes in the total volume of the waste per unit time are computed from the total volume of the waste stored in the waste hopper 3, and the moving volume of the waste (that is, the fluctuation rate of the volume of the waste in the hopper) is determined by the changes in the total volume of the waste per unit time, thus the heat input of the waste per unit time is computed from the moving volume and the heat value predicted from the afore-mentioned specific gravity.
  • Waste feeding control part 37 which controls the waste feeder controller 5a of the waste feeder 5.
  • the waste feeder 5 and stoker driving device 17 are controlled by the waste feeding control part 37 to make the heat input of the waste fed into the stoker-type waste incinerator constant at the setting value.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic system diagram that illustrates the control of burning center and burnout points.
  • the information on the incineration occurring inside the furnace from scanning-type infrared radiation thermometer 30 is inputted to an image processing part 40, which constitutes a automatic combustion control unit 24.
  • detecting signals obtained by an 02 analyzer 32 and the like, a gas thermometer 29 and a layer thickness meter 28 and the like are also inputted to the total air volume computation part 41 and burning center control part 49 of the automatic combustion control unit 24.
  • the information data regarding the inside of the furnace processed at the afore-mentioned image processing part 40 is inputted to the zone temperature distribution assessment part 42, where the temperature distribution, burning center position (the position of the highest temperature) and burnout point inside the furnace are assessed.
  • the distribution volume of the primary combustion air A1 is computed at the distribution air volume computation part 43 based on the temperature distribution inside the furnace obtained at the zone temperature distribution assessment part 42, and so the temperature distribution inside the furnace can be adjusted to the temperature distribution set in advance by making the dampers 19a ⁇ 19g open or close through the air- adjusting device control part 44. Furthermore, based on signals outputted from the waste layer thickness meter 28 and the afore-mentioned burning center position, the waste feeder 5 and stoker driving device 17 are adjusted respectively through the burning center control part 49, waste forwarding control part 38 and waste feeding control part 37. Thus the waste forwarding velocity and waste feeding volume can be controlled, so that the waste layer level on the drying stoker 4a and burning center position on the combustion stoker 4b are positioned within a set range.
  • the automatic combustion control unit 24 is equipped with the afore-mentioned waste quality and heat input computation part 36, combustion gas control part 36, boiler steam flow rate control part 47 , total air feeding control part 48 and the like as shown in Figure 2 .
  • detecting signals from the boiler steam pressure gauge and thermometer 34 and steam flow meter 35 are inputted to the boiler steam flow rate control part 47, to compute the volume of steam generated, and the heat input of the waste required to generate steam.
  • operating signals are transmitted to the devices 5, 17, 11 and the like from the waste feeding control part 37, waste forwarding control part 38, total air feeding control part 48 and the like to acquire the heat input needed.
  • combustion gas control part 46 is for controlling the operation of the fan 13 to draw the re-circulating combustion gas G' fed into the combustion chamber.
  • the volume of the primary combustion air A1 c fed to the burnout stoker 4c is controlled so that the re-circulating combustion gas G' having oxygen concentration of 15% or more can be fed to the blowing nozzle of re-circulating combustion gas 12b .
  • the temperature of the above-mentioned re-circulating combustion gas G' is continuously detected with the gas thermometer 45, and it is controlled to keep setting between 600 ⁇ 800°C by adjusting both the volume of the primary combustion air A1c fed underneath the burnout stoker 4c and waste feed rate of the stoker 4.
  • the volume of the primary combustion air AC 1 fed underneath the burnout stoker 4c and the waste feed rate of the stoker 4 can be adjusted by measuring at least one of 02 concentration, CO concentration and HCl concentration in the re-circulating combustion gas G', thus making the measured value remain in the range of concentration set in advance.
  • the volume of the above-mentioned re-circulating combustion gas G' is usually adjusted so that the NOx concentration in the secondary combustion gas Go is less than 60ppm at any time with the detecting signals coming from NOx analyzer 31. If the NOx concentration exceeds 60ppm, the feeding volume of the re-circulating combustion gas G' is increased to enhance the ability of mixing and stirring the re-circulating combustion gas G' in the reduction zone B.
  • the operation of the above-mentioned secondary combustion air blower 16 is controlled by the total air volume computation part 41 and total air supplying volume control part 48, with the detecting signals from the 02 analyzer 32 provided at the combustion chamber outlet, so that the oxygen concentration of the secondary combustion gas Go typically comes to approximately 5%, and the total volume of the primary combustion air A1 and secondary combustion air A2 has been adjusted to the air volume of 1.3 as the air ratio.
  • the feeding volume of the secondary combustion air A2 is reduced to 0.2 or less as the air ratio, complete secondary combustion cannot be performed because of its insufficient mixing with the primary combustion gas G. Accordingly, in order to solve this problem, even when the oxygen concentration in the secondary combustion gas Go exceeds 5%, the feeding volume of the secondary combustion air A2 should not be less than 0.2 as the air ratio.
  • FIG 4 is a basic block diagram that illustrates the combustion control system of the stoker-type waste incinerator employed with this embodiment.
  • the combustion control system comprises a steady state control part D and a fuzzy control part E. That is, the steady state control part D controls stable combustion conditions in a steady state of the stoker-type waste incinerator, while the fuzzy control part E controls abnormal combustion conditions under non-steady state of the incinerator, to restore the abnormal combustion back to the steady state.
  • the major elements that constitute the above-mentioned steady state control part D include waste heat input control D1, combustion center position control D2, burnout point control D3, air-waste ratio control D4, boiler steam flow rate control D5 , secondary combustion air real time control D6, re-circulating combustion gas control D7, and the like.
  • waste heat input control D1 controls the velocity of the waste feeder 5 and stoker 4 to hold the volume of the waste (the waste heat input) fed into the furnace body to the set value.
  • the air-waste ratio control D4 corrects the incorrect balance between the volume of the primary combustion air A1 and the waste volume by adjusting the velocity of the stoker 4.
  • the boiler steam flow rate control D5 adjusts the volume of the primary combustion air A1, and the operating velocity of the waste feeder 5, the stoker 4 and the like in order that the boiler steam generation rate is held at the set value.
  • the secondary combustion air real time control D6 adjusts the volume of the secondary combustion air A2 so that the value measured by the oxygen analyzer installed at the combustion chamber outlet is constant to the set value.
  • the combustion center position control D2 and burnout point control D3 correct the incorrect combustion center and burnout position by adjusting both the volume of the primary combustion air A1 and the velocity of the stoker, or at least by adjusting one of them.
  • the re-circulating combustion gas control D7 adjusts the volume of the re-circulating combustion gas G' drawn from the space above the burnout stoker 4c to keep NOx concentration of furnace outlet gas less than 60 ppm and correct the temperature of re-circulating combustion gas G', oxygen concentration, and the like.
  • the above-mentioned fuzzy control part E checks the state of combustion by a plural number of parameters when the combustion becomes a so-called non-steady state due to the substantial and abrupt changes in the quantity and quality of the waste, and performs the restoration control of the non-steady state of combustion back to the steady state by outputting the control signal to correct the volume of combustion air and waste feed rate depending on the abnormal state by applying fuzzy-logical inferences with multivariable logics.
  • the above-mentioned waste heat input control D1 and air-waste ratio control D4 are capable of dealing with a certain fluctuation of the quantity and quality of the waste.
  • the waste W in the waste hopper 3 is continuously fed by the waste feeder 5 onto the drying stoker 4a on which the waste W is dried with the primary combustion air A1 fed from beneath the drying stoker 4a and radiation heat of the high-temperature combustion gas G generated with the combustion on the combustion stoker 4b in the next stage. Also, some combustion contents of the waste W on the drying stoker 4a starts gasification and combustion. Moisture in the waste W is evaporated, and unburned gas such as CO, HC and the like are released herewith.
  • the dried waste W forwarded from the drying stoker 4a onto the combustion stoker 4b in succession is combusted with flames with the primary combustion air A1b fed from underneath the combustion stoker 4b,and burned out at the end part on the downstream side of the stoker 4b.
  • the waste W burned out at the end part on the downstream side of the combustion stoker 4b is forwarded onto the burnout stoker in succession.
  • the waste W is discharged from the ash discharge chute 9 as incinerated ashes not containing almost no unburned combustibles at all.
  • the volume of the primary combustion air A1 fed underneath the stoker 4 is made to be 0.8 ⁇ 1.0 as the air ratio, and approximate 70% ⁇ 80% of the total primary combustion air A l is fed from underneath of the combustion stoker 4b, to form a reduction zone containing the unburned gas such as CO, HC and the like. Then, approximately 20% of the primary combustion air A1 is fed from underneath of the burnout stoker 4c to combust the unburned combustible contents of ash completely.
  • the re-circulating combustion gas G' (temperature: 600°C ⁇ 800°C) above the burnout stoker 4c is sucked into the suction chamber 12a by the fan 13, and the re-circulating combustion gas G' which temperature is reduced by the heat exchanger (temperature: 200°C ⁇ 300°C) is blown into the combustion chamber on the upstream of the blow-in position of the secondary combustion air A2 (the combustion chamber on the lower side of the blowing nozzle of secondary combustion air gas 20b) from the blowing nozzle of re-circulating combustion gas 12b at high velocity (higher than 50m/s).
  • the primary combustion gas G that has ascended from the primary combustion chamber 7 is mixed and stirred, thus the inside of the upstream of the blow-in position of the secondary combustion air A2 becomes a reduction zone B containing a weak reducing atmosphere. Then, the secondary combustion air A2 is blown into the secondary combustion chamber 8 through the secondary combustion air nozzle 20b from the secondary combustion air blower 16.
  • the total air ratio of the primary air A1 and secondary air A2. is kept 1.3.
  • the primary combustion gas G containing the unburned gas and unburned combustibles is mixed and stirred twice with the re-circulating combustion gas G' blown in from the blowing nozzle of re-circulating combustion gas 12b and with the secondary combustion air A2. That is, the primary combustion gas G having varied components generated from the stokers 4a, 4b and 4c is mixed and stirred twice with the re-circulating combustion gas G' and secondary combustion air A2. thus making its composition and temperature distribution uniform, and sufficient mixing with the secondary combustion air A2 also being achieved.
  • the unburned gas and unburned combustibles in the primary combustion gas G are completely combusted without a large volume of combustion air being blown into the furnace, and the generation of CO, dioxins, NOx and the like are sufficiently suppressed.
  • CO at the furnace outlet ⁇ 10ppm, DXN ⁇ 0.5ngTEQ/m 3 N, NOx ⁇ 60ppm).
  • the re-circulating combustion gas G' drawn from above the burnout stoker 4c contains more than 15% oxygen.
  • the residual oxygen can effectively be utilised by blowing it into the primary combustion gas G. Because of low concentration of dust. HCl and the like which are corrosive, the heat exchanger 14 provided at the suction chamber 12a and fan13 are not damaged by corrosion.
  • the primary combustion gas G containing the unburned gas and unburned combustibles is burned completely with the re-circulating combustion gas G' blown into the combustion chamber on the upstream of the blow-in position of the secondary combustion air A2 and with the secondary combustion air A blown into the secondary combustion chamber 8, it is discharged from the exhaust gas outlet 10 as the secondary combustion gas, and released in the atmosphere through the boiler, exhaust gas treatment facility and the like.
  • the suction chamber 12a is provided with an air heater to be used as a heat exchanger 14.
  • an air heater to be used as a heat exchanger 14.
  • it can be replaced by an economizer, deaeration heater or superheater.
  • a heat exchanger 14 is provided in the suction chamber 12a.
  • the place where the heat exchanger 14 may be installed can be chosen, as desired.
  • the volume of the primary combustion air to be fed from underneath the stoker can be set as 0.8. ⁇ 1.0 as the primary air ratio, and the combustion chamber can be made to be a strongly reducing atmosphere by drawing the re-circulating combustion gas G' having high oxygen concentration above on the downstream of the stoker to the outside, and the inside of the combustion chamber on the upstream side of the blow-in position of the secondary combustion air A2 can be made to be a mildly reducing atmosphere (a reduction zone B), in which the composition and temperature distribution of the primary combustion gas can be made uniform by blowing the re-circulating combustion gas G' having high oxygen concentration into the combustion chamber on the upstream of the blow-in position of the secondary combustion air A2.
  • the unburned gas and unburned combustibles in the primary combusting gas G are typically burned over the 3 completely by blowing the secondary combustion air A2 into the secondary combustion chamber on the downstream of the afore-mentioned reduction zone B. It follows that the waste can be burned completely with the 3 stage combustion under a state of 1.3 or less as the total air ratio
  • the combustion of waste is achieved by using a stoker-type waste incinerator equipped with a combustion control system comprising a steady state control part and fuzzy control part, hence not only achieving stable waste combustion in a steady state, but also being able to restore the abnormal state back to the steady state by the combustion control of the fuzzy control part, which responds to the case of abnormality promptly when abnormal situations such as substantial fluctuation in the quality and quantity of waste and the like occur.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Incineration Of Waste (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Verfahren zur Verbrennung von Müll (W) mit einer Müllverbrennungsanlage (1) vom Stoke-Typ bei niederem Luftverhältnis, umfassend die Schritte:
    Überführen des Mülls (W) von einer Trocknungs-Beschickungsanlage (4a) auf eine Verbrennuns-Beschickungsanlage (4b), zu einer Abbrandtransportanlage (4d) in dieser Abfolge zur primären Verbrennung des Mülls (W), wobei der Müll (W) auf Transportanlagen (4) der Verbrennungsnlage aufgebracht wird, Bewirken der Verbrennung durch Zuführen von primärer Verbrennungsluft (A1) von unterhalb der Transportanlagen (4) in eine primäre Verbrennungskammer (7) oberhalb der Transportanlagen (4), Beibehalten des Volumens der primären Verbrennungsluft (A1), die von unterhalb der Transportanlagen (4) zugeführt wird, damit das Luftverhältnis 0,8-1,0 beträgt, Bewirken der Verbrennung des unverbrannten Gases und unverbrannter Brennstoffe, die im primären Verbrennungsgas (G) enthalten sind und aus der primären Verbrennungskammer (7) einströmen, durch Zuführen von sekundärer Verbrennungsluft (A2) in eine sekundäre Verbrennungskammer (8), die oberhalb der primären Verbrennungskammer (7) vorgesehen ist;
    Kontrollieren der Verteilungsmenge und Temperatur der primären Verbrennungsluft (A1), die dem unteren Teil der Transportanlagen (4) zugeführt wird, und der Menge an Müll (W), die von den Transportanlagen (4) transportiert wird, so dass eine SauerstoffKonzentration des Verbrennungsgases in der primären Verbrennungskammer (7) in der Zone, wo die Abbrandtransportanlage (4d) positioniert ist, 15% oder höher liegt, Absaugen von rezirkulierendem Verbrennungsgas (G'), das eine Sauerstoffkonzentration von 15% oder mehr aufweist, aus der primären Verbrennungskammer (7) in der Zone, wo die Abbrandtransportanlage (4d) positioniert ist, Einleiten des abgesaugten rezirkulierenden Verbrennungsgases (G') in das primäre Verbrennungsgas (G), das aus der primären Verbrennungskammer (7) einströmt, stromaufwärts einer Position, bei der die sekundäre Verbrennungsluft (A2) zugeführt wird, um das primäre Verbrennungsgas (G) mit dem eingeblasenen rezirkulierenden Verbrennungsgases (G') zu mischen und zu vermengen, so dass eine Reduktionszone hoher Temperatur mit einem Luftverhältnis von 0,8-1,0 und auch mit einer einheitlichen Verteilung der Zusammensetzung und Temperatur des Gasflusses gebildet wird;
    Messen der Sauerstoffkonzentration des sekundären Verbrennungsgases (Go) am Auslass der sekundären Verbrennungskammer (8) kontinuierlich in Echtzeit unter Verwendung eines Sauerstoffanalysators vom Laser-Typ, Kontrollieren des Zuführvolumens der sekundären Verbrennungsluft (A2), damit das Luftverhältnis des sekundären Verbrennungsgases 0,3-0,4 beträgt und der gemessen Wert der Sauerstoffkonzentration im Wesentlichen 5% beträgt, wodurch eine vollständige Verbrennung des Mülls (W) mit einem Gesamtluftverhältnis von 1,3 erreicht wird;
    Bewirken einer Verbrennungskontrolle mit einem Verbrennungskontrollsystem umfassend einen Steady-state-Kontrollteil (D), der für eine stabile Verbrennungskontrolle unter normalen Betriebsbedingungen verantwortlich ist, umfassend zumindest: Kontrolle des Wärmeeintrags des Mülls (W), Kontrolle des Verbrennungszentrums und Abbrandpositionen und Kontrolle in Echtzeit der sekundären Verbrennungsluft (A2), und ein Fuzzykontrollteil (E), der für eine Wiederherstellung eines Zustandes abnormaler Verbrennung zu stabilen, stationären Bedingungen verantwortlich ist, wenn abnormale Verbrennung von Müll (W) aufgetreten ist, wodurch vollständige Verbrennung des Mülls (W) erreicht wird.
  2. Das Verfahren wie in Anspruch 1 beansprucht, worin die Temperaturen des rezirkulierenden Verbrennungsgases (G'), das aus der primären Verbrennungskammer (7) abgesaugt wird, auf näherungsweise 200°C∼300°C abgesenkt werden unter Verwendung eines Wärmetauschers (14), der aus entweder einem oder mehreren der folgenden besteht: Entgaserheizelement, Economiser (Wärmeüberträger), Boiler oder Lufterhitzer.
  3. Das Verfahren wie in Anspruch 1 beansprucht, worin das primäre Verbrennungsgas (G), das aus der primären Verbrennungskammer (7) auf die Reduktionszone (B) einströmt, in der Reduktionszone (B) gehalten wird für mehr als 0,5 Sekunden, und das sekundäre Verbrennungsgas (Go) in der Hochtemperaturzone von mehr als 850°C für mehr als 1,5 Sekunden gehalten wird, nachdem die sekundäre Verbrennungsluft (A2) eingeblasen wurde.
  4. Das Verfahren wie in Anspruch 1 beansprucht, worin die Kontrolle der Verteilungsmenge und Temperatur der primären Verbrennungsluft (A1), die dem unteren Teil der Transportanlagen (4) zugeführt wird, und der Menge an Müll (W), die von der Transportanlage (4) transportiert wird, so ist, dass die Temperatur des rezirkulierenden Verbrennungsgases (G') über der Abbrandtransportanlage (4d) konstant wird mit Temperaturen, die auf 600°C∼800°C eingestellt werden, oder dass zumindest die CO-Konzentration oder die HCl-Konzentration des rezirkulierenden Verbrennungsgases (G') im Konzentrationsbereich bleibt, der zuvor eingestellt wurde.
  5. Das Verfahren wie in Anspruch 1 beansprucht, worin das Volumen des rezirkulierenden Verbrennungsgases (G'), das aus der primären Verbrennungskammer (7) abgesaugt und in die Verbrennungskammer auf der stromaufwärts gelegenen Seite der Position, bei der die sekundäre Verbrennungsluft (A2) zugeführt wird, so kontrolliert wird, dass NOx (31), das im sekundären Verbrennungsgas (Go) enthalten ist, das von der Müllverbrennungsanlage (1) abgegeben wird, geringer als 60 ppm wird.
  6. Das Verfahren wie in Anspruch 1 beansprucht, worin das Verfahren umfasst ein Messen des Gewichts des Mülls (W), der einem Füllschacht (3) zugeführt wird mit einem Müllkran and kontinuierliches Messen des Müllstandes im Füllschacht; Berechnen des Volumens des Mülls, der zugeführt wird, und Berechnen der spezifischen Gewichts des Mülls (W) mit dem Gewicht und dem Volumens des Mülls (W); Berechnen des Volumens des Mülls (W), der kontinuierlich in die Müllverbrennungsanlage (1) vom Stoke-Typ eingeführt wird; Berechnen des Wärmeeintrags des Mülls aus dem Volumens des zugeführten Mülls (W) und dem spezifischen Gewichts des Mülls, so dass ein Mülleinspeiser so kontrolliert wird, dass der Wärmeeintrag des Mülls (W) konstant wird; Abschätzen der Qualität des Mülls (W) wie des Wärmewerts mit dem berechneten spezifischen Gewicht, und Kontrollieren des Volumens der primären Verbrennungsluft (A1), die von unterhalb der Transportanlagen (4) zugeführt wird, auf Grundlage der Qualität des Mülls (W).
  7. Das Verfahren wie in Anspruch 1 beansprucht, das Verfahren umfasst ein kontinuierliches Messen der Temperaturverteilung auf der Oberfläche des Mülls in Richtung des Flusses des Mülls (W) auf den Transportanlagen (4) unter Verwendung eines Infrarotstrahlenthermometers (30) vom Scanning-Typ, das oberhalb der Transportanlagen (4) angebracht ist; Bestimmen des Verbrennungszentrums des Mülls (W) aus der bestimmten höchsten Temperatur auf der Oberfläche des Mülls; Bestimmen der Abbrandposition des Mülls (W) auf den Transportanlagen (4) aus der größten Temperaturabnahme auf der Oberfläche des Mülls, und Kontrollieren der Geschwindigkeit der Transportanlagen (4) und des Volumens der primären Verbrennungsluft (A1), die eingeführt wird, um die Position des Verbrennungszentrums und die Abbrandposition des Mülls (W) auf den Transportanlagen (4) bei den eingestellten Positionen beizubehalten.
  8. Das Verfahren wie in Anspruch 1 beansprucht, worin die Kontrolle des Wärmeeintrags des Mülls (W), die Kontrolle der Positionen des Verbrennungszentrums und des Abbrands und die Kontrolle der sekundären Verbrennungsluft (A2) in Echtzeit unter Verwendung eines integrierten Systems bewirkt werden.
  9. Das Verfahren wie in Anspruch 1 beansprucht, worin auch wenn der Wert der Sauerstoffkonzentration im sekundären Verbrennungsgas (Go) am Auslass der sekundären Verbrennungskammer (8), die mit dem Sauerstoffanalysators vom Laser-Typ bestimmt wird, 5% übersteigt, das Zuführvolumen der sekundären Verbrennungsluft (A2) auf zumindest mehr als 0,2 kontrolliert wird, damit das Luftverhältnis die Einblasgeschwindigkeit der sekundären Verbrennungsluft (A2) höher als den eingestellten Wert hält.
  10. Das Verfahren wie in Anspruch 1 beansprucht, worin das Verfahren umfasst ein Bestimmen der Positionen des Verbrennungszentrums und des Abbrands des Mülls auf den Transportanlagen; und, wenn die Positionen des Verbrennungszentrums und des Abbrands außerhalb normaler Betriebsbedingungen liegen oder wesentlich verschieden sind von normalen Betriebsbedingungen, das Verfahren ein Anpassen der Zuführgeschwindigkeit des Mülls (W) mit der Fuzzykontrolle umfasst.
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