EP1644952B1 - Procede et dispositif permettant de limiter le courant au moyen d'un limiteur de courant a actionnement automatique - Google Patents

Procede et dispositif permettant de limiter le courant au moyen d'un limiteur de courant a actionnement automatique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1644952B1
EP1644952B1 EP04738058A EP04738058A EP1644952B1 EP 1644952 B1 EP1644952 B1 EP 1644952B1 EP 04738058 A EP04738058 A EP 04738058A EP 04738058 A EP04738058 A EP 04738058A EP 1644952 B1 EP1644952 B1 EP 1644952B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
current
moving electrode
path
magnetic field
liquid metal
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP04738058A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1644952A1 (fr
Inventor
Kaveh Niayesh
Friedrich Koenig
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ABB Research Ltd Switzerland
ABB Research Ltd Sweden
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ABB Research Ltd Switzerland
ABB Research Ltd Sweden
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Priority to PL04738058T priority Critical patent/PL1644952T3/pl
Priority to EP04738058A priority patent/EP1644952B1/fr
Publication of EP1644952A1 publication Critical patent/EP1644952A1/fr
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H29/00—Switches having at least one liquid contact
    • H01H29/02—Details
    • H01H29/04—Contacts; Containers for liquid contacts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H77/00—Protective overload circuit-breaking switches operated by excess current and requiring separate action for resetting
    • H01H77/02—Protective overload circuit-breaking switches operated by excess current and requiring separate action for resetting in which the excess current itself provides the energy for opening the contacts, and having a separate reset mechanism
    • H01H77/10—Protective overload circuit-breaking switches operated by excess current and requiring separate action for resetting in which the excess current itself provides the energy for opening the contacts, and having a separate reset mechanism with electrodynamic opening
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H29/00—Switches having at least one liquid contact
    • H01H29/006—Self interrupters, e.g. with periodic or other repetitive opening and closing of contacts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H53/00—Relays using the dynamo-electric effect, i.e. relays in which contacts are opened or closed due to relative movement of current-carrying conductor and magnetic field caused by force of interaction between them
    • H01H53/08—Relays using the dynamo-electric effect, i.e. relays in which contacts are opened or closed due to relative movement of current-carrying conductor and magnetic field caused by force of interaction between them wherein a mercury contact constitutes the current-carrying conductor

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of primary technology for electrical switchgear, in particular the limitation of fault currents in high, medium or low voltage switchgear. It is based on a method and a device for current limiting and of a switchgear with such a device according to the preamble of the independent claims.
  • DE 40 12 385 A1 discloses a current-controlled shutdown device whose operating principle is based on the pinch effect with liquid metal. Between two solid metal electrodes, a single, narrow, filled with liquid metal channel is arranged. In the event of overcurrent, the liquid conductor is contracted due to the electromagnetic force due to the pinch effect, so that the current itself strangulates and separates the liquid conductor. The displaced liquid metal is collected in a reservoir and flows back after the overcurrent event. The contact separation takes place without an arc.
  • the device is only suitable for relatively small currents, low voltages and slow turn-off times and does not provide a permanent turn-off state.
  • a high current electrical switch with liquid metal discloses a high current electrical switch with liquid metal.
  • a liquid metal mixture is used for wetting solid metal electrodes and for reducing the contact resistance.
  • the liquid metal by mechanical displacement, z. B. by moving contacts or pneumatically driven plunger, driven against gravity in the contact gap.
  • the liquid metal can be additionally stabilized in the contact gap and held.
  • External magnetic fields and magnetic leakage fluxes, eg. B. by the power supplies can cause flow instabilities in the liquid metal and are shielded and optionally approved when switching off to assist in extinguishing the arc in the liquid metal.
  • the disadvantage is that a gradual current limitation is not possible and cause arcs between the solid electrodes oxidation in the liquid metal.
  • the design of the high-current switch includes seals for liquid metal, inert gas or vacuum and is correspondingly expensive.
  • a self-recovering current limiting device with liquid metal Between two fixed metal electrodes, a pressure-resistant insulating housing is arranged, is arranged in the liquid metal in the compressor rooms and in intermediate connecting the compressor compartments connecting channels, so that a current path is given for nominal currents between the fixed electrodes.
  • the connection channels are strongly heated during short-circuit currents and secrete a gas.
  • the liquid metal evaporates into the compressor chambers, so that a current-limiting arc is ignited in the now liquid-metal-depleted connection channels. After the overcurrent has subsided, the liquid metal can condense again and the current path is ready for operation again.
  • the connecting channels are widened conically upwards, so that the liquid level of the liquid metal varies and the rated current carrying capacity can be changed over a wide range.
  • a meandering current path is formed by an offset arrangement of the connecting channels, so that a series of current-limiting arcs is ignited in the event of overflow-induced evaporation of the liquid metal.
  • Such pinch effect current limiters require a very stable in terms of pressure and temperature construction, which is structurally complex. Due to the current limitation by means of an arc, large wear occurs inside the current limiter and burnt-off residues can contaminate the liquid metal. As a result of the recondensation of the liquid metal, a conductive state returns immediately after a short circuit, with the result that no switch-off state is present.
  • GB 1 206 786 discloses a liquid metal based electrical high current switch.
  • the liquid metal forms in a first position a first current path for the operating current and is guided during current switching along a resistive element and brought into a second position in which it is in series with the resistive element and reduces the current to a small fraction.
  • the high-current switch is designed to generate high-intensity current pulses in the mega- ampere and sub-millisecond range for plasma generation.
  • a movable electrode is realized in the form of a slide which can be moved on rails, which can be electromagnetically deflected by short-circuit currents. In the deflected state, the carriage contacts a rail area which has a current-limiting electrical resistance for the current path.
  • a liquid metal column which is easily movable in a channel can also serve as a movable electrode.
  • the current limiter in turn, has no turn-off state, but is arranged in series with a power switch to initially limit the current and then turn it off completely.
  • the object of the present invention is to specify a method, a device and an electrical switchgear with such a device for improved and simplified current limitation and power cutoff. This object is achieved according to the invention by the features of the independent claims.
  • the invention resides in a current limiting method comprising a current limiting device comprising fixed electrodes and at least one movable electrode, wherein in a first operating state between the stationary electrodes an operating current is passed on a first current path through the current limiting device and the first current path is at least partially passed through the located in a first position movable electrode, wherein in a second operating state, the at least one movable electrode is automatically moved by an electromagnetic interaction with the overcurrent to be limited along a direction of movement in at least a second position, the movable electrode at a Transition is guided from the first position to the second position along a resistive element and in the at least one second position in series with the resistive element and thereby a current limiting second current path is formed by the current limiting device having a predetermined electrical resistance, further wherein in a third operating state, the movable electrode is in series with an insulator and thereby an insulation gap for power shutdown is formed by the device.
  • the overcurrent itself triggers the current limit.
  • B. the Lorenz force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field in question, but also a capacitive, inductive, electrostatic or otherwise electromagnetic influence of the overcurrent on the movable conductor portion or the movable electrode are conceivable. Since no insulator, but an electrical resistance is contacted by the movable electrode in current limiting case, no arc is ignited. Therefore, the current limiting method can be used even at very high voltage levels. In addition, hardly occurs wear due to erosion or corrosion of the movable electrode. The current limitation is reversible and is therefore easy to maintain and inexpensive.
  • the third operating state is triggered by a shutdown command, by which an external magnetic field is switched between an operation of the device as a current limiter and as a power switch.
  • the movable electrode in the third operating state, is moved along an opposite direction of movement into at least a third position and is in the at least one third position in series with the insulator.
  • the movable electrode is automatically guided by the electromagnetic interaction with the overcurrent to be limited along the resistance element to an extremal second position, wherein the extremal second position is in a region where the resistance element merges into an insulator, so that the or a further isolation path for power cut is formed.
  • the resistance element is selected to provide a smooth turn-off characteristic with a non-linearly increasing electrical resistance for the second current path along the direction of movement of the movable electrode; and / or the resistive element is ohmic and the electrical resistance increases continuously with the second position. In this way, a gentle current limiting characteristic for a progressive current limitation is realized.
  • the embodiment according to claim 6 has the advantage that the magnetic field acts directly on the current-carrying movable electrode and sets them in motion by the Lorenz force.
  • the Lorenz force is proportional to the product of magnetic field strength and current.
  • the magnetic field can be generated externally, in particular constant or switchable, or internally, in particular by the current to be limited.
  • Claim 7 specifies sizing criteria for optimal design of the dynamics of the current limiting operation.
  • Claim 8 and 9 indicate advantageous embodiments with a liquid metal and / or a sliding contact solid-state conductor as a movable electrode.
  • a series connection of liquid metal columns alternately with a dielectric and high voltages and high currents can be handled efficiently and safely.
  • the invention relates to a device for current limiting, in particular for carrying out the method comprising fixed electrodes and at least one movable electrode, wherein in a first operating state between the fixed electrodes, a first current path for an operating current through the current limiting device is present and the first Current path at least partially through the located in a first position movable electrode, wherein electromagnetic drive means for self-energized in overcurrent moving the movable electrode along a direction of movement in at least a second position are present, electrical resistance means are provided with a predetermined electrical resistance and in a second operating state, the movable electrode is at least partially in series with the resistance means and forms together with these a second current path on which the operating current can be limited to a current to be limited in a third operating state, the movable electrode is in series with an insulator and thereby an isolation path for power shutdown by the device is present.
  • the current limiter 1 comprises solid metal electrodes 2a, 2b and intermediate electrodes 2c for a power supply 20 and a container 4 for the liquid metal 3.
  • the container 4 has a bottom 6 and cover 6 of insulator material, between which an electrical resistance means 5 with at least one channel 3a for the liquid metal 3 is arranged.
  • a protective gas for example, an insulating liquid (with not shown here alternate volume) or vacuum may be arranged.
  • the liquid metal 3 or, in general, a movable electrode 3, 3 ' is set in motion by an automatic, electromagnetic interaction with the overcurrent I 2 to be limited.
  • this remains in the liquid state of matter and is selectively moved by the forced movement between the different positions x 1 , x 12 or x 2 .
  • the pinch effect is not used.
  • Very fast current limiting reaction times of up to less than 1 ms can be achieved.
  • an insulation path (not shown) is present.
  • the second operating state is activated by the overcurrent I 2 automatically by the current-carrying movable electrode 3, 3 'by an electromagnetic force F mag is moved perpendicular to the current I 2 through the movable electrode 3, 3' and perpendicular to a magnetic field B ext , B int and which has a force component parallel to the direction of movement x, 1, wherein the magnetic field B ext, B int as an external magnetic field B ext and / or as an internal, from a power supply 2a, 2b; 20 generated to the current limiting device 1 magnetic field B int is selected.
  • Lorenzkraft can also be another automatic electromagnetic interaction with the overcurrent I 2 , z.
  • a capacitive, inductive, electrostatic or other interaction are used to limit the current. This automatically means that the movement of the movable electrode is triggered and controlled without active current measurement and without active control technology.
  • a first operating state (FIG. 1 a) an operating or rated current I 1 flows on a first or rated current path 30 from the input electrode 2 a via liquid metal 3 and optionally intermediate electrodes 2 c to the output electrode 2 b.
  • the liquid metal 3 is in the first position x 1 , at least partially wets the stationary electrodes 2 a, 2 b, 2 c and electrically bridges the channels 3 a.
  • a second operating state FIG.
  • the liquid metal 3 is moved along the direction of movement x, given by a height extent of the channels 3 a, into a second position x 2 , lies there in series with the electrical resistance means 5 and forms with it a second current path or current limiting path 31 for a current I 2 to be limited.
  • the rated current path 30 and the current-limiting second current path 31 are arranged parallel to one another and both perpendicular to the height extent of the channels 3a on a variable, by the second position x 12 , x 2 of the liquid metal 3 predeterminable height.
  • the resistance means 5 comprises a dielectric matrix 5, the wall-like webs 5a for dielectric separation of a plurality of channels 3a has for the liquid metal 3, wherein the webs 5a comprise a dielectric material in the direction of movement x increasing, and preferably non-linearly increasing resistance R x.
  • the webs 5a thus represent individual resistors 5a of the resistive element 5 with an increasing along the channel height and preferably non-linearly increasing electrical resistance R x .
  • the webs 5a intermediate electrodes 2c to the electrically conductive connection of the channels 3a exhibit.
  • the channels 3a are preferably arranged substantially parallel to each other.
  • the current-limiting second current path 31 is formed by an alternating series connection of filled with liquid metal 3 channel regions 3a and the webs 5a, which act as progressive with their length and preferably non-linearly progressive individual resistors 5a of the resistive element 5.
  • the movable electrode 3, 3 ' comprises a solid-state conductor 3' with at least one sliding contact 2d and in the first operating state with the stationary electrodes 2a, 2b, in the second operating state at least on one side with the resistance element 5 and third operating state is electrically connected at least on one side with the insulator 8.
  • the solid-state conductor 3 ' is essentially made of light metal and / or in lightweight construction, for example made of metal-coated cork, and / or the sliding contact 2d is wetted with liquid metal to reduce friction.
  • FIG. 2 shows an embodiment in which the solid-state conductor 3 'is rotatably connected at one end to the input electrode 2a and at the other end with the sliding contact slidably along a circular arc-shaped resistance element 5 is movable.
  • Fig. 3 shows an embodiment in which the solid-state conductor 3, 3 'sliding contacts 2d has at both ends and between wall-like resistors 5a of the resistance means 5 as a balance beam over its entire length by the electromagnetic interaction against a restoring force F r , in particular against gravity , can be raised.
  • the path positions l 1 , l 12 , l 2 of the sliding contact 2 d correspond to the aforementioned second positions x 1 , x 12 , x 2 of the liquid metal column 3.
  • the extreme second position l 12 may be in the area where the resistance means 5 in an insulator 8 passes, so that an insulation gap 32 for power cut is present.
  • the resistance element 5 has an electrical resistance R x , R 1 for the second current path 31 which non-linearly increases along the direction of movement x, l of the movable electrode 3, 3 '.
  • the resistance element 5 should have an ohmic component and is preferably purely ohmic with an electrical resistance R x , R 1 , which increases continuously with the second position x 12 , x 2 , l 12 , l 2 .
  • It can also be connected in series with two current limiter 1 with anti-phase effective triggering of the electrode movement in order to achieve a current limit and possibly power cut in each half-wave current.
  • Fig. 4 shows a variant of the current limiter 1, in which a collecting container 3b for receiving the liquid metal 3 and to provide an insulation gap 32 for power cut is present.
  • a liquid metal feed 3c for filling the liquid metal 3 in the channels 3a and switching the device 1 back on.
  • the insulating webs 8a consist essentially of insulating material, are preferably arranged in the region of the collecting container 3c and, together with the channels emptied by the trapped liquid metal 3, form the insulating path 32
  • the liquid metal 3 between the rated current path 30, the current limiting path 31 and the insulation gap 32 for power cut movable so that an integrated current-limiting switch 1 is realized on liquid metal base.
  • the first current path 30 for operating current I 1 , the second current path 31 for current limiting and the isolation path 32 are arranged substantially perpendicular to the direction of movement x and / or substantially parallel to each other. This results in a particularly simple configuration for an integrated current limiter - circuit breaker 1, which works exclusively with liquid metal 3.
  • Fig. 5 shows for the current-limiting switch 1, a dimensioning of the electrical resistance R x , R 1 as a function of the second position x 12 , l 12 of the movable electrode 3, 3 '.
  • the resistor R x , R 1 is selected to be non-linearly increasing up to an extreme second position X 2 , l 2 to a maximum value R x (x 2 ), R 1 (l 2 ). Also intended for a given voltage level of the maximum value of R x (x 2), R 1 (l 2) of the electrical resistance R x, R 1 in accordance with one to limiting current I 2 to a finite value, or for switching off the operating current I 1 to a dielectric insulation value are measured.
  • the electrical resistance R x , R 1 as a function R x (x 12 ), R 1 (l 12 ) of the second position x 12 , l 12 and a path-time characteristic x 12 (t), l 12 (t) of the movable Electrode 3, 3 'along the direction of movement x, l should be chosen so that in every second position x 12 , x 2 , l 12 , l 2 of the movable electrode 3, 3', the product of electrical resistance R x , R 1 and Current I 2 is smaller than an arc ignition voltage U b between the movable electrode 3, 3 'and the fixed electrodes 2a, 2b and optionally intermediate electrodes 2c and / or that a sufficient slope of the current limit for controlling network-related short-circuit currents i (t) is achieved.
  • the magnetic field means 2a, 2b, 20; 11 means 11 for generating an external controllable and in particular reversible magnetic field B ext include.
  • a current-limiting parameter R x of the current limiting parameters and the breakdown behavior of the contacts 2 a, 2 b that are to be disconnected are necessary.
  • R x Starting from the first position x 1 , ie when detaching the liquid metal 3 from the fixed electrodes 2a, 2b, 2c, R x initially increases disproportionately with the second position x 12 , then increases linearly in a phase in which the in the network inductance L stored energy must be absorbed and then goes in a region where the current i is already limited and larger R x tolerable, again in a steeper, ie disproportionate increase R x (x 12 ) over.
  • the total resistance of the current limiter 1 is determined in the first operating state at nominal current I 1 by the liquid metal sections 3 and can therefore be set to predetermined values by providing a suitable liquid metal cross section.
  • the maximum resistance R x (x 12 ) of the current limiter 1 can be dimensioned by selecting the resistance material 5 and by its geometric shape in accordance with a desired voltage level and maximum allowable overcurrent I 2 .
  • a resistance R x which increases nonlinearly with the distance x can be realized by materials having different specific resistances.
  • a non-linearly increasing total resistance R x can also be realized by a suitable geometric guidance of the current path in a resistance element with homogeneous resistivity.
  • the non-linear graduation of the resistance R x can also be achieved by a combination of both measures, namely by a suitable geometrical current conduction in a resistance element with variable resistivity.
  • the threshold current I th from which the current limiting device 1 is activated, occurs when the electromagnetic drive force F mag exceeds the restoring force F r .
  • Fig. 1b shows the position of the liquid metal 3 in the current limiting case. Due to the current limiting effect, the electromagnetic force F mag on the liquid metal 3 decreases and the liquid metal 3 flows under the action of the gravitational force F g back to the starting position between the electrodes 2a, 2b, 2c.
  • the reconnection time t d can be adapted to the requirements of different applications by a suitable design of the current limiter 1.
  • the channel height h and the capillary forces F cap influencing variables such as channel cross-sectional area A, channel geometry and surface condition of the channels, as well as the type of liquid metal 3 are to be selected accordingly.
  • the dissipated energy E loss heats the current limiter 1.
  • A cross-sectional area of the liquid metal parts (as before)
  • 1 total length of the current limiter 1 or the resistance element 5
  • p ' average mass density of the current limiter 1
  • c' average heat capacity of the current limiter 1.
  • the loss energy E loss is in the present Case of resistive current limiting much smaller than current limiting by electric arc.
  • a significant advantage of the distributed or matrix-like resistance element 5 is also that the power loss E loss occurs largely homogeneously distributed over the volume of the current limiter 1 and accordingly the entire thermal mass or heat capacity for absorbing the loss energy E loss can be exploited.
  • Fig. 6 shows a combined liquid metal current limiter 1 and liquid metal circuit breaker 1 with electromagnetic drive means 2a, 2b, 20; 11; B int, B ext 3 for the liquid metal, the magnetic field B int can internally by the increased or efferent current conductor 20 and / or preferably selectable by an external magnetic field with respect to their direction of magnetic field source B ext generated.
  • the current i is guided on the current limiting path 31 and limited as discussed above.
  • the liquid metal 3 in a third operating state, can be moved along the opposite direction of movement -x to at least one third position x 13 , x 3 , wherein the liquid metal 3 is in series with an insulator 8 in the at least one third position x 13 , x 3 and thereby an isolation path 32 for power shutdown is formed by the device 1.
  • the insulation section 8 may be formed by a plurality of insulation webs 8a, which are in the case of disconnection in alternating series connection with the downwardly displaced liquid metal columns 3.
  • Fig. 3 shows in dashed lines the analogous case for negative deflections 1 and positions l 13 , l 3 of a movably suspended solid conductor 3 '.
  • the third operating state is triggered by a switch-off command, by means of which an external magnetic field B ext between an operation of the device 1 as a current limiter and as a power switch is switched over.
  • liquid metal 3 are suitable for. As mercury, gallium, cesium, GaInSn.
  • the at least one isolation path 32 for power cutoff is arranged above the second current path 31 and / or below the first current path 30.
  • a compact arrangement of the liquid metal 3 and its drive mechanism 12 is realized relative to the currents to be switched, in particular to the rated current path 30, current limiting path 31 and current cutoff path 32.
  • inventions relate u.a. the use as current limiter, current-limiting switch and / or circuit breaker 1 in power supply networks, as a self-recovering fuse or as a motor starter.
  • the invention also includes an electrical switchgear, in particular a high or medium voltage switchgear, characterized by a device 1 as described above.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)
  • Driving Mechanisms And Operating Circuits Of Arc-Extinguishing High-Tension Switches (AREA)
  • Tone Control, Compression And Expansion, Limiting Amplitude (AREA)
  • Arc-Extinguishing Devices That Are Switches (AREA)

Claims (16)

  1. Procédé de limitation de courant avec un dispositif de limitation de courant (1), qui comprend des électrodes fixes (2a, 2b) et au moins une électrode mobile (3, 3'), un courant de service (I1) étant guidé, dans un premier état de fonctionnement, entre les deux électrodes fixes (2a, 2b) sur une première voie de courant (30) par un dispositif de limitation de courant (1) et la première voie de courant (30) étant alors au moins partiellement guidée par l'électrode mobile (3, 3') se trouvant dans une première position (x1, l1) , ladite au moins une électrode mobile (3, 3') étant déplacée, dans un second état de service, automatiquement par une interaction électromagnétique avec un courant de surintensité à limiter (I2) le long d'une direction de mouvement (x, 1) dans au moins une seconde position (x12, x2, l12, l2), l'électrode mobile (3, 3') étant guidée lors du passage de la première position (x1, l1) à la seconde position (x12, x2, l12, l2) le long d'un élément de résistance (5) et étant montée en série dans ladite au moins une seconde position (x12, x2, l12, l2) avec l'élément de résistance (5) et ainsi une seconde voie de courant limitatrice de courant (31) étant formée par le dispositif de limitation de courant (1), voie qui présente une résistance électrique prédéterminable (Rx, R1), caractérisé en ce que dans un troisième état de service, l'électrode mobile (3, 3') est montée en série avec un isolateur (8) et ainsi un trajet d'isolation (32) pour la coupure de courant est formé par le dispositif (1).
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le troisième état de service est déclenché par une instruction de coupure de courant, qui commute un champ magnétique externe (Bext) entre un état de service du dispositif (1) en tant que limitateur de courant et en tant qu'interrupteur d'alimentation.
  3. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que, dans le troisième état de service,
    a) l'électrode mobile (3, 3') est déplacée le long d'une direction de déplacement opposée (-x,-1) dans au moins une troisième position (x13, x3, l13, l3) et
    b) l'électrode mobile (3, 3') est placée en série avec l'isolateur (8) dans au moins une troisième position (X13, x3, l13, l3).
  4. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que
    a) l'électrode mobile (3, 3') est guidée automatiquement par l'interaction électromagnétique avec le courant de surintensité à limiter (I2) le long de l'élément de résistance (5) à une seconde position extrémale (x2, l2) et
    b) la seconde position extrémale (x2, l2) se trouve dans une zone où l'élément de résistance (5) passe à l'isolateur (8) de manière à former le trajet d'isolation (32) pour la coupure de courant.
  5. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que
    a) l'élément de résistance (5) est choisi avec une résistance électrique (Rx, R1) croissante de manière non linéaire le long de la direction de déplacement (x, 1) de l'électrode mobile (3, 3') pour la seconde voie de courant (31) pour atteindre une caractéristique de coupure de courant douce et/ou
    b) l'élément de résistance (5) est ohmique et la résistance électrique (Rx, R1) augmente en continu avec la seconde position (x12, x2, l12, l2) .
  6. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que
    a) le second état de service est activé automatiquement par le courant de surintensité (I2) par le fait que l'électrode mobile (3, 3') traversée par le courant est déplacée par une force électromagnétique (Fmag) qui est perpendiculaire au courant (I2) traversant l'électrode mobile (3, 3') et perpendiculaire à un champ magnétique (Bext, Bint) et qui présente une composante de force parallèle à la direction de déplacement (x, 1),
    b) le champ magnétique (Bext, Bint) étant sélectionné comme un champ magnétique externe (Bext) et/ou un champ magnétique interne (Bint) généré par une arrivée de courant (2a, 2b ; 20) au dispositif de limitation de courant (1).
  7. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la résistance électrique (Rx, R1) en tant que fonction (Rx(x12), R1(l12)) de la seconde position (x12, l12) et une caractéristique trajet-temps (x12(t), l12(t)) de l'électrode mobile (3, 3') le long de la direction de déplacement (x, 1) sont choisies de sorte que
    a) dans chaque seconde position (x12, x2, l12, l2) de l'électrode mobile (3, 3'), le produit issu de la résistance électrique (Rx, Rl) et du courant (I2) est plus petit qu'une tension d'amorçage d'arc électrique (Ub) entre l'électrode mobile (3, 3') et les électrodes fixes (2a, 2b) et éventuellement des électrodes intermédiaires (2c) et/ou
    b) une transconductance suffisante de la limitation de courant pour maîtriser des courants de court-circuit causés par le réseau (i(t)) est atteinte.
  8. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que
    a) l'électrode mobile (3, 3') comprend un métal liquide (3) qui est disposé dans au moins un canal (3a) du dispositif de limitation de courant (1) et qui peut être déplacé le long d'une extension en hauteur du canal (3a) entre la première voie de courant (30) pour le courant de service (I1), la seconde voie de courant (31) pour la limitation de courant et le trajet d'isolation (32) pour la coupure de courant et
    b) en particulier en ce que plusieurs canaux (3a) sont séparés par des brides formant cloison (5a, 8a) qui présentent dans la zone de la première voie de courant (30) des électrodes intermédiaires (2c) pour le passage du courant de service (I1), qui présentent dans la zone de la seconde voie de courant (31) des résistances individuelles (5a) de l'élément de résistance (5), et qui se transforment dans la zone du trajet d'isolation (32) en brides (8a) pour l'isolation de courant.
  9. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que
    a) l'électrode mobile (3, 3') comprend un conducteur solide (3') avec au moins un contact glissant (2d) et est reliée électriquement, dans le premier état de service, aux électrodes fixes (2a, 2b), dans le second état de service, au moins d'un côté, à l'élément de résistance (5) et dans le troisième état de service, au moins d'un côté, à l'isolateur (8) et
    b) en particulier en ce que le conducteur solide (3') est fabriqué essentiellement à partir d'un métal léger et/ou dans un mode de construction légère et/ou le contact glissant (2d) est humecté de métal liquide pour réduire la friction.
  10. Dispositif de limitation de courant (1), en particulier pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, comprenant des électrodes fixes (2a, 2b) et au moins une électrode mobile (3, 3'), une première voie de courant (30) étant prévue, dans un premier état de service, entre les électrodes fixes (2a, 2b) pour un courant de service (I1) traversant le dispositif de limitation de courant (1) et la première voie de courant (30) étant alors guidée au moins partiellement à travers l'électrode mobile (3, 3') se trouvant dans une première position (x1, l1), des moyens d'entraînement électromagnétique (2a, 2b, 20 ; 11 ; Bint, Bext) étant prévus en cas de courant de surintensité (I2) pour le déplacement automatique de l'électrode mobile (3, 3') le long d'une direction de déplacement (x, 1) dans au moins une seconde position (x12, x2, l12, l2), des moyens de résistance (5) étant prévus avec une résistance électrique prédéterminable (Rx) et l'électrode mobile (3, 3') étant, dans un second état de service, au moins partiellement placée en série avec les moyens de résistance (5) et formant ensemble avec ces derniers une seconde voie de courant (31) sur laquelle le courant de service (I1) peut être limité à un courant à limiter (I2) caractérisé en ce que, dans un troisième état de service, l'électrode mobile (3, 3') est montée en série avec un isolateur (8) et ainsi un trajet d'isolation (32) pour la coupure de courant est formé par le dispositif (1).
  11. Dispositif (1) selon la revendication 10, caractérisé en ce que les moyens d'entraînement électromagnétique (2a, 2b, 20 ; 11 ; Bint, Bext) comprennent des moyens de champ magnétique (2a, 2b, 20; 11) pour générer un champ magnétique (Bext, Bint) qui exerce sur l'électrode mobile (3, 3') traversée par le courant (I1, I2) une force de Lorenz (Fmag) avec une composante de force parallèle à la direction de déplacement (x, 1) de sorte que l'électrode mobile (3, 3') est mobile entre la première voie de courant (30) pour le courant de service (I1), la seconde voie de courant (31) pour la limitation de courant et le trajet d'isolation (32) pour la coupure de courant.
  12. Dispositif (1) selon l'une des revendications 10 à 11, caractérisé en ce que
    a) les moyens de champ magnétique (2a, 2b, 20 ; 11) comprennent une arrivée de courant (2a, 2b ; 20) au dispositif de limitation de courant (1) pour générer un champ magnétique interne (Bint) dépendant du courant de surintensité à limiter (I2) et/ou
    b) les moyens de champ magnétique (2a, 2b, 20 ; 11) comprennent des moyens (11) pour générer un champ magnétique externe réglable (Bext).
  13. Dispositif (1) selon l'une des revendications 10 à 12, caractérisé en ce que
    a) le champ magnétique (Bext, Bint) est conçu selon la détermination d'un courant de surintensité à limiter (I2) et une caractéristique de trajet-temps nécessaire (x(t), 1(t)) de l'électrode mobile (3, 3') dans la seconde voie de courant (31) et/ou
    b) les moyens de résistance (5) présentent pour une limitation de courant sans arc électrique une résistance électrique (Rx, R1) croissante de manière non linéaire le long de la direction de déplacement (x, 1) jusqu'à une seconde position extrémale (x2, l2) pour la seconde voie de courant (31).
  14. Dispositif (1) selon l'une des revendications 10 à 13, caractérisé en ce que
    a) l'électrode mobile (3, 3') comprend un métal liquide (3) qui est déplacé par les moyens de champ magnétique (2a, 2b, 20 ; 11) à l'état liquide d'agrégat et/ou
    b) l'électrode mobile (3, 3') comprend un conducteur solide (3') avec au moins un contact glissant (2d), le conducteur solide (3') étant soulevé d'un côté ou des deux côtés par les moyens de champ magnétique (2a, 2b, 20 ; 11) à l'encontre d'une force de rappel (Fr), en particulier à l'encontre de la pesanteur.
  15. Dispositif (1) selon l'une des revendications 10 à 14, caractérisé en ce que
    a) la première voie de courant (30) pour le courant de service (I1), la seconde voie de courant (31) pour la limitation de courant et le trajet d'isolation (32) pour la coupure de courant sont disposés essentiellement perpendiculairement à la direction de déplacement (x, 1) et/ou sensiblement parallèlement les uns aux autres et/ou
    b) ledit au moins un trajet d'isolation (32) pour la coupure de courant est disposé au-dessus de la seconde voie de courant (31) et/ou en dessous de la première voie de courant (30).
  16. Installation de distribution électrique, en particulier installation de distribution moyenne ou haute tension, caractérisée par un dispositif (1) selon l'une des revendications 10 à 15.
EP04738058A 2003-07-10 2004-07-01 Procede et dispositif permettant de limiter le courant au moyen d'un limiteur de courant a actionnement automatique Expired - Lifetime EP1644952B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL04738058T PL1644952T3 (pl) 2003-07-10 2004-07-01 Sposób i urządzenie do ograniczania prądu z samonastawnym ogranicznikiem prądu
EP04738058A EP1644952B1 (fr) 2003-07-10 2004-07-01 Procede et dispositif permettant de limiter le courant au moyen d'un limiteur de courant a actionnement automatique

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP03405519 2003-07-10
PCT/CH2004/000417 WO2005006373A1 (fr) 2003-07-10 2004-07-01 Procede et dispositif permettant de limiter le courant au moyen d'un limiteur de courant a actionnement automatique
EP04738058A EP1644952B1 (fr) 2003-07-10 2004-07-01 Procede et dispositif permettant de limiter le courant au moyen d'un limiteur de courant a actionnement automatique

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EP1644952A1 EP1644952A1 (fr) 2006-04-12
EP1644952B1 true EP1644952B1 (fr) 2007-09-19

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US (1) US20070041138A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1644952B1 (fr)
KR (1) KR20060036448A (fr)
CN (1) CN100446152C (fr)
AT (1) ATE373871T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE502004005030D1 (fr)
PL (1) PL1644952T3 (fr)
WO (1) WO2005006373A1 (fr)

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US20080037931A1 (en) * 2006-07-31 2008-02-14 Steen Paul H Liquid switches and switching devices and systems and methods thereof
WO2009055763A2 (fr) * 2007-10-26 2009-04-30 Kowalik Daniel P Fusible à bulle microfluidique
EP2601658B1 (fr) * 2010-08-03 2014-11-12 Alstom Technology Ltd Noyau
CN102324720A (zh) * 2011-09-28 2012-01-18 上海大学 一种故障电流限制器
CN104851732A (zh) * 2015-04-17 2015-08-19 沈涛 可用于电力或电子系统的机械式直流断路器、电力机械
CN104851734A (zh) * 2015-04-17 2015-08-19 舒建兴 可用于电力或电子系统的机械式直流断路器、电力机械
CN106533131B (zh) * 2016-11-18 2023-07-14 云南电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院 一种带脉冲激励装置的直流换流阀
CN107507746B (zh) * 2017-06-30 2018-12-04 西安交通大学 一种液态金属限流装置及方法
CN114743844B (zh) * 2022-03-30 2023-05-12 西南交通大学 一种基于电磁场调控的复合耗能装置

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US4210903A (en) * 1976-02-02 1980-07-01 Semiconductor Circuits, Inc. Method for producing analog-to-digital conversions
US4599671A (en) * 1984-07-20 1986-07-08 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Current limiting devices utilizing resistive parallel rails
US4598332A (en) * 1984-07-20 1986-07-01 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Current limiting apparatus utilizing multiple resistive parallel rails
CN2469548Y (zh) * 2001-03-16 2002-01-02 郭守恒 快速变阻限流保护装置
EP1644949A1 (fr) * 2003-07-10 2006-04-12 Abb Research Ltd. Procede et dispositif permettant de couper le courant au moyen d'un interrupteur de courant a metal liquide actionne par un fluide
DE502004005029D1 (de) * 2003-07-10 2007-10-31 Abb Research Ltd Verfahren und vorrichtung zur strombegrenzung mit einem flüssigmetall-strombegrenzer

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KR20060036448A (ko) 2006-04-28
WO2005006373A1 (fr) 2005-01-20
EP1644952A1 (fr) 2006-04-12
PL1644952T3 (pl) 2008-02-29
DE502004005030D1 (de) 2007-10-31
US20070041138A1 (en) 2007-02-22
ATE373871T1 (de) 2007-10-15
CN1820340A (zh) 2006-08-16
CN100446152C (zh) 2008-12-24

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